多氯联苯分子结构参数与色谱焓、熵变化的定量关系

 通过理论分析与研究,提出了描述多氯联苯(PCBs)氯原子数目与取代位置有关的分子拓扑指数结构参数JG以及描述多氯联苯分子中氯原子之间相邻关系的分子拓扑指数邻接参数LJ,并推导出PCBs在色谱过程中的焓变(ΔH)、似溶解熵变(ΔS′)与结构参数JG、邻接参数LJ的关系式。在DB-1,DB-5,DB-1701等3种固定相上测定了140余种PCB的ΔH、ΔS′数值,并运用所推导出的关系式对ΔH和ΔS′进行了预测,收到良好的效果,ΔH和ΔS′的理论计算值与实验值的平均相对偏差分别为0.56%~0.97%和0.55%~1.06%，接近实验数据本身的相对偏差。     

西兰花中13种有机含磷农药在不同色谱柱上的色谱保留行为

应用Agilent GC 6890气相色谱仪(附FPD检测器)对13种残留于西兰花中的有机含磷农药(OPP′s)在4种不同极性的毛细管色谱柱(即DB-1、DB-5、DB-1701及DB-35MS)上的保留行为作了研究。结果表明:采用由DB-5及DB-1701串联组成的色谱柱单元,西兰花中13种残留OPP′s可达到有效分离和测定。     

广义相关指数用于持久性环境污染物的定量结构-色谱保留关系研究

基于分子拓扑图形特征和顶点连接方式,通过定义广义相关函数、性质相关参数以及距离关系函数等概念,将“面向用户”实际应用的观点及对目标问题“自适应性”的思想引入到分子结构表征当中,从而得到一种新型分子拓扑性质表征方法:广义相关指数(GC I)。使用该指数对115个多氯代二苯并呋喃、41个多氯代二苯并-p-二、62个多氯代萘和210个多氯联苯在DB-5气相色谱柱上的保留行为进行了定量结构-色谱保留关系研究,所得模型复相关系数Rcum以及交叉检验复相关系数Qcum均在0.98以上。结果表明GC I指数具有较强分子结构表达能力及对化合物各类性质的优良适应性。     

气相色谱保留参数用于刺五加果挥发油中萜烯及萜烯氧化物的分类

根据刺五加挥发油中24个挥发性成分在5个程序升温条件下的保留时间,采用基于Levenberg-Marquardt法的软件GC_AB计算得到相应成分的气相色谱保留参数(A, B值)。通过对其中的萜烯及萜烯氧化物之间A, B关系的相关性分析,发现相同碳数的单萜烯、倍半萜烯和其氧化物分别具有良好的A-B线性相关性,但单萜烯与倍半萜烯、单萜烯与其氧化物、倍半萜烯与其氧化物的A-B关系不共线。研究表明,在中草药挥发油之类的复杂未知混合物体系的分析中,通过色谱保留参数进行萜烯及萜烯氧化物的分类是一种很有潜力的辅助定性方法。     

烷基苯类化合物Kovats指数的高再现性测定方法研究

1引言烷基本类化合物在OV－101柱上的Kovats保留指数（简称Kovats指数）再现性较差，以至不能直接用文献保留数据定性。本文提出了一种新的Kovats指数的测定、计算方法，较好地解决了这一问题。2实验部分2．1仪器与试剂GC－9A气相色谱仪，配CR－ZA（X）色谱数据处理机。C5～C10烷基本类化合物（Fluca试剂），C6～C11正构烷烃（上海分析试剂厂色谱纯试剂），各组份按相近量配成混合标作。2，2色谱杂件色谱柱：50mXO．2mm（i．d）OV－101格融石英毛细管柱（日本岛津公司），理论塔板数174，000；载气：N；，流速50mL／min（表观值）…     

手性气相色谱质谱法测定莲藕及底泥中的多氯联苯对映体

采用气相色谱质谱（GC MS）建立了莲藕、荷叶、荷茎及池塘底泥中6种手性多氯联苯（PCBs）PCB 91,95,136,149,176和183的分离分析方法。优化了对映体的仪器分离检测条件,考察了前处理中加速溶剂萃取（ASE）参数、提取剂以及净化方式等对方法的影响,最终确定采用正己烷丙酮（1:1,V/V）在萃取温度100℃、压力10.3 MPa下静态提取10 min,提取液经H₂SO₄磺化后过Florisil小柱净化,洗脱液经浓缩并用异辛烷定容后,用分别配有Chirasil Dex和BGB-172手性毛细管色谱柱的GC-MS检测。6种手性PCBs对映体的线性范围为0.5～100μg/L,在0.25,2.5和25μg/kg添加浓度的回收率为82.8%～11 7.0%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.5%～13.6%,检出限为0.01～0.02μg/kg,定量限为0.025～0.04μg/kg。将本方法应用于实际样品的测定,在市售莲藕未检出6种手性PCBs,而污染区的莲藕、荷茎、荷叶及其生长底泥中均含有较高浓度手性PCBs,并且莲藕、荷茎和荷叶中PCB 91-2,PCB 95-1和（+）PCB 136的浓度均高于其对映体,而PCB 149,1 76和1 83的两个对映体之间均无显著的浓度差异。     

拓扑指数F(′F)与气相色谱保留指数RI的相关性研究

用结构参数构成的矩阵定义了拓扑指数Ｆ（′Ｆ），计算了１０个系列９４个分子的 Ｆ（′Ｆ）值。发现Ｆ（′Ｆ）与这些化合物的气相色谱保留指数有好的相关性．相关系数均在０．９７ 以上。     

全二维气相色谱－飞行时间质谱测定PBAT生物降解膜中挥发性有机物

采用顶空固相微萃取（HS－SPME）结合全二维气相色谱－飞行时间质谱技术（GC × GC－TOF MS）对聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBAT）生物降解膜中主要挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行分析测定,并考察了萃取纤维头类型、平衡温度、平衡时间、萃取时间对HS－SPME在生物降解膜中VOCs测定的影响。结果显示：以聚二甲基硅氧烷－二乙烯基苯－碳分子筛羧乙基（PDMS－DVB－CAR）为萃取头、80 ℃下分别平衡与萃取目标物10 min与40 min,在进样口260 ℃条件下解析3 min后进GC × GC－TOF MS分析,采用基质谱数据库与结构谱图等定性,内标法定量,生物降解膜中共检出55种VOCs,按结构可分为苯系物、萘、醛酮、醇、酯、茚、胺、酚、其它类共9类。相比常规一维气相色谱,全二维气相色谱可有效分离生物降解膜中的同系物、异构体及干扰物质,获得准确的定性结果。方法的日内和日间相对标准偏差（RSD）均不高于19%,表现出较好的稳定性和可重复性。对不同厂家（A、B、C、D） PBAT生物降解膜中的55种VOCs进行检测并多元统计分析,主成分分析结果显示,PBAT A与PBAT B样品重叠,VOCs差异较小,PBAT A+B、PBAT C与PBAT D有明显差异,VOCs差异较大,表明同类型不同来源的生物降解膜中具有不同的物质组成。热图分析显示,PBAT D中的苯系物与PBAT A+B中的萘、胺类、酚类化合物含量较高,而PBAT C中的VOCs普遍偏低。由此表明建立的HS－SPME结合GC × GC－TOF MS检测方法具有准确可靠、简单、快速等优点,对PBAT生物降解膜的安全评价及使用具有一定的参考价值。     

色谱保留行为与溶质分子结构间的关系

]为了讨论色谱保留行为与溶质分子结构间的关系,本文近似地认为分子间作用力由非极性作用力和极性作用力两部分组成。用数理统计方法考察了脂肪伯胺、脂肪醇等化合物的气相色谱和反相液体色谱保留行为与碳数（或分子连通性指数）、诱导效应指数间的关系,得到一般表达式CR=Anc（或X+BF+C。据此式解释了同类化合物同分异构体的保留行为。讨论了表达式与碳数规律的关系以及系数A、B、C与麦克雷诺常数△I、溶剂极性参数P＇的关系。     

拓扑指数F（‘F）与气相色谱保留指数RI的相关性研究

用结构参数构成的矩阵定义了拓扑指数Ｆ（’Ｆ），计算了１０个系列９４个分子的Ｆ（’Ｆ）值。发现Ｆ（’Ｆ）与这些化合物的气相色谱保留指数有好的相关性。相关系数均在０．９７以上。     

Correct identification of polychlorinated biphenyls in temperature-programmed GC with ECD detection

A method has been developed for peak identification of PCBs in GC with ECD detection under different temperature programs and isothermal conditions on two commonly used columns (DB-5 and DB-1701). This was achieved by means of accurate calibration of retention times based on the concept of the relative retention index P (i) and retention times of the selected PCB internal standards. The P (i) was calculated from the predicted retention times with the database of the retention parameters (A, B) and the migration equations. Through comparison of the calibrated and experimental retention times of PCBs in technical samples, it was shown that the developed method was effective for correct PCB comprehensive, quantitative, congener-specific (CQCS) analyses.     

Determination of polydimethylsiloxane-air partition coefficients using headspace sorptive extraction

Polydimethylsiloxane-air partition coefficients (K(PDMS-A)) were determined using direct headspace analysis and headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) with polydimethylsiloxane-coated (PDMS) stir bars. The partition coefficients were investigated for three compounds, p-dichlorobenzene (PDCB), naphthalene and camphor, all of which sublimate at room temperature and find use as moth repellents. In order to determine the K(PDMS-A) values of these compounds, the air concentration and the concentration present on PDMS, both at equilibrium, were measured. The results indicate that PDMS-air partition coefficients are proportional to octanol-air partition coefficients. Thus, the latter could be used to estimate the extraction efficiency of PDMS for these compounds in air. Alternatively, octanol-air partition coefficients for organic compounds could be estimated from the PDMS-air partition coefficient values. As expected, the PDMS-air (or octanol-air) partition coefficient increased with decreasing temperature. Importantly, the partition coefficients determined at saturated vapor pressures were lower than the values determined at lower analyte concentrations, with the differences being greater for compounds with larger partition coefficients. Consequently, caution should be exercised when applying K(PDMS-A) values determined at high analyte concentrations to measurements at lower concentrations, especially when the partition coefficients are large.     

Analysis of Affinity Energy Between Biphenyl Dioxygenase and Polychlorinated Biphenyls Using Molecular Docking

Molecular docking was used to calculate the affinity energy between biphenyl dioxygenases(BphA),including 1ULJ,1WQL,2YFJ,2YFL,2GBX,2XSH,2B4P,3GZX,and 3GZY(selected from the Protein Data Bank)and 209 polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB)congeners.The relationships between the calculated affinity energy and the persistent organic pollutant characteristics(migration,octanol-air partition coefficients,lgKOA;persistence,half-life,lgt1/2;toxicity,half-maximal inhibitory concentration,IgIC50;bioaccumulation,bioconcentration factor,lgBCF)of the PCBs were studied to mderstand the BphA mediated degradation of PCBs.The effect of substituent characteristics on the affinity energy was explored through full factorial experimental design.The affinities of nine kinds of BphA proteins on PCBs ranked as follows:2GBX>2YFJ>2YFL>3GZX>2XSH>3GZY>2E4P>1 WQL>1ULJ.The relationships between the calculated affinity energy and the molecular weight,lgKOA,lgBCF,and lgt1/2 of the PCBs were statistically signiflcant(p<0.01),whereas the relationship with the lgIC50 of PCBs was not statistically significant(p>0.05).PCBs were more difficult to degrade following an increase in the free energy of binding.Correlation analysis showed that the average affinity energy values of PCBs gradually increased as the number of chlorine atoms increased,regardless of the substituent position.The substituents at the ortho-positions interacted mainly through a second-order interaction,whereas those at the para-positions did not participate via a second-order interaction.     

高效液相色谱法构建定量结构-保留关系预测中药肝肾毒性组分的正辛醇-水分配系数值

构建了定量结构-保留关系(QSRR)测定马兜铃酸A、马兜铃酸B、马兜铃内酰胺及白黎芦醇的正辛醇-水分配系数(K_(ow))。采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法,以甲醇-水为流动相,以16种已知K_(ow)值的酸性和中性苯系物为模型化合物,以保留时间两点校正法(DP-RTC)校正保留时间,并由Snyder-Soczewinski方程得100%水相保留因子k_w,建立了表观正辛醇-水分配系数K_(ow)″与k_w的定量关系(QSRR模型),并对模型进行了内、外部验证。结果显示,不同pH下的QSRR模型线性相关性良好(相关系数R~2为0.980~0.987),内部验证(交叉验证相关系数R_(cv)~2为0.982~0.988)和外部验证结果(6种验证化合物的相对误差RE为0.6%~10.9%)令人满意。将建立的QSRR模型应用于中药中4种潜在肝肾毒性化合物的K_(ow)测定,并与软件计算值、摇瓶法(SFM)实验值比较,结果显示该方法准确性更高,且简单快捷。该文提出的采用中性及酸性苯系物建立QSRR模型,通过对结构与性质相似的中药材组分进行RP-HPLC分析,得到各待测组分的保留时间即可获得其K_(ow)值的简便策略,解决了中药组分复杂且难以分离、无法通过SFM测定其K_(ow)值的问题,为通过定量-构效关系(QSAR)模型实现快速预测中药组分的肝肾毒性提供了可靠的K_(ow)数据。     

保留时间两点校正反相高效液相色谱法测定持久性有机污染物的正辛醇-水分配系数

采用改进的反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定了持久性有机污染物(POPs)包括多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯二苯并二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)和十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)等的正辛醇-水分配系数(logKow)。采用保留时间双点校正法(DP-RTC)校正因色谱柱老化等引起的保留时间漂移。以37种有可靠logKow实验值的苯系物、PAHs、PCDD/Fs类似物为模型化合物,建立了logKow和外推至纯水相的保留因子logkw的定量结构-色谱保留关系(QSRR)模型,回归方程为logKow=(1.18±0.02)logkw+(0.36±0.11),其相关系数(R2)为0.985,交叉验证相关系数(R2cv)为0.983,标准偏差(SD)为0.16。进而,用4个已有可靠logKow实验值的验证化合物(联苯、芴、PCDD 1和PCDF 114)对模型进行了外部验证,表明RP-HPLC测得的logKow值与摇瓶法/慢搅法结果有很好的一致性,尤其是对疏水性强的化合物。采用该模型测定了29种特别受关注的POPs的logKow值,这些化合物的logKow实验值均未见报道。所建立的DP-RTC-HPLC是测定强疏水性POPs的logKow值的一种值得推荐的方法。     

基于密度泛函理论计算的多氯联苯毒性的定量结构-性质关系研究

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一类人工合成的难降解有机物, 疏水亲油、毒性大, 引起了人们普遍关注. 通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算获得PCBs 苯环上的负电荷密度(Q)、最低空轨道能量(E_LUMO)、亲电指数(ω)等结构参数, 并分析了PCBs 毒性与其苯环间的共平面性、氯原子取代数(N_Cl)、Q 以及ω 等结构参数之间的关系. 采用SPSS17 统计软件分析了上述结构参数与PCBs 毒性表征量正辛醇-水分配系数(K_OW)的关联度, 并构建lg K_OW 的多元线性回归方程. 采用“交叉检验”方法检验所构建的lg K_OW 定量结构-性质关系(QSPR)方程的稳定性, 并用于预测PCBs 的毒性. 由N_Cl 和ω 构造出的QSPR 方程简单实用、可靠, PCBs 的lg K_OW 计算值与实验结果吻合良好.     

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in the screening of persistent organohalogenated pollutants in environmental samples

Separations of eight persistent organohalogenated classes of pollutants, organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and toxaphene (CTT) by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) were evaluated. Columns with different polarity and selectivity, including ZB-5, HT-8, DB-17 and BP-10, were selected as first dimension and combined with columns of increasing polarity in the second dimension, i.e. HT-8, BPX-50 and Carbowax (or Supelcowax-10). In total nine column combinations were tested. Because the main interest of the study was fast screening of the test xenobiotic families in complex matrices, in all cases, attention was primarily focussed on group-type separation. Nevertheless, within-group separation was also considered, especially for those classes containing particularly toxic congeners, such as PCBs and PCDD/Fs. Although none of the assayed column sets allowed the simultaneous and complete separation of all pollutants classes, some column combinations provided satisfactory separations among selected families and the rest of pollutants investigated. That was, for instance, the case of HT-8 x BPX-50 for PBDEs and PCDD/Fs, DB-17 x HT-8 for PCNs and OCPs and BP-10 x BPX-50 for CTT, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs. The feasibility of the proposed approach for the fast screening of the target classes of pollutants in complex samples was illustrated by the analysis of food and marine fat samples prepared using simplified miniaturised sample treatment methods.     

A calculation mode for the correct GC/ECNI-MS-SIM determination of polychlorinated terphenyls in the presence of high excesses of polychlorinated biphenyls

Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants difficult to analyze by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM) in environmental samples due to the retention time and mass range overlap with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To overcome these drawbacks, we developed and evaluated a mathematical calculation algorithm which allows to detail the interference of PCT congeners in GC/electron capture negative ion (ECNI)-MS-SIM chromatograms by PCBs. The calculation takes advantage of the abundance and ratio of two suitable isotope peaks of the molecular ion of PCTs. With the help of this method, we detected at least 63 tetra- to nonachlorinated terphenyls in the blubber of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the North Sea. The interference of these peaks by PCBs ranged from >100 to 0?%. The novel calculation method used in combination with GC/ECNI-MS-SIM is suitable to analyze PCTs in environmental and food samples. However, it can also be applied to GC/EI-MS measurements.