液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法快速筛查与确证紫甘蓝中415种农药残留

应用液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(LC-QTOF/MS)建立了一次进样可同时对紫甘蓝中415种农药残留进行快速筛查和准确确证的分析方法。实验采用1%(v/v)醋酸乙腈溶液提取,无水硫酸镁和氯化钠进行盐析,ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm)分离,以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)-乙腈为二元流动相进行梯度洗脱,应用LC-QTOF/MS在电喷雾电离、全离子MS/MS(All Ions MS/MS)扫描正模式下进行检测,基质匹配外标法定量分析。通过优化全自动MS/MS采集模式(Auto MS/MS)和全离子MS/MS采集模式下的不同参数,得到每种采集模式下的最佳条件。然后在2种不同采集模式的最佳条件下对比,最终选取All Ions MS/MS采集模式。实验结果表明,采用所建立的分析方法可以准确定性和定量筛查紫甘蓝中415种农药残留,所有415种农药在各自的范围内线性相关系数(r²)均大于0.990,其中411种农药的筛查限(SDL)≤5 μg/kg, 413种农药的定量限(LOQ)≤10 μg/kg。在1倍、2倍和10倍LOQ添加水平下,农药的回收率分别为65.7%~118.4%、72.0%~118.8%和70.2%~111.2%,相对标准偏差分别为0.9%~19.7%、0.2%~19.9%和0.6%~19.9%。将该方法应用于2019年欧盟能力验证项目的紫甘蓝样品中未知农药残留筛查方法和定量方法考核样的检测,所有添加农药均被准确定性筛查和定量检测,没有假阳性和假阴性。结果表明,该方法快速、准确、可靠,适用于对紫甘蓝中多种农药残留的高通量定性筛查和准确定量,可以扩展到其他果蔬基质中多农残的高通量筛查。     

Determination of pesticide residues in lettuce by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

A sensitive, rapid, and simple multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of 19 pesticides in different varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativum) was developed. Lettuce samples were extracted by homogenization with acetone and partitioned into ethyl acetate-cyclohexane. Subsequent sample cleanup was not needed. Final determination was made by capillary gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection (ECD). Confirmation analysis of pesticides was performed by GC coupled with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. The average recovery by the GC-ECD method obtained for these compounds varied from 66.4 to 119.2% with relative standard deviations < 7.7%. The GC-ECD method has good linearity, and the detection limit for the pesticides studied varied from 0.1 to 3.8 microg/kg. The proposed method was used to determine pesticide levels in different types of lettuce grown in soils from experimental fields.     

基质分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜风险监测中的9种农药残留

建立了基质分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定蔬菜中多菌灵、氧乐果、克百威、涕灭威、毒死蜱、甲胺磷、甲拌磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷9种农药残留的方法。蔬菜通过乙腈提取、盐析分配、基质分散固相萃取净化后,采用Waters BEH C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm),以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液作为流动相,梯度洗脱,电喷雾电离正离子(ESI⁺)、多反应监测(MRM)模式测定,基质匹配标准溶液工作曲线法定量。该方法的检出限为0.8~4.0 μg/kg,回收率为72.8%~117.4%。50批蔬菜样品中毒死蜱、多菌灵和氧乐果残留的检出率分别为42.0%、14.0%和2.0%,毒死蜱超标率为8.0%,其他农药未检出。该法可同时测定食品风险监测中蔬菜的农药残留,具有操作方便、准确率高、重复性好等优点,可满足蔬菜中农药残留的检测要求。     

Trace-level determination of pesticides in food using difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A procedure for the fully automated analysis of food samples by means of difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DMI-GC-ToF MS) is discussed. After extraction, samples require very little clean-up and are injected in a micro- or micro-vial which is held in a liner. Next, the liner is placed in the injector and the contents of the vial are thermally desorbed and led directly to the capillary GC column. After GC-ToF MS analysis, the data are processed automatically using a peak deconvolution algorithm. The practicability of the procedure was demonstrated by analysing spiked grape and pineapple samples down to the 1-10 ng/g concentration level.     

Analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables by matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and different gas chromatography element-selective detectors

Summary A comparison between different element selective detectors for the determination of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticide residues, from fruit and vegetables, was performed by capillary GC with electron capture detector (ECD), nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD), flame photometric detector (FPD) in the sulphur and phosphorus modes, and mass spectrometry detector (MSD) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Pesticides were extracted from the different foodstuffs by Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD). Recoveries of 41–108 % with relative standard deviation of 2–14 % in the concentration range 0.5–10 μg L⁻¹ were obtained in oranges, lemons, grapefruit, pears, plums, lettuces and tomatoes. The results demonstrated that the extracts of all the samples can be analyzed by the detectors used since no interfering co-extracted compounds were detected.     

气相色谱-串联质谱技术分析烟草中49种农药残留

采用改进的QuEChERS(quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe)前处理法,结合气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术建立了检测烟草中49种农药残留的分析方法。样品用含0.1%乙酸的乙腈溶液提取,提取液被氮吹至干后,残渣用乙腈-乙酸乙酯(1:1, v/v)溶液溶解,溶解液经N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)吸附剂、无水MgSO4、C18吸附剂净化后,直接进行GC-MS/MS测定,内标法定量。实验结果表明,49种农药在低质量浓度(0.05 μg/L)的加标水平下的平均加标回收率为60.4%～104.8%,高质量浓度(5 μg/L)的平均加标回收率为70%～115%,相对标准偏差均小于15%;其中16种农药的方法检出限(LOD)分别为0.01～0.03 μg/kg,其余33种农药的LOD均小于0.01 μg/kg;相关系数都大于或等于0.991。该方法样品前处理简单、分析时间短、灵敏度和精密度均符合农药多残留痕量检测技术的要求,适用于烟草中多种农药残留的检测。     

蔬菜中阔草清等8种农药残留量的高效液相色谱-质谱分析

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法同时测定蔬菜中的阔草清、西玛津、硫双威、绿麦隆、扑草净、仲丁威、马拉硫磷和二嗪农等8种农药的分析方法.蔬菜用乙腈超声波提取,经过ODS-C18固相萃取小柱富集纯化.采用C18柱分离,以体积分数0.03%甲酸乙腈-体积分数0.03%甲酸水溶液为流动相,线性梯度洗脱,以保留时间和质荷比对分离出的组分进行定性,用峰面积进行定量.结果表明,8种农药的质量浓度与其峰面积在一定的范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为0.1～5.0 μg/L,相关系数为0.9939～0.9998,样品的加标平均回收率为83%～106%,相对标准偏差为3.1%～9.8%.方法适用于蔬菜中阔草清等8种农药残留量的分析.     

QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中105种农药残留

通过优化QuEChERS前处理方法并结合液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）技术建立了蔬菜中105种典型杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂的多残留测定方法。目标化合物使用乙腈提取,以150 mg乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）、150 mg封端十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂（EC-C₁₈）、30 mg石墨化炭黑（GCB）作为基质提取液净化剂。实验结果表明,在0.010~0.200 mg/L范围内,105种目标化合物的线性相关系数（r）>0.99,方法定量限为0.010 mg/kg;3个添加水平的回收率范围为68.2%~108%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.02%~11.8%。该方法快速简便,净化效果好,可用于蔬菜中日常农药残留的测定。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水果中50种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱测定水果中50种农药残留的分析方法。考察了无缓冲盐体系、乙酸盐缓冲体系和柠檬酸盐缓冲体系提取水果中50种农药的有效性,并对比了乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）吸附剂净化和SinChERS-Nano柱净化两种净化方法。结果表明,存在缓冲盐体系的QuEChERS方法提取效果更好且两种缓冲盐体系无明显差别,最后选择乙酸盐缓冲体系;通过比较净化效果和总离子流色谱图,发现SinChERS-Nano柱净化的效果更好。对50种农药进行加标回收试验,发现甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、氧化乐果、三氯杀螨醇、百菌清这5种农药回收率为71.2~129.2%,其他45种农药的回收率为79.1~122.3%。方法的检出限（LOD）为0.3~3.0 μ g/kg;定量限（LOQ）为1.0~10.0 μ g/kg。该方法适用于柑橘、葡萄等水果中50种农药残留的快速筛查分析。     

气相色谱-串联质谱技术分析烟草中的132种农药残留

利用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)检测技术,建立了检测烟草中的132种农药残留的高灵敏度方法。分析过程中考察了不同萃取溶剂、不同缓冲盐体系、不同净化剂对目标物回收率的影响。最终确定烟草样品以乙腈进行提取,以N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)与碳18(C18E)的混合净化剂进行净化,氮气吹近干后用正己烷-丙酮(9:1, v/v)复溶,过有机滤膜后进行GC-MS/MS测定,内标法定量。132种农药在20～2000 μg/kg之间线性关系良好(r2 ＞0.99);所有农药的方法定量限(LOQ, S/N=10)均低于20 μg/kg;在50、200、500 μg/kg的加标水平下,除灭蚁灵及六氯苯回收率稍低外,其他农药的平均回收率为68.10%～123.15%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.79%～19.88%。对国际烟草科学研究合作中心(CORESTA)2012年共同实验的烟草样品进行检测,对比本方法与已有的标准方法,其结果一致性较好。该方法准确、可靠,灵敏度好,适用于烟草中132种农药残留的快速筛查与定性、定量分析。     

Analysis of pesticide residues by fast gas chromatography in combination with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A combination of fast GC with narrow-bore column and bench top quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) detector in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode (with methane as reagent gas) is set up and utilized for the ultratrace analysis of 25 selected pesticides. The observed pesticides, belonging to the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), were from different chemical classes. A comparative study with electron impact (EI) ionization was also carried out (both techniques in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode). The programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) injector in solvent vent mode and narrow-bore column (15 m × 0.15 mm I.D. × 0.15 μm film of 5% diphenyl 95% dimethylsiloxane stationary phase) were used for effective and fast separation. Heptachlor (HPT) as internal standard (I.S.) was applied for the comparison of results obtained from absolute and normalized peak areas. Non-fatty food matrices were investigated. Fruit (apple – matrix-matched standards; orange, strawberry, plum – real samples) and vegetable (lettuce – real sample) extracts were prepared by a quick and effective QuEChERS sample preparation technique. Very good results were obtained for the characterization of fast GC–NCI-MS method analysing EDCs pesticides. Analyte response was linear from 0.01 to 150 μg kg^?1 with the R² values in the range from 0.9936 to 1.0000 (calculated from absolute peak areas) and from 0.9956 to 1.0000 (calculated from peak areas normalized to HPT). Instrument limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were found at pg mL^?1 level and for the majority of analytes were up to three orders of magnitude lower for NCI compared to EI mode. In both ionization modes, repeatability of measurements expressed as relative standard deviation (RSDs) was less than 10% which is in very good agreement with the criterion of European Union.     

Simultaneous determination of 118 pesticide residues in Chinese teas by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

An efficient and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of 118 pesticide residues in teas has been established and validated. A multi-residue analysis of pesticides in tea involved extraction with ethyl acetate-hexane, clean-up using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solidphase extraction (SPE), and subsequent identification and quantification of the selected pesticides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For most of the target analytes, optimized pretreatment processes led to no significant interference with analysis of sample matrix, and the determination of 118 compounds was achieved in about 60 min. In the linear range of each pesticide, the correlation coefficient was R ² ≥ 0.99. At the low, medium and high three fortification levels of 0.05–2.5 mg kg⁻¹, 118 pesticides average recoveries range from 61 % to 121 % and relative standard deviations (RSD) were in the range of 0.6–9.2 % for all analytes. The limits of detection for the method were 0.00030-0.36 mg kg⁻¹, depending on each pesticide.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定蔬菜和水果中193种农药的残留量

在系统优化固相萃取吸附剂填料类型、洗脱溶剂种类及体积的基础上,建立了蔬菜和水果中193种农药残留的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测方法。样品经乙腈均质提取,C₁₈/PSA固相萃取柱净化,乙腈洗脱,GC-MS选择离子监测(SIM)模式检测,以磷酸三苯酯内标法定量。结果表明,130种农药在10~1000 μg/L、34种农药在20~1000 μg/L、26种农药在50~1000 μg/L、3种农药在100~1000 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9967~1.0000,方法检出限(以信噪比为3计)为0.04~8.26 μg/kg,添加回收率为71.6%~117.9%,相对标准偏差为3.0%~11.8%。该方法样品处理简单快速,相比其他多残留分析方法净化效果好,其灵敏度和选择性明显提高,适用于日常检测工作。     

Analysis of carbamate and phenylurea pesticide residues in fruit juices by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A new analysis method to detect carbamates and phenylurea pesticide residues in fruit juices was developed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/QIT-MS). The pesticide residues present in watery matrices as fruit juices were extracted using three types of fibers: 50-microm Carbowax/templated resin (CW/TPR), 60-mum poly(dimethylsiloxane)/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and 85-microm polyacrylate. The different extraction conditions were evaluated choosing as the best parameters 90 min (time), 20 degrees C (temperature) and 1 ml (volume). After extraction, the desorption (in a static mode) was performed in the specific interface chamber SPME/HPLC, previously filled with 70% methanol and 30% water. The best recoveries, evaluated at two fortification levels (0.2 and 0.5 mg kg(-1)) in fruit juices, were obtained using PDMS/DVB and CW/TPR fibers, and ranged from 25 to 82% (monolinuron, diuron and diethofencarb), with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1 to 17%. All the limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.005-0.05 microg ml(-1) and, in any case, equal to, or lower than, maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by Italian and Spanish legislations. The mass spectrometry analyses were carried out using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in the positive mode both for single quadrupole and for QIT mass analysers, operating in selected ion monitoring (SIM) and in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, respectively. The proposed new method can be applied to the determination of selected pesticides in real samples of fruit juices.     

基质固相分散-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测蔬菜中残留的苯甲酰脲类和双酰肼类杀虫剂

建立了基质固相分散技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定蔬菜中苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂(除虫脲、灭幼脲、杀铃脲、氟苯脲、氟虫脲、氟啶脲、氟铃脲)和双酰肼类杀虫剂(甲氧虫酰肼、虫酰肼)的方法。蔬菜样品经中性氧化铝和石墨化炭黑研磨,乙酸乙酯淋洗,洗脱液浓缩定容后,经超高效液相色谱分离,分别在正、负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下用电喷雾电离串联质谱测定,外标法定量。结果表明,9种杀虫剂在1～100 μg/L质量浓度范围内有良好的线性关系(R2≥0.99);在1、5、10、100 μg/kg 4个加标水平上的回收率为78.5%～112.8%;相对标准偏差为2.3%～10.2%,检出限为0.5～1.0 μg/kg。该方法操作简便快速,样品和溶剂用量少,检出限低,可满足蔬菜中苯甲酰脲类和双酰肼类杀虫剂同时检测的要求。     

Determination of pesticide residues in olives and olive oil by matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A novel analytical approach has been developed and evaluated for the quantitative analysis of a selected group of widely used pesticides (dimethoate, simazine, atrazine, diuron, terbuthylazine, methyl-parathion, methyl-pirimiphos, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulphate, cypermethrin and deltamethrin), which can be found at trace levels in olive oil and olives. The proposed methodology is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), (with a preliminary liquid-liquid extraction in olive oil samples) using aminopropyl as sorbent material with a clean-up performed in the elution step with Florisil, followed by mass spectrometric identification and quantitation of the selected pesticides using both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in positive ionization mode. The recoveries obtained (with mean values between 85 and 115% (obtained at different fortification levels) with RSD values below 10% in most cases, confirm the usefulness of the proposed methodology for the analyses of these kind of complex samples with a high fat content. Moreover, the obtained detection limits, which were below 5 microg kg(-1) by LC-MS analyses and ranged from 10 to 60 microg kg(-1) by GC-MS meet the requirements established by the olive oil pesticide regulatory programs. The method was satisfactorily applied to different olives and olive oil samples.     

Rapid determination of fosetyl-aluminum residues in lettuce by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

This paper describes a new method for the sensitive and selective determination of fosetyl-aluminum (Al) residues in vegetable samples. The method involves extraction with water by using a high-speed blender and subsequent injection of the 5-fold diluted extract into the liquid chromatograph. Fosetyl-Al is determined by liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry after the addition of tetrabutylammonium acetate as the ion-pairing reagent. The method has been used to assay lettuce samples spiked at 2 and 0.2 mg/kg. Recoveries were satisfactory, with mean values of 98 and 106%, respectively, and relative standard deviations were < 10%. The limit of quantitation was 0.2 mg/kg, and the limit of detection was as low as 0.05 mg/kg. Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantitation, and the addition of an internal standard improved repeatability. The developed method allows the accurate and rapid determination of low levels of fosetyl-Al residues in lettuce with very little sample handling and good sensitivity; it was shown to be robust by the analysis of almost 100 samples.     

Analysis of cellular release using capillary electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry.

In order to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of learning and memory in the central nervous system, it is necessary to know the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators used in the specific neuronal circuits under study. Methods have been developed to identify the peptides released from single neurons and neuronal clusters from the common neuronal model Aplysia californica. Specifically, solid-phase extraction (SPE), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) are combined for profiling neuropeptide releasates. A variety of combinations of SPE and CE were coupled off-line with MALDI-TOF-MS to reduce the high physiological salts, to concentrate the analytes, and to reduce the complexity of the mass spectra using separation. With these protocols, peptides and proteins up to 11000 Da were detected in releasates, offering a much wider mass range compared to direct MALDI analysis of the same releasates. A number of expected and unknown neuropeptides, including egg-laying hormone (ELH) and the partially processed delta/gamma-bag cell peptide were observed in the SPE-treated releasates from a single Aplysia-cultured bag cell neuron. However, by adding a CE separation after the SPE step preceding off-line MALDI-TOF-MS detection, the most complete neuropeptide profiles were obtained.     

QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定植物性食品中30种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

基于欧洲标准化委员会标准方法(EN 15662)对食品基质的分类,选择6种代表性植物性食品作为基质,系统优化了QuEChERS样品前处理方法;在此基础上,建立了30种氨基甲酸酯类农药的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。实验结果表明,除涕灭威砜的线性范围为2~100 μg/kg,其他29种氨基甲酸酯类农药的线性范围均为1~100 μg/kg;6种样品基质在3个添加水平(5、20、100 μg/kg)下的回收率为56.13%~127.6%,相对标准偏差为0.47%~16%;以信噪比(S/N)≥10计,30种农药的定量限(LOQ)为0.041~1.9 μg/kg。本文方法灵敏、有效,适用于植物性食品基质中30种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的测定。