十烷基硫酸钠-全氟辛酸钠混合表面活性剂在四氯乙烯-水界面上的吸附及胶团形成

测定了在30℃、总离子强度为0.1m时不同比例混合的十烷基硫酸钠(C₁₀SN_a)-全氟辛酸钠(7CFNa)在四氯乙烯-水界面的界面张力,研究混合溶液的界面性质及胶团形成,结果表明:(1)7CFNa与C₁₀SNa在混合溶液中,基本上各自独立形成胶团;(2)混合表面活性剂在四氯乙烯-水界面上的吸附与在正庚烷-水界面上吸附规律相同;(3)测定C₁₀SNa、7CFNa在不同油-水界面上的界面张力,证实碳氟链与碳氯链之间具有“互憎性”。     

十二烷基硫酸钠与溴化正辛基三甲基铵混合表面活性剂水溶液的表面吸附及胶团形成

本文研究了盐存在时不同比例的十二烷基硫酸钠(简称12CH)和溴化正辛基三甲基铵(简称C8NBr)混合物的表面活性、表面吸附以及胶团形成等性质,结果表明:(1)正、负离子表面活性剂混合物具有很高的表面活性,不论其混合比例如何,临界胶团浓度(cmc)及cmc时溶液的表面张力(γcmc)皆较任何单一组分时小;(2)不论体相中比例如何,表面层中12CH和C8NBr的饱和吸附量的摩尔比皆～1.7且总饱和吸附量亦皆～5.2x10[-10]mol.cm[-2].由此求得表面层中分子截面积为32A[2],与由分子结构计算的数据相近,说明正、负表面活性离子排列紧密;(3)与碳链长相同的正、负离子型表面活性剂混合水溶液比较,本体系反应离子浓度对cmc有明显影响,证实表面层带电,胶团也带电;(4)计算了离子强度相同,温度不同时和温度相同、离子强度不同时的热力学量,得出离子强度大者易形成胶团。     

关于碳氟链表面活性剂与碳氢链表面活性剂混合溶液的胶团形成

对不同比例的下列表面活性剂混合物水溶液的表面张力作了测定:C₁₀H₂₁OSO₃Na(简称10CH)-C₁₂H₂₅OSO₃Na(简称12CH),C₇E₁₅COONa(简称7CF)-10CH及7CF-12CH.自溶液的表面张力一浓度关系求得临界胶团浓度(cmc).     

气相法分析血浆中的全氟辛酸

 采用气相 电子捕获法测定了人血浆中全氟辛酸的含量。将血浆中的全氟辛酸酯化后进行分析 ,以全氟癸酸为内标。柱为HP 1熔融石英毛细管柱 (30m× 0 2 5mmi.d .× 0 2 5 μm)。方法的线性范围为 2 0 0 0μg/L～ 4 0 0× 10 3 μg/L ,线性相关系数r =0 994 6。平均回收率为 99 2 % ,相对标准偏差 (RSD)为 0 95 % ,血浆中全氟辛酸的检出限为 6 0 μg/L。方法准确、可靠 ,分析结果令人满意。     

碳氟醇对全氟辛酸钠表面活性及胶团反离子结合度的影响

The surface and micelle property of C_7F_(15)COONa/C_3F_7CH_2OH aqueous solution are investigated by surface tension, conductance, electromotive force methods. The results show that when adding C_3F_7CH_2OH into C_7F_(15)COONa solution the surface activity of C_7F_(15)COONa and the counterion binding degree of micelle can be enhanced.     

碳氟表面活性剂与碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液的表面吸附和胶团形成——Ⅱ.全氟辛酸钠-十烷基硫酸钠体系

测定了不同摩尔比的全氟辛酸钠(7CFNa)-十烷基硫酸钠(C_(10)SNa)混合水溶液(加NaCl,恒定离子强度μ=0.1m)的表面张力和界面张力(正庚烷-水溶液界面张力)。由表(界)面张力-浓度关系求出混合体系的表(界)面吸附和临界胶团浓度(cmc)。结果表明:(1)7CFNa和C_(10)SNa在μ=0.1m的溶液中,cmc相近,两者表面活性相近;但7CFNa降低水表面张力的能力较强,在cmc时的表面张力可低达～23mNm~(-1)。因此,在混合溶液的表面上,7CFNa的表面活性较高,优先吸附于表面。对于各种摩尔比的混合溶液,7CF~-在表面层中的比例皆大于在溶液内部的比例。(2)正庚烷-水溶液界面上的吸附与表面吸附截然不同。7CF~-在界面吸附层中的比例低于溶液内部,表明其吸附能力比C_(10)S~-为弱。这是由于界面一边的正庚烷与C_(10)SNa碳氢链之间的作用大于与7CFNa碳氟链之间的作用。亦即碳氟链与碳氢链“互憎”作用在界面上的表现。(3)在不同摩尔比的混合溶液中,各组分的cmc接近一恒值,进一步说明混合溶液中存在碳氟链与碳氢链间的互憎作用,以致两种表面活性剂在混合溶液中(有过量无机盐时)基本上各自形成胶团。     

碳氟表面活性剂与碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液的表面吸附和胶团形成 Ⅰ.全氟辛酸钠-溴化辛基三甲铵体系

测定了一系列不同比例的全氟辛酸钠(7CFNa)-溴化辛基三甲铵(C_8NBr)混合水溶液(μ=O.1mol·kg~(-1)的表面张力.自表面张力-浓度关系求出混合体系的cmc和溶液表面吸附;研究了混合溶液在油面上的铺展性能.结果表明:(1)混合体系的表面活性远高于单一的C_8NBr或7CFNa,两个组分在表面活性上相互促进;(2)混合溶液的总饱和吸附量(Γ_T)随7CFNa/C_8NBr摩尔比的减小而增加:自100/1时的4.7×10~(-10)mol·cm~(-2)增至1/300时的7.3×10~(-10)mol·cm~(-2)(相应的分子面积为22.7A~2).这主要是由于碳氟链的疏水性远较碳氢链为大(虽然后者碳原子数较多);(3)7CFNa-C_8NBr溶液的表面层有独特的结构.不同于一般正、负碳氢表面活性剂混合溶液.基于表面层吸附分子面积的计算结果,并考虑到碳氟链与碳氢链间的互憎作用及正、负电荷的相互吸引作用,提出表面吸附层可能为双分子层结构的假设;(4)混合溶液的极限表面张力很低(～15mNm~(-1)),溶液-正庚烷界面张力亦然(～O.4mNm~(-1));即使溶液浓度及7CFNa与C_8NBr之比相当小时亦如此.因此,这种稀水溶液能在正庚烷、汽油等油面上铺展成(水)膜,故此种碳氟、碳氢表面活性剂混合物可用作“轻水”灭火剂配方中极有效的成分.     

碳氟表面活性剂与碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液的表面吸附和胶团形成 I: 全氟辛酸钠-溴化辛基三甲铵体系

The surface adsorption and micelle formation of the mixed aqueous solutions of sodium perfluorooctanoate (7CFNa) and n-octyltrimethylamonium bromide (C8NBr) have been investigated by studying the surface tension-concentration relations of the solutions. It has been found that (1) The surface activity of the mixed system is much higher than that of 7CFNa and C8NBr. C8NBr is a very effective synergist for 7CFNa in surface activity, and vice versa. (2) By applying Gibbs adsorption equation, the total amount of adsorption (\I\t), the individual adsorption amount of the single surfactants (\I\7CF-, \I\C8N+) and the average molecular areas of them have been calculated. The adsorption value (saturated, \I\T) increases by 54% as the molal ratio of 7CFNa-C8NBr varies from 100:1 to 1:300. (3) From the adsorption data, it appears that the structure of surface layer of the 7CFNa-C8NBr solutions is peculiar and quite different from that of the cationic-anionic hydrocarbon surfactants. Firstly, the molal ratio of the two components in the surface layer of the 1:1 mixed solution is not 1:1 (7CFNa is adsorbed perferentially). Secondly, the molecular area at the maximum adsorption is very small (22.7A2). This could be attributed to the balancing of the electrical attraction between positive and negative ions and the mutual phobicity between the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon chains. It has been concluded that the saturated adsorption film would possibly have a double-layer structure: the upper layer consists of the oriented 7CF- with the fluorocarbon chain toward the gaseous phase and the lower layer consists of randomly oriented C8N+ with the positive ionic head attached to the negative ionic head of 7CF- -- thus the 7CF- adsorption layer would behave as a platform for the adsorption of C8N+. (4) The limiting surface tension of the mixed solutions is very low (-15mNm-1) even if the molal ratio of 7CFNa-C8NBr is small, and so is the oil-water interfacial tension. Therefore it is capable of spreading the dilute aqu     

烷基磷（膦）酸萃取剂钠盐与非离子表面活性剂AEO_9混合体系胶团的形成和分子间的相互作用

本文研究了烷基磷（膦）酸萃取剂钠盐ＮａＥＨＥＨＰ，ＮａＤＴＭＰＰ，Ｎａ_２（ＭＥＨＰ）与非离子表面活性剂ＡＥＯ_９以不同比例复配后水溶液胶团的形成及分子间的相互作用，结果表明混合胶团的形成使ＣＭＣ大大降低。分子间在胶团中的相互作用强弱为：Ｎａ_２（ＭＥＨＰ）体系＞ＮａＤＴＭＰＰ体系＞ＮａＥＨＥＨＰ体系，分子间在表面层的吸引作用小于同体系分子间在胶团中的相互作用，这一结果有利于混合胶团的形成。     

全氟辛酸钠和溴化烷基三甲铵混合水溶液的界面化学性质

测定了一系列不同比例的C_7F_(15)COONa与阳离子表面活性剂(C_3H_(17)N(CH_3)Br、C_(10)H_(21)N(CH_3)_3Br和C_(12)H_(25)N(CH_3)_3Br)混合水溶液(加NaBr, 恒离子强度μ=0.1 mol kg~(-1))的表面张力及正庚烷/水溶液界面张力。结果表明: 在表面上, 随阳离子表面活性剂碳氢链长增加, 各体系同一比例的饱和总吸附量增大。界面上, 7CFNa～C_8NBr体系的吸附规律与表面相似; 7CFNa～C_(10)NBr体系饱和总吸附量在1:1时最小; 而7CFNa～C_(12)NBr体系, 其饱和吸附量随7CFNa比例减小而减小。混合物的表(界)面活性均比单一表面活性剂高。随着阳离子表面活性剂碳氢链增加, 混合溶液降低表面张力的能力有所下降, 而降低表面张力的效率有所提高, 自表面吸附层结构与表面张力的关系对比作了说明。     

MICELLE FORMATION IN MIXTURES OF ANIONIC AND NONIONIC SURFACTANTS

The critical micelle concentration of mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants was measured. The anionic surfactants were alkylbenzene sulfonates and the nonionic surfactants were polyoxyethylene nonylphenols and a polyoxy-ethylene alcohol. The effect of added electrolyte, the number of ethylene oxide units in the polyethoxylate, and the anionic alkyl chain length were studied. All systems showed substantial negative deviations (lower CMC) from ideal solution theory. The results can be represented by regular solution theory. Charge separation appears to be the source of the nonideality. This considers the reduction of electrostatic repulsion between the ionic surfactant head groups in the mixed micelle, due to the insertion of nonionic hydrophilic groups between these charged groups, to be the cause of enhanced micelle formation. The physical basis of regular solution theory was shown to be consistent with the charge separation effect.     

溶液中聚电解质分子内激态缔合体的形成

采用荧光分光光度法,实验测定了聚苯乙烯磺酸钠在无盐和有盐的水溶液中,单体和激态缔合体的荧光发射光谱.结果表明:激态缔合体单体发射强度比I_E/I_M随外加盐种类、浓度和价态而变化.在相同盐浓度下,各体系的I_E/I_M次序为:KCl>NaCl>LiCl和CaCl_2>MgCl_2。 也研究了NaCl水溶液中聚电解质分子的荧光猝灭.结果表明:随外加盐浓度逐渐增大,聚电解质分子由类棒状向无规线团状转化,该状态有利于激态缔合体的形成.     

荧光探针技术研究共溶剂对PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物溶液胶束的形成及内部结构的影响

选择了甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、乙二醇、乙二胺、乙醇胺及２甲氧基乙醇等七种包括单官能团和双官能团共溶剂、与水组成混合溶剂,并利用荧光探针技术研究了共溶剂对环氧乙烷环氧丙烷环氧乙烷（ＰＥＯＰＰＯＰＥＯ）共聚物水溶液胶束形成及其结构的影响,结果表明,一些共溶剂与水和共聚物ＰＰＯ段都具有较好的混溶性,使形成胶束的ＣＭＴ升高,而其它共溶剂的引入则使得形成胶束的ＣＭＴ降低．从共溶剂对所形成胶束的微结构影响看,能与共聚物链有较强作用的双官能团的共溶剂和有较小分子尺寸的共溶剂有利于使形成的胶束具有较紧密的结构,在此条件下,形成胶束的紧密程度决定了胶束内微极性的大小,而与引入共溶剂的极性大小关系不大．     

ON THE NATURE OF SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANE SULFINATE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Abstract

New data obtained on sodium hydroxymethane sulfinate in aqueous solution by voltammetry are presented, and discussed in relation to its chemistry. The most plausible explanation of the data would appear to be in terms of a tautomerism in solution, and such a thesis is compatible with the known behavior of this reducing agent.     

褶合光谱法测定复方苯甲酸醇溶液中的苯甲酸和水杨酸

利用褶合光谱法不经分离同时测定复方苯甲酸醇溶液中苯甲酸和水杨酸的含量，苯甲酸和水杨酸的平均回收率分别为100.15%、100.02%，测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1.40%、0.58%。     

BANDED TEXTURE FORMATION IN NEMATIC SOLUTION OF POLY (1,4-BENZAMIDE) IN SULFURIC ACID

The banded texture in films prepared from nematic poly (1,4-benzamide) (PBA)/H_2SO_4 solution by shearing and without shearing has been studied by using microscopy techniques. The kinetic parameters of banded texture formation γ_c and τ_b were measured for nematic solution of PBA by using parallel-plate shearing apparatus. The banded texture was also observed in randomly packed domains for nematic solution of PBA on standing without shearing. The properties of banded texture show no difference between the two samples with or without shearing.     

KINETICS OF DIMER FORMATION AND PHOTOHYDRATION IN ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED POLYURIDYLIC ACID

Abstract— The decrease in absorbance at 2600 Å of poly-U following u.v. irradiation is analyzed quantitatively in terms of uracil-dimer formation and photohydration of uracil residues. At all wave lengths tested between 2300 and 2800 Å both dirner formation and hydration occur as well as dimer breakage. The cross section for uracil dirner breakage is large at 2300 and decreases to a relatively small value at 2800 Å. Consequently, at the shorter wave lengths the steady state for dimer formation and breakage is reached at lower doses than for the longer wave lengths. Absorbance decreases caused by longer wave lengths can be partially restored by irradiation with 2380 Å. At high doses, for all wave lengths, the main photoproducts are hydrated uracil residues. The maximum number of dimers that may be formed increases with wavelength. The absorbance loss caused by photohydration may be reversed by acidification and heat. For 2650 Å irradiation, 95 per cent of the absorbance is restored by a combination of the 2380 Å and thermal treatment. The values for the photochemical reactions of poly-U are fairly close to those for poly-T and for uridine.