共轭三烯及Galbanolenes的立体选择性合成

通过修饰改造的Ramberg-Backlund反应,(E,E)-,(E,Z)-,(Z,Z)-二烯丙基砜(6)在CBr~2F~2存在下,用KOH/Al~2O~3处理,选择性地生成(E,E,E)-,(E,E,Z)-,(Z,E,Z)-1,3,5-己三烯(7),反应的立体选择性依赖于溶剂和温度,通常在0℃时用CH~2Cl~2作溶剂可达到良好的(E)-选择性,有些时候在-78℃以下,以V(t-BuOH):V(CBr~2F~2)=1:1作为混合溶剂时(E)-选择性更好,该新方法被用于天然产物Galbanolenes(7m)和(7n)的合成中。     

Kinetic separation methodology for the stereoselective synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-alpha-fluoro-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters via the palladium-catalyzed carboalkoxylation of 1-bromo-1-fluoroalkenes

[reaction: see text] Methodology for the stereoselective preparation of both (E)- and (Z)-alpha-fluoro-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters is described. 1-Bromo-1-fluoroalkenes (E/Z approximate 1:1) can be isomerized to high E/Z ratio mixtures, which participate in palladium-catalyzed carboalkoxylation and lead to (Z)-alpha-fluoro-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters in high stereoselectivity. The same starting material can also be kinetically reduced to get an E/Z ratio of 0:100; similar carboalkoxylation reaction at 70 degrees C affords (E)-alpha-fluoro-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters stereospecifically.     

Sodium chloride-catalyzed oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes for environmental benefit

A sodium chloride (NaCl) catalyst (0.1 w/w %) lowers the oxidation temperature of graphitized multiwalled carbon nanotubes: MWCNT-20 (diameter: 20-70 nm) and MWCNT-80 (diameter: 80-150 nm). The analysis of the reaction kinetics indicates that the oxidation of MWCNT-20 and MWCNT-80 mixed with no NaCl exhibits single reaction processes with activation energies of E(a) = 159 and 152 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The oxidation reaction in the presence of NaCl is shown to consist of two different reaction processes, that is, a first reaction and a second reaction process. The first reaction process is dominant at a low temperature of around 600 degrees C, while the second reaction process becomes more dominant than the first one in a higher temperature region. The activation energies of the first reaction processes (MWCNT-20: E(a1) = 35.7 kJ mol(-1); MWCNT-80: E(a1) = 43.5 kJ mol(-1)) are much smaller than those of the second reaction processes (MWCNT-20: E(a2) = 170 kJ mol(-1); MWCNT-80: E(a2) = 171 kJ mol(-1)). The comparison of the kinetic parameters and the results of the spectroscopic and microscopic analyses imply that the lowering of the oxidation temperature in the presence of NaCl results from the introduction of disorder into the graphitized MWCNTs (during the first reaction process), thus increasing the facility of the oxidation reaction of the disorder-induced nanotubes (in the second reaction process). It is found that the larger nanopits and cracks on the outer graphitic layers are caused by the catalytic effect of NaCl. Therefore, the NaCl-mixed samples showed more rapid and stronger oxidation compared with that of the nonmixed samples at the same residual quantity.     

First total synthesis of antimitotic compound, (+)-phomopsidin

[reaction: see text] The first total synthesis of (+)-phomopsidin has been achieved via a diastereoselective transannular Diels-Alder (TADA) reaction. Key steps in the synthesis include diastereoselective ynone reduction with (-)-alpha-pinene and 9-BBN, macrocyclization by E-selective intramolecular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction, as well as carbometalation under Wipf's conditions, followed by HWE reaction at low temperature to selectively construct the (E)-1-methylpropenyl and (1E,2E)-4-carboxy-1,3-butadienyl substituents.     

PdCl2-catalyzed efficient transformation of propargylic amines to (E)-alpha-chloroalkylidene-beta-lactams

[reaction: see text] The PdCl2-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation reaction of propargylic amines with CuCl2 and benzoquinone afforded (E)-alpha-chloroalkylidene-beta-lactams in moderate to good yields. The formation of the corresponding Z-isomers or five-membered products was not observed. The reaction of the readily available optically active propargylic amines provides a convenient synthesis of the corresponding (E)-alpha-chloroalkylidene-beta-lactams with high ee values. The structure and the stereochemistry of the products were established by the X-ray single-crystal diffraction study of (E)-6d and (E)-6e, which indicates that the stereoselectivity in this reaction is different from what was observed with propargylic alcohols. A rationale for this reaction was proposed.     

Stereoselective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates with alkenyl bromides

[reaction: see text] The stereoselective synthesis of conjugated dienes using air-stable potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates as coupling partners is described. The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of potassium (E)- and (Z)-alkenyltrifluoroborates with either (E)- or (Z)-alkenyl bromides proceeds readily with moderate to excellent yields to give the corresponding (E,E)-, (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, or (Z,Z)-conjugated dienes stereospecifically. The cross-coupling can generally be effected using 5 mol % of Pd(OAc)2, 10 mol % of PPh3, and 3 equiv of Cs2CO3 in THF-H2O (10:1). A variety of functional groups are tolerated in both coupling partners.     

离子液体中聚乙二醇维生素E琥珀酸酯的合成

以离子液体为催化剂,由维生素E经两步酯化反应合成了聚乙二醇1000(PEG1000)维生素E琥珀酸酯。以离子液体1-(N',N'-二甲胺乙基)-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐为催化剂、1,2-二氯乙烷为助溶剂、维生素E与琥珀酸酐摩尔比为1:1.2,在80 ℃条件下反应4 h,维生素E琥珀酸酯(TAS)的产率为90%。以1-丙磺酸基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐/甲苯为反应体系,TAS与PEG1000摩尔比为1:2,在100 ℃下反应5 h,PEG1000维生素E琥珀酸酯(TPGS)收率为91%。     

Probing the Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclizations of allylic alkoxy-substituted (Z)-1,3-dienes

[reaction: see text] The Lewis acid-promoted Diels-Alder reaction of (E,Z,E)-trienal 1 provides not only the expected cis-fused cycloadduct 16 but also the trans-fused products 17 and 18. Trans-fused cycloadducts 17 and 18 are also products of the Lewis acid-promoted cyclization of (E,Z,E)-trienyl acetal 2. These products presumably derive from a stepwise cyclization pathway.     

Novel formation of iodobenzene derivatives from 1-(methylthio)-3-tosylhexa-1,3-dien-5-ynes via iodine-induced intramolecular cyclization

The reaction of (1E,3E)-1-(methylthio)-3-tosylhexa-1,3-dien-5-ynes (3) with iodine to form iodine-substituted benzenes (4) is reported. The reaction of 3 with iodine proceeded very slowly, but UV irradiation accelerates the reaction to give 4 in high-to-excellent yields. Irradiation induces the cis-trans isomerization of the C1-C2 double bond, leading to the (1Z,3E)-geometric isomer (3'), which easily reacts with iodine to afford 4. This reaction is applicable to 3-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-(methylthio)-6-phenylhexa-1,3-dien-5-yne (11), which is synthesized as a geometric mixture. Interestingly, this mixture can be used as the starting material. Irradiation of the mixture (the geometric isomer ratio = 50:28:5:17) with iodine resulted in the formation of methyl 3-iodo-4-phenylbenzoate (12) in 80% yield.     

Theoretical Study of the Mechanism of Cycloaddition Reaction between Silylene Silylene (H2SiSi:) and Acetone

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between singlet silylene silylene (H₂Si?Si:) and acetone has been investigated with the CCSD (T)//MP2/6‐31G?? method. According to the potential energy profile, it can be predicted that the reaction has two competitive dominant reaction channels. The present rule of this reaction is that the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of the two π‐bonds in silylene silylene (H₂Si?Si:) and acetone leads to the formation of a four‐membered ring silylene (E3). Because of the unsaturated property of Si: atom in E3, it further reacts with acetone to form a silicic bis‐heterocyclic compound (P7). Simultaneously, the ring strain of the four‐membered ring silylene (E3) makes it isomerize to a twisted four‐membered ring product (P4).     

A convergent synthesis of the macrocyclic core of cytotrienins: application of RCM for macrocyclization

[reaction: see text] The asymmetric synthesis of the fully elaborated macrocyclic core of cytotrienins A-D, potent apoptosis-inducing agents, is described. Synthetic highlights include the construction of the aniline bond using a copper-mediated amidation and the use of a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction to efficiently install the (E,E,E)-triene and simultaneously construct the macrocyclic lactam.     

Highly stereospecific, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkenylsilanols

[reaction: see text] Alkenylsilanols bearing methyl ((E)-1 and (Z)-1) or isopropyl ((E)-2 and (Z)-2)) substituents are converted to disubstituted alkenes by a palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with aryl or vinyl iodides in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride or hydroxide. Yields and stereoselectivities are generally high, and the reaction is compatible with a wide range of functional groups.     

Stereochemical inversion in the vinylic substitution of boronic esters to give iodonium salts: participation of the internal oxy group

[reaction: see text] Alkenylboronic esters having an acyloxy, alkoxy, or methoxycarbonyl group were employed for the reaction with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene in the presence of BF(3).OEt(2) to provide the alkenyliodonium tetrafluoroborates with inversion of configuration: (E)- and (Z)-boronates give (Z)- and (E)-iodonium salts, respectively. This selectivity can be reversed by the addition of ether to the dichloromethane solution. The stereoselectivity can be explained by participation of the neighboring oxy group.     

Biomimetic total synthesis of litseaverticillols B, E, I, and J and structural reassignment of litseaverticillol E

[reaction: see text] The first total synthesis of litseaverticillols B (1), E (2), I (4), and J (5) as well as the structural reassignment of litseaverticillol E (2) have been achieved by means of a biomimetic sequence of transformations during which a [4 + 2]-initiated reaction cascade and an ene reaction, both involving singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), formed key steps. The reassignment of the structure of litseaverticillol E (3) to include an allylic hydroperoxide provides strong support for our biogenetic hypothesis.     

Highly (Z)-selective synthesis of beta-monosubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated cyanides using the peterson reaction

[reaction: see text] The Peterson reaction between (t-BuO)Ph(2)SiCH(2)CN and various aldehydes furnishes the corresponding beta-monosubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated cyanides with high Z selectivity (Z:E = 92:8 to >98:2).     

Divergent and stereocontrolled synthesis of the enamide side chains of oximidines I/II/III, salicylihalamides A/B, lobatamides A/D, and CJ-12,950

[reaction: see text] A unified strategy for the divergent and stereocontrolled introduction of the (E)- and (Z)-enamide side-chains of oximidines I, II, and III, salicylihalamides A and B, lobatamides A and D, and CJ-12,950 is detailed. The synthesis relied on the copper-promoted C-N coupling of (E)- and (Z)-vinyl iodides with a protected maleimide hemiaminal followed by deprotection and reaction of the resulting (E)- or (Z)-enelactam hemiaminals with O-methylhydroxylamine or propylidenetriphenylphosphorane.     

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral (allenylmethyl)silanes and chirality transfer to stereogenic carbon centers in S(E)' reactions

[reaction: see text] Novel stereoselective reactions of 4-substituted-1-trimethylsilyl-2,3-butadienes ((allenylmethyl)silanes) were developed. The axially chiral (allenylmethyl)silanes were prepared from (3-bromopenta-2,4-dienyl)trimethylsilane by a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric reaction with soft nucleophiles with up to 88% enantioselectivity. The (allenylmethyl)silanes reacted with acetals in the presence of a TiCl(4) promoter to give 1,3-diene derivatives via an S(E)' pathway. The 1,3-dienyl products have (E)-geometry exclusively and up to 88%( )()chirality transfer from the axially chiral allenes to the centrally chiral 1,3-dienes was observed in the S(E)' reaction.     

芳环取代的俘精酸酐的合成及光致变色反应研究

本文报道四个芳环取代的俘精酸酐:2-亚异丙基-3-[1-(4-甲氧苯基)-亚乙基]-丁二酸酐(BF1); 2-亚异丁基-3-[1-(4-甲氧苯基)-亚乙基]-丁二酸酐(BF2);2-亚异丙基-3-[1-(α-萘基)-亚乙基]-丁二酸酐(NF1); 2-亚异丙基-3-[1-(β-萘基)-亚乙基]-丁二酸酐(NF2)的合成及其光致变色性质。测定了它们在不同溶剂中光致变色前后的吸收光谱。利用纳秒级激光闪光光解技术研究了它们的光致变色过程, 并讨论了其光致变色机理。结果表明, 这类芳环取代的俘精酸酐的光致环合反应是经过激发单重态进行的快速过程。     

Disulfidation of alkynes and alkenes with gallium trichloride

[reaction: see text] Treatment of diphenyl disulfide and terminal alkynes with gallium trichloride afforded (E)-1,2-diphenylthio-1-alkenes selectively (E/Z > 20/1). Alkenes also underwent this reaction to form trans adducts.     

Solvent-dependent stereoselectivity in a Still-Wittig rearrangement: an experimental and ab initio study

[see reaction]. The Still-Wittig rearrangement gave opposite selectivities for (Z:E)-alkenes in THF (3:1) vs toluene (1:3) in the synthesis of serine-proline dipeptide amide isosteres. Four transition states leading to (Z)-and (E)-alkenes with THF and without (representing toluene) were identified by ab initio calculations at the 3-21G* level. The calculated (Z:E)-ratios with THF (4.7:1) and without THF (1:3.2) suggested that the transition state geometries and energies were well-represented by the calculations.