正负离子表面活性剂/离子液体双水相性质研究

本文把短链离子液体(IL)四氟硼酸1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓[C2mim]BF4引入正负离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)双水相体系(SDS/DTAB/H2O)中,研究了IL对双水相相图及相分离体系性质的影响。结果表明,[C2mim]BF4的阳离子性质是影响阴离子表面活性剂过量区域性质的主要因素,IL通过静电作用、氢键作用等改变体系中聚集体的形貌,最终导致阴离子双水相(ATPSa)的消失。IL的阴离子对阳离子双水相(ATPSc)区域性质起着决定作用;IL的盐效应引起的对表面活性剂混合胶束扩散双电层的压缩作用,不但促进胶团的形成,缩短了形成稳定胶团所需要的时间,加快了双水相的相分离速度,而且也造成了形成ATPSc所需DTAB含量的提高。IL的引入改变了ATPSc上、下相表面活性剂的组成及含量,使富含表面活性剂的上相中阳离子表面活性剂含量更高,进而提高了双水相的萃取性能,其上相对甲基橙的萃取效率可高达96.67%。     

脂肪酸盐-烷基吡啶盐混合体系的双水相

研究了脂肪酸盐和烷基吡啶盐混合水溶液中双水相的形成规律和性质．考察了形成双水相的组成范围和烷基碳链长的影响。测定了两相的密度及化学组成．应用电子显微镜观察了两相的微观结构．结果表明,两相均存在囊泡结构．两相含水均在95％以上．上相为表面活性剂富集的囊泡絮凝相,浓度远远大干下相,相差均在二十倍以上．下相为含有分散的囊泡的表面活性剂稀溶液．     

辛基三甲基溴化铵与辛基硫酸钠混合水溶液的相行为

对辛基三甲基溴化铵(OTAB)与辛基硫酸钠(SOS)正、负离子混合表面活性剂水溶液的相行为进行了研究.在高浓度的溶液中,混合表面活性剂形成液晶相,随着混合摩尔比OTAB/SOS接近于1,液晶结构由六角相转层状相,同时夹杂少量沉淀物;在中等浓度时,任意混合摩尔比例下皆为均相透明溶液;在低浓度下,在很宽的OTAB/SOS混合摩尔比的范围,出现双水相,其中的表面活性剂稀薄相,为不同大小的胶团与囊泡组成的稀溶液,另一表面活性剂富集相中则为数密度很大的囊泡聚集体,富集相对油溶性染料的增溶作用比非富集相高得多.     

正负离子表面活性剂与高聚物混合双水相体系的相行为及蛋白质的分配

报道了由正负离子表面活性剂与高聚物混合溶液形成的一种可用于蛋白质的分离及分析的新型双水相萃取体系.研究了正负离子表面活性剂(溴化十二烷基三乙铵/十二烷基硫酸钠)分别与葡聚糖和聚乙二醇混合双水相体系的形成规律、相行为及牛血清蛋白和溶菌酶在双水相体系中的分配.通过在高聚物分子中接上亲和配基,研究蛋白质在双水相体系中的亲和分配.结果表明,在该体系中,表面活性剂与高聚物分别富集于不同相中.升高温度及加入无机盐均可促进双水相体系的形成,不同蛋白质可分配于不同的相中.亲和配基的引入极大地增强了蛋白质分配的选择性.     

正、负离子混合表面活性剂双水相系统相图及微观 结构研究

研究了水/十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)三元相图上的双水相区及其相关性质,研究发现：该系统在两个非常狭窄的区域能够形成双水相,SDS过量的双水相区具有类似浊点的性质,上相有明显的偏光现象,而CTAB过量的双水相区则具有Krafft点性质,上相偏光现象较弱。冷冻蚀刻显微镜观察双水相的微观结构表明,上相为层状结构,下相一般为球状结构。双水相的体积比对正、负离子表面活性剂比例的微小变化非常敏感。     

外加盐作用形成的正负离子表面活性剂双水相

癸基三乙基溴化铵-癸基磺酸钠（C10NE-C10SO3）等摩尔混合均相体系（即使在表面活性剂总浓度高达0.2 mol•L－1时仍然可形成稳定的均相溶液）在外加盐NaF、Na2SO4和Na3PO4的作用下可自发分离成两个水相（双水相）.研究了该类双水相体系的形成、相行为及其对牛血清蛋白（BSA）的分配，并与普通的正负离子表面活性剂混合双水相体系进行了比较.结果表明，该类双水相体系克服了普通的正负离子表面活性剂混合双水相体系的一些不足，具有一些独特的优点.该类双水相体系的相行为可以通过外加盐进行调控,通过外加盐的种类来调控和优化BSA的分配行为.图1表2参8     

全氟辛酸钠与十二烷基三甲基溴化铵混合胶束微环境性质的NMR, ESR研究

应用表面张力法、NMR法和ESR法研究了全氟辛酸钠(SPFO)-十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)混合体系水溶液胶束形成及混合胶束的微环境性质(微观粘度、微观极性等).结果表明,碳氟表面活性剂碳氟链和碳氢表面活性剂碳氢链之间具有强烈的相互作用,DTAB与SPFO在水溶液中形成混合胶束.DTAB与SPFO混合体系的表面活性高于单一的DTAB或SPFO,混合体系cmc较单一的DTAB和SPFO低.DTAB与SPFO混合胶束的微观粘度较DTAB胶束的大,而微观极性较DTAB的小.     

全氟辛酸钠与十二烷基三甲基溴化铵混合胶束微环境性质的NMR,ESR研究

应用表面张力法、NMR法和ESR法研究了全氟辛酸钠(SPFO)-十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)混合体系水溶液胶束形成及混合胶束的微环境性质(微观粘度、微观极性等)。结果表明, 碳氟表面活性剂碳氟链和碳氢表面活性剂碳氢链之间具有强烈的相互作用, DTAB与SPFO在水溶液中形成混合胶束。DTAB与SPFO混合体系的表面活性高于单一的DTAB或SPFO, 混合体系cmc较单一的DTAB和SPFO低。DTAB与SPFO混合胶束的微观粘度较DTAB胶束的大, 而微观极性较DTAB的小。     

用氯离子电极同时测定阳离子表面活性剂的CMC及反离子缔合度

临界胶束浓度(CMC)是研究表面活性剂的一个重要参数,胶束的反离子缔合度(K)是重要的特性参数。本文以阳离子表面活性剂十烷基三甲基氯化铵(DTMAC)、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵(DTAC)、十四烷基三甲基氯化铵(TTAC)、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)和十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)水溶液体系为研究对象,用氯离子选择电极分别测定了其水溶液体系胶束的CMC和K。     

阴离子表面活性剂在油水界面聚集的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学方法模拟了油、水和阴离子表面活性剂组成的混合溶液从初始“均相”到“油水两相”分离的动力学过程, 研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)在界面分离过程中的作用. 模拟发现, 油水两相能够在短时间内分离达到平衡, 形成一个明显的油水界面; 在SDBS存在情况下, 油水界面的分离时间随着SDBS浓度的增加逐渐增加, 达到平衡时SDBS会在界面处形成一个明显的界面膜, 并对油水界面处的水分子有限制作用. 模拟表明, 分子动力学方法可以作为实验的一种补充, 为实验提供必要的微观分子结构信息.     

聚乙二醇-硫酸铵双水相萃取次甲基蓝的研究

利用分光光度法研究了次甲基蓝在聚乙二醇-硫酸铵双水相体系的萃取行为,探索了质量配比(mPEc/m(NH4)2SO4)、温度和次甲基蓝的浓度对双水相及次甲基蓝萃取率(Y)的影响.实验表明:(1)在一定的温度和浓度下,随着mPEC/m(NH4)2SO4的减小,分配系数K( cup/clow)增加,萃取率Y略有减小;(2)在一定的质量配比和浓度下,分配系数K(cup/clow)随温度的升高而增大,但萃取率Y却基本保持不变;(3)在一定的质量配比和温度下,随着次甲基蓝浓度的增加,分配系数K(cup/clow)增大;萃取率Y略有增加.在mPEG/m( NH4) 2SO4为1.50∶1,c次甲基蓝=8.915×10-5mol/L、t=30℃的实验条件下,K(cup/clow)=22.14,萃取率(y)可达95.43％.     

Production and purification of tartrate dehydrogenase

Tartrate dehydrogenase (TDH) is a stereospecific intracellular enzyme produced byPseudomonas putida. Several methods for separation of nucleic acids from the proteins in cell homogenate were compared in this study. These methods included precipitation (using streptomycin sulfate, manganous sulfate, and protamine sulfate) and aqueous two-phase extraction. Under optimal conditions of separation, a single-step aqueous two-phase extraction followed by back-extraction of the enzyme from enzyme-rich PEG-phase resulted in77% recovery of enzyme. This compared favorably with 50% enzyme recovery using protamine sulfate treatment. Furthermore, the remaining enzyme activity was accounted in the nucleic acid-rich dextran phase and the spent-PEG phase, suggesting that a multistep extraction process would increase enzyme recovery even more. Under the conditions of aqueous two-phase extraction, the selectivity of proteins over nucleic acids was 30, indicating a high degree of separation of proteins and nucleic acids in this process. The experimental data and their implications are presented.

     

双水相体系选择性分离富集维生素B_(12)及电热原子吸收法测定

用异丙醇-硫酸铵双水相体系,利用维生素B12的疏水性和硫酸铵的盐析作用,在高浓度无机Co2+共存的情况下可有效地实现维生素B12的选择性分离富集.对双水相体系的组成、萃取时间和pH等实验参数进行了优化,在2.0mL样品、1.1g硫酸铵和200μL异丙醇组成的双水相体系中,对50μgL-1的维生素B12溶液经过萃取分离后富集倍数为11.8.取20μL双水相体系上相进行电热原子吸收检测,线性范围为2～100μgL-1,检出限为0.6μgL-1(3σ,n=11),相对标准偏差为2.8%(50μgL-1,n=9).将所建立的方法应用于功能饮料、保健药片、牛肝等实际样品中维生素B12的含量测定,加标回收率在97%～104%之间.     

Separation/Extraction/Detection of Chloramphenicol Using Binary Small Molecule Alcohol-Salt Aqueous Two-phase System Coupled with High-performance Liquid Chromatography

A green and sensitive sample separation and purification method coupled with high-perfomiance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was developed for the analysis of chioramphenicol(CAP).One element small molecule alcohol-salt aqueous two-phase system(ATPS)can't effectively adjust the polarity of the system,but binary small molecule alcohol-salt ATPS can adjust the polarity and improve the extraction efficiency of antibiotics.A binary aqueous two-phase system based on 1-propanol+2-propanol and NaH2PO4 system was formed and applied to the separation and purification of trace CAP in real samples.The influence factors on partition behaviors of CAP were discussed,including the types and mass of salts,the volume ratio of alcohol,the pH,temperature and the standing time.The optimal condition was found at pH=5.0,2.5 g of NaH2PO4,3.0 mL of 1-propanol and 2-propanol(volume ratio 1:1)and 30℃by using response surface methodology.Under this optimal condition,the extraction efficiency of CAP reached 98.91%,and partition coefficient of CAP was 17.31.     

Initial study of two-phase laminar flow extraction chip for sample preparation for gas chromatography

A sample preparation method for gas chromatography using a two-phase, laminar flow extraction PDMS/glass chip has been developed. A stable two-phase laminar interface was obtained by surface modification, and the organic extraction phase and the aqueous sample phase were separated effectively when the two-phase laminar flows exit the chip. Experiments were conducted on the chip to extract ephedrine from aqueous solution. Good reproducibility was obtained over the entire range of ephedrine concentration using the extraction chips (CV range 2.7%-4.5%). Effects of salt and solvent on extraction efficiency were studied.     

双水相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定酵母细胞中麦角固醇含量

建立了乙醇-水双水相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定酵母细胞中麦角固醇含量的分析方法。先使酵母细胞在KOH-乙醇溶液中于85℃~90℃回流皂化2 h,冷却后加入适量分相剂Na3PO4.12H2O使其形成双水相体系,经振摇萃取,麦角固醇进入乙醇相,萃取效率为95%~102%。用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定醇相中麦角固醇含量,采用DiamonsilTMC18色谱柱(200×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇,流速为1.0 mL/min;紫外检测波长为281 nm,进样量为20μL。方法线性范围为30.15~2010μg/mL,检出限为1.3μg/mL;用其测得酵母细胞中麦角固醇含量为2.74 mg/g,RSD为2.1%(n=5),加标回收率为91.6%~96.9%。     

HPLC-DAD法同时测定纺织品中3种天然抗菌整理剂的含量

采用二极管阵列检测器-超高效液相色谱法同时测定纺织品中芦荟苷、芦荟大黄素和大黄酚3种天然抗菌整理剂的含量.样品采用甲醇超声波浴于60℃提取30 min.色谱柱为Agilent C18柱;流动相为甲醇-0.1％磷酸水溶液(体积比为80:20),流速为1.0 mL/min;检测波长为358 nm和256 nm.在检测范围内标准曲线线性良好(r2≥0.999),3个加标水平的平均回收率为94.2％～98.5％,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.77％～2.63％(n=6).该方法准确、可靠,可作为纺织品质量控制的参考方法.     

Effective extraction of tylosin and spiramycin from fermentation broth using thermo-responsive ethylene oxide/propylene oxide aqueous two-phase systems

Recyclable aqueous two-phase systems with thermo-responsive phase-forming materials have been employed to separate macromolecules; however, these systems have achieved very limited separation efficiency for small molecules, such as antibiotics. In this study, aqueous two-phase systems composed of the ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer and water were developed to extract alkaline antibiotics from the fermentation broth. In the aqueous two-phase systems with an ethylene oxide ratio of 20 and propylene oxide ratio of 80, the partition coefficients of tylosin and spiramycin reached 16.87 and 20.39, respectively, while the extraction recoveries were 70.67 and 86.70%, respectively. Coupled with mechanism analysis, we demonstrated the feasibility of extracting alkaline antibiotics using this aqueous two-phase system, especially for 16-membered macrolide antibiotics. The molecular dynamic simulation was employed to visualize the process of dual-phase formation and the partition behavior of antibiotics in an aqueous two-phase system. The dynamic simulation revealed the binding energy between the antibiotic and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers, which provides a simple indicator for screening suitable antibiotics in aqueous two-phase systems. Our recyclable aqueous two-phase systems provide a robust approach for the extraction of 16-membered macrolide antibiotics with ease of operation and high recovery rates, which is appropriate for large-scale extraction in the fermentation industry.     

Mixtures of mucin and oppositely charged surfactant aggregates with varying charge density. Phase behavior, association, and dynamics

The nonionic surfactant Tween80 is a commonly used excipient in drug formulations containing an active substance with low aqueous solubility. Model drug vehicles with varying charge density were obtained by mixing Tween80 (PS-80) with the cationic surfactant Tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride (TTAC), thus forming mixed micelles. The micelles were mixed with the negatively charged polyelectrolyte mucin, which is a component in the protective mucus layer covering epithelial cell linings. Depending on the composition of the mixture, complex-formation could be followed by precipitation. Using X-ray diffraction, it was found that the precipitate contained a lamellar phase with properties sensitive to the proportion of PS-80. Higher amounts of PS-80 were found to oppose phase separation. Further analysis in the one-phase region, or alternatively of the supernatant of two-phase samples, by (1)H NMR, HPLC, and diffusion measurements with PGSE-NMR led to the conclusions that at low proportion of PS-80 aggregates composed of mixed (PS-80 and TTAC) micelles and mucin were formed, whereas increased concentrations of PS-80 favored the dissolution of the precipitate and limited the interactions between mixed micelles and the polymer.     

丙烯酰胺双水相聚合体系稳定性研究

通过浊点滴定法测定了不同温度下PAAmPEGH2O双水相体系相图,发现分相浓度随着温度的升高先增后降,55℃时分相浓度最低.双水相聚合体系微观结构显示,分散相以砾状液滴形式均匀分散在连续相中.研究了聚合过程中聚合体系粘度的变化,以及聚合温度、分散介质、单体、引发剂及乳化剂等对聚合体系最终粘度的影响,聚合体系最终粘度在一定范围内随分散介质和单体浓度增加变化不大,但是超过某一浓度后聚合体系粘度急剧增加;聚合体系中加入少量乳化剂对体系粘度影响不大,但加入大量乳化剂后体系稳定性变差,聚合体系粘度急剧增加;聚合体系最终粘度随着聚合温度升高先降后增,与相图的预测结果一致.