雄黄染毒后大鼠脑组织中氨基酸类神经递质含量的变化

研究了雄黄对大鼠脑组织氨基酸类神经递质含量的影响.将32只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(0.5%CMC-Na)以及低剂量(0.3g/kg)、中剂量(0.9g/kg)、高剂量(2.7g/kg)雄黄染毒组,通过连续灌胃给予雄黄混悬液两周.采用高效液相色谱-柱前衍生化法测定了大鼠脑组织中氨基酸类神经递质含量的变化.结果表明,与对照组比较,低剂量组大鼠脑组织中丝氨酸、甘氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸含量明显增加.中、高剂量组大鼠脑组织中同型半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丝氨酸和天冬氨酸含量明显比对照组的低.总体而言,雄黄可对大鼠脑组织氨基酸类神经递质产生影响,氨基酸类神经递质可能是雄黄毒性作用的靶点之一.     

雄黄对大鼠脑组织能量代谢的影响

将32只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(口服0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液)以及低剂量(0.3g/kg)、中剂量(0.9g/kg)和高剂量(2.7g/kg)雄黄混悬液处理组,通过6周连续灌胃给服雄黄混悬液,采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠脑组织中三磷酸腺甙(ATP)的含量,研究了雄黄对大鼠脑组织能量代谢的影响.结果表明,与对照组比较,雄黄染毒组大鼠脑组织中ATP含量均呈下降趋势(P<0.05),不同剂量组间未表现明显差异(P>0.05).这表明雄黄对大鼠脑组织能量代谢具有一定的抑制作用.     

大鼠服用朱砂后脑内氨基酸类递质含量的变化

研究了朱砂对大鼠脑组织中氨基酸类神经递质含量的影响.将32只Wistar大鼠随机分为低、中、高剂量组和对照组,朱砂灌胃给药14天后,采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠脑组织中谷氨酸(Glu)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、甘氨酸(Gly)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和牛磺酸(Tau)的含量,并计算兴奋毒性指数(EI)的变化.与对照组相比较,脑组织中氨基酸类神经递质含量均呈下降趋势,其中Asp和Gly的中、高剂量组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),Tau和GABA的高剂量组有统计学差异(P0.05),Glu和EI所有剂量组均有统计学差异(P0.05).朱砂对氨基酸类神经递质具有一定的抑制作用.     

四氢生物蝶呤对大鼠纹状体中单胺类神经递质影响的液相色谱-电化学检测研究

四氢生物蝶呤(BH4)是生物体内单胺类神经递质合成过程中所需要的一种重要辅酶. 文中以Pt-Pd纳米修饰电极作为液相色谱电化学检测器, 采用高效液相色谱-电化学检测和微渗析活体取样技术, 研究了外源性的四氢生物蝶呤对大鼠纹状体中单胺类神经递质的影响. 研究表明外源性的BH4能提高大鼠纹状体中单胺类神经递质多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)及其代谢产物5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)和高香草酸(HVA)的含量, 并进行了药物动力学分析, 探讨了BH4和单胺类神经递质浓度与时间的变化, 为一些神经疾病的病理学、药理学研究提供了新的分析手段.     

掺铂／聚3-甲基噻吩修饰电极研究氨酪酸对大鼠脑纹状体中单胺类神经递质影响

氨酪酸(GABA)是哺乳动物中枢神经系统中重要的抑制性神经递质.本研究探讨了外源性GABA对单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物的影响.研制了一种新型掺铂/聚3-甲基噻吩玻碳修饰电极,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)对该电极进行了表征,通过循环伏安法(CV)和微分脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果表明:该修饰电极对单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物有显著的催化作用,电极的灵敏度高,稳定性和重现性好.在液相色谱电化学检测实验中,去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)和5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)在修饰电极上的电流响应灵敏.5种被测物的检测线性范围宽达3个数量级以上,检出限分别为2.0×10-10 mol/L(NE)、1.0×10-10 mol/L(DA)、3.0×10-10 mol/L(DOPAC)、4.0×10-10 mol/L(5-HT)和7.0×10-10 mol/L(5-HIAA).将该方法与微渗析活体取样技术联用,研究了GABA对大鼠脑纹状体中单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物的影响.     

四氢生物蝶呤对大鼠纹状体中单胺类神经递质

四氢生物蝶呤(BH₄)是生物体内单胺类神经递质合成过程中所需要的一种重要辅酶. 文中以Pt-Pd纳米修饰电极作为液相色谱电化学检测器, 采用高效液相色谱-电化学检测和微渗析活体取样技术, 研究了外源性的四氢生物蝶呤对大鼠纹状体中单胺类神经递质的影响. 研究表明外源性的BH₄能提高大鼠纹状体中单胺类神经递质多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)及其代谢产物5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)和高香草酸(HVA)的含量, 并进行了药物动力学分析, 探讨了BH4和单胺类神经递质浓度与时间的变化, 为一些神经疾病的病理学、药理学研究提供了新的分析手段.     

高效液相色谱-电化学检测法研究大蒜素对百草枯中毒小鼠脑组织中单胺类神经递质含量的影响

建立了单胺类神经递质的高效液相色谱-电化学检测方法,探讨了大蒜素对百草枯中毒小鼠脑组织内的单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物的影响。健康ICR小鼠随机分为4组:正常对照(Con)组、大蒜素(DAS)组、百草枯染毒(PQ)组和大蒜素治疗(PQ+DAS)组,每组6只。PQ组灌胃PQ 35 mg/kg建立中毒模型,Con组和DAS组灌服同体积生理盐水。DAS组和PQ+DAS组小鼠于造模2、26、50 h后腹腔内各注射1次DAS(25 mg/kg),PQ组和正常组小鼠腹腔内注射等量无菌生理盐水。造模12 h后处死小鼠。收集小鼠脑组织样品并称重,处理后进样。色谱分析采用Acclaim 120 C18(150 mm×2.1 mm,3μm)色谱柱,以离子对缓冲盐溶液-甲醇(93∶7,体积比)为流动相,流速为0.27 m L/min;电化学检测器检测,工作电压为450 m V。结果表明,与正常组和DAS组比较,PQ组部分神经递质水平降低;DAS治疗后能够改变上述生化指标的变化;与PQ组相比,PQ+DAS组神经递质含量增高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。脑组织样品中5-HT、DA、5-HIAA、DOPAC和HVA低、中、高3水平的加标回收率均为79.8%~112.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。实验表明,大蒜素对百草枯中毒后小鼠体内含量降低的神经递质有明显的上调作用。     

高效液相色谱—电化学检测法测定大鼠脊髓灌流液单胺类递质及其代谢产物

用反相离子对高效液相色谱－电化学检测法分离并同时测定了大鼠脊髓灌流液中部分单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物。选择了较为理想的色谱条件，使生物样品的检测限达到８０～６７０ｐｇ，单胺类递质代谢产物的回收率保持在８３％～１０６％范围内。     

硫酸氧钒毒性的核磁共振代谢组学方法研究

采用基于核磁共振(NMR)的代谢组学方法,结合生化指标分析及组织病理学检测,研究了具有类胰岛素活性的硫酸氧钒(VOSO4)对Wistar大鼠的毒性作用.通过不同剂量的VOSO4对Wistar大鼠连续灌胃给药16d,收集大鼠的血清和尿液,并采集样品的1H NMR谱进行多变量数据统计分析来辨识其特征代谢物,然后采用TICL(a web Tool for automatic Interpretation of Compound List)方法建立特征代谢物的代谢网络模型,分析受影响的主要代谢途径及其相互关系.研究结果表明:高剂量组(45mg/kg)和低剂量组(15mg/kg)的特征代谢物含量与对照组存在明显的差异;与对照组相比,高剂量和低剂量组血清中乳酸、肌氨酸酐以及牛磺酸等代谢物的含量增加,尿液中氧化三甲胺(TMAO)、肌酐、牛磺酸和甘氨酸等代谢物的含量增加,并呈现显著的剂量依赖关系;给药组中乙酸和琥珀酸的含量都降低.这些结果说明VOSO4可能影响大鼠体内的糖代谢、脂类代谢及肠道菌群代谢等多个代谢系统,高剂量的VOSO4会导致肝脏毒性和肾脏损伤.     

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS法测定小鼠大脑中4种单胺类神经递质的含量

建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)对小鼠大脑中的多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色氨(5-HT)、二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)和高香草酸(HVA)4种单胺类神经递质的含量进行同时测定。样品以30%乙醇溶液(甲酸调至p H 5.0)匀浆处理后,冷冻离心,过滤。在优化色谱-质谱条件下,采用ESI和APCI复合源,正/负离子扫描方式进行数据采集。4种单胺类神经递质在0.5~1 000μg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r)大于0.999 3,方法的检出限为0.5~5.0μg/L,平均回收率为93.3%~101.8%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~3.3%。该方法具有操作简便、高效快速、回收率良好、灵敏度高、重现性好和准确度高等优点,可用于小鼠脑组织内4种单胺类神经递质的含量测定。     

Discovery of safety biomarkers for realgar in rat urine using UFLC-IT-TOF/MS and 1H NMR based metabolomics

As an arsenical, realgar (As₄S₄) is known as a poison and paradoxically as a therapeutic agent. However, a complete understanding of the precise biochemical alterations accompanying the toxicity and therapy effects of realgar is lacking. Using a combined ultrafast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IT-TOF/MS) and ¹H NMR spectroscopy based metabolomics approach, we were able to delineate significantly altered metabolites in the urine samples of realgar-treated rats. The platform stability of the liquid chromatography LC/MS and NMR techniques was systematically investigated, and the data processing method was carefully optimized. Our results indicate significant perturbations in amino acid metabolism, citric acid cycle, choline metabolism, and porphyrin metabolism. Thirty-six metabolites were proposed as potential safety biomarkers related to disturbances caused by realgar, and glycine and serine are expected to serve as the central contacts in the metabolic pathways related to realgar-induced disturbance. The LC/MS and NMR based metabolomics approach established provided a systematic and holistic view of the biochemical effects of realgar on rats, and might be employed to investigate other drugs or xenobiotics in the future.

Effect of realgar on extracellular amino acid neurotransmitters in hippocampal CA1 region determined by online microdialysis–dansyl chloride derivatization–high‐performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection

An online microdialysis (MD)–dansyl chloride (Dns) derivatization–high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detection (FD) system was developed for simultaneous determination of eight extracellular amino acid neurotransmitters in hippocampus. The MD probe was implanted in hippocampal CA1 region. Dialysate and Dns were online mixed and derivatized. The derivatives were separated on an ODS column and detected by FD. The developed online system showed good linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery. This online MD‐HPLC system was applied to monitor amino acid neurotransmitters levels in rats exposed to realgar (0.3, 0.9 and 2.7 g/kg body weight). The result shows that glutamate concentrations were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in hippocampal CA1 region of rats exposed to three doses of realgar. A decrease in γ‐aminobutyric acid concentrations was found in rats exposed to medium and high doses of realgar (p < 0.05). Elevation of excitotoxic index (EI) values in hippocampal CA1 region of realgar‐exposed rats was observed (p < 0.05). Positive correlation was found between EI values and arsenic contents in hippocampus of realgar‐exposed rats, which indicates that the change in extracellular EI values is associated with arsenic accumulation in hippocampus. The developed online MD–Dns derivatization–HPLC–FD system provides a new experimental method for studying the effect of toxic Chinese medicines on amino acid neurotransmitters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comprehensive analysis of nine monoamines and metabolites in small amounts of peripheral murine (C57Bl/6 J) tissues

Monoamines, acting as hormones and neurotransmitters, play a critical role in multiple physiological processes ranging from cognitive function and mood to sympathetic nervous system activity, fight‐or‐flight response and glucose homeostasis. In addition to brain and blood, monoamines are abundant in several tissues, and dysfunction in their synthesis or signaling is associated with various pathological conditions. It was our goal to develop a method to detect these compounds in peripheral murine tissues. In this study, we employed a high‐performance liquid chromatography method using electrochemical detection that allows not only detection of catecholamines but also a detailed analysis of nine monoamines and metabolites in murine tissues. Simple tissue extraction procedures were optimized for muscle (gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus and soleus), liver, pancreas and white adipose tissue in the range of weight 10–200 mg. The system allowed a limit of detection between 0.625 and 2.5 pg μL⁻¹ for monoamine analytes and their metabolites, including dopamine, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3‐methoxytyramine, homovanillic acid, norepinephrine, epinephrine, 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol, serotonin and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Typical concentrations for different monoamines and their metabolization products in these tissues are presented for C57Bl/6 J mice fed a high‐fat diet.     

Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of seventeen of the major monoamine neurotransmitters, precursors and metabolites. II. Assessment of human brain and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations

The optimized chromatographic method procedure presented in Part I was employed for the assessment of human brain and cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters levels. The optimized sample preparation and chromatographic conditions permitted a rapid (less than 25 min), sensitive and semi-automated high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis which measures all major monoamine neurotransmitters, precursors and metabolites in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain specimen was deproteinized with perchloric acid (containing Na2EDTA and sodium sulphite), the internal standard and heparin were added and the samples were sonicated, centrifuged, filtered and injected directly into the chromatographic system. Cerebrospinal fluid was handled in a similar manner except that sonication was excluded. The regional distribution of monoamine neurotransmitter concentrations in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid is presented.     

两种含锌化合物对慢性染铅大鼠海马NADPH-d阳性神经元影响的比较

为探讨硫酸锌(ZnSO4)和牛磺酸锌(TZC)拮抗铅对学习记忆的损害的不同，采用NADPH-黄递酶(NADPH-d)组化，观察了饮用含0.2g／L醋酸铅(PbAc)饮水和含不同剂量(5．0，15．0g／kg)ZnSO4、(5．9、17．7g／kg)TZC饲料喂养的大鼠海马一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性的变化。结果表明，各补锌组均不同程度地缓解铅致NOS活力减低，铅 低TZC组、铅 高ZnSO4组和铅 低ZnSO4组大鼠海马神经元的NOS活性明显高于染铅组，其中铅 低TZC组的保护作用最显著，而铅 高TZC组的NOS活性明显低于对照组，而接近染铅组水平。结论是锌对抗铅的毒性作用与锌的化学结合形式、锌的剂量密切相关。     

过氧化聚吡咯膜修饰电极色谱电化学用于帕金森试验动物的研究

研制了一种新型的过氧化聚吡咯膜修饰电极（OPPy/CME)作为液相色谱电化学检测器,该电极可以用来检测生物体内的单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物。用药物建立了帕金森动物试验模型,对不同情况下的试验动物脑内单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物通过微渗析取样和液相色谱电化学检测联用技术进行了测定。初步探讨了试验动物产生帕金森病的机理,为研制和筛选更有效的治疗帕金森病的新药提供了一种准确、可靠的分析手段。