A possible model for fifth force

Recent reanalysis of the data of the Eötvös experiment suggested the existence of a new force. We show that a negative energy massive scalar field minimally coupled to gravity in a background Schwarzschild metric naturally leads to a potential which can explain the small anomalous effect in the Eötvös experiment.     

Energy conservation and the principle of equivalence

If the equivalence principle is violated, then observers performing local experiments can detect effects due to their position in an external gravitational environment (preferred-location effects) or can detect effects due to their velocity through some preferred frame (preferred-frame effects). We show that the principle of energy conservation implies a quantitative connection between such effects and structure-dependence of the gravitational acceleration of test bodies (violation of the Weak Equivalence Principle). We analyze this connection within a general theoretical framework that encompasses both non-gravitational local experiments and test bodies as well as gravitational experiments and test bodies, and we use it to discuss specific experimental tests of the equivalence principle, including non-gravitational tests such as gravitational redshift experiments, Eötvös experiments, the Hughes-Drever experiment, and the Turner-Hill experiment, and gravitational tests such as the lunar-laser-ranging “Eötvös” experiment, and measurements of anisotropies and variations in the gravitational constant. This framework is illustrated by analyses within two theoretical formalisms for studying gravitational theories: the PPN formalism, which deals with the motion of gravitating bodies within metric theories of gravity, and the TH?μ formalism that deals with the motion of charged particles within all metric theories and a broad class of non-metric theories of gravity.     

Gravity and the quantum vacuum inertia hypothesis

In previous work it has been shown that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum, or electromagnetic zero‐point field, makes a contribution to the inertial reaction force on an accelerated object. We show that the result for inertial mass can be extended to passive gravitational mass. As a consequence the weak equivalence principle, which equates inertial to passive gravitational mass, appears to be explainable. This in turn leads to a straightforward derivation of the classical Newtonian gravitational force. We call the inertia and gravitation connection with the vacuum fields the quantum vacuum inertia hypothesis . To date only the electromagnetic field has been considered. It remains to extend the hypothesis to the effects of the vacuum fields of the other interactions. We propose an idealized experiment involving a cavity resonator which, in principle, would test the hypothesis for the simple case in which only electromagnetic interactions are involved. This test also suggests a basis for the free parameter η(ν) which we have previously defined to parametrize the interaction between charge and the electromagnetic zero‐point field contributing to the inertial mass of a particle or object.     

Modeling and numerical approximations for bubbles in liquid metal

In simulations of liquid metals, various model approximations, each of which justified by experimental results lead to a simplified two-phase flow problem. This paper discusses numerical justifications for these approaches and provides quantitative results for a single rising bubble as a benchmark. Representing a bubble as a rigid object is shown to be valid for low Eötvös numbers in contaminated systems. Qualitative differences can be observed for larger Eötvös numbers. Further simulations are undertaken with different ratios of inner and outer viscosity. The benchmark problem considered may also be interesting for more general applications.     

Nordström’s scalar theory of gravity and the equivalence principle

General Relativity obeys the three equivalence principles, the “weak” one (all test bodies fall the same way in a given gravitational field), the “Einstein” one (gravity is locally effaced in a freely falling reference frame) and the “strong” one (the gravitational mass of a system equals its inertial mass to which all forms of energy, including gravitational energy, contribute). The first principle holds because matter is minimally coupled to the metric of a curved spacetime so that test bodies follow geodesics. The second holds because Minkowskian coordinates can be used in the vicinity of any event. The fact that the latter, strong, principle holds is ultimately due to the existence of superpotentials which allow to define the inertial mass of a gravitating system by means of its asymptotic gravitational field, that is, in terms of its gravitational mass. Nordström’s theory of gravity, which describes gravity by a scalar field in flat spacetime, is observationally ruled out. It is however the only theory of gravity with General Relativity to obey the strong equivalence principle. I show in this paper that this remarkable property is true beyond post-newtonian level and can be related to the existence of a “Nordström-Katz” superpotential.     

Equivalence principles and gauge fields

We investigate the implication of the week equivalence principles and Eötvös-Dicke experiments for gauge fields in a general framework. In particular, we show that the Galileo weak equivalence principle (WEP[I]) implies the Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) with one exception; however, the second weak equivalence statement (WEP[II]) implies EEP. For the exceptional case, there are anomalous torques on polarized test bodies. As an example, we apply our results to quantum chromodynamics.     

Theory of Gravitational-Inertial Field of Universe. II. On Critical Systems in Universe

Application of the equations of the gravitational-inertial field to the problem of free motion in the inertial field (to the cosmologic problem) leads to results according to which 1. all Galaxies in the Universe “disperse” from each other according to Hubble's law, 2. the “dispersion” of bodies represents a free motion in the inertial field and Hubble's law represents a law of motion of free body in the inertial field, 3. for arbitrary mean distribution densities of space masses different from zero the space is Lobachevskian. All critical systems (with Schwarzschild radius) are specific because they exist in maximalinertial and gravitational potentials. The Universe represents a critical system, it exists under the Schwarzschild radius. In high-potential inertial and gravitational fields the material mass in a static state or in motion with deceleration is subject to an inertial and gravitational “annihilation”. At the maximal value of inertial and gravitational potentials (= c²) the material mass is being completely “evaporated” transforming into radiation mass. The latter is being concentrated in the “horizon” of the critical system. All critical systems-black holes-represent geon systems, i.e. local formations of gravitational-electromagnetic radiations, held together by their own gravitational and inertial fields. The Universe, being a critical system, is “wrapped” in a geon crown.     

Free-Fall Non-Universality in Quantum Theory

The author shows by embodying the Einstein equivalence principle—local Poincaré invariance—and general covariance in quantum theory that wave-function spreading rules out the universality of free fall, that is, the free-fall trajectory of a quantum (test) particle depends on its internal properties. The author provides a quantitative estimate of the free-fall non-universality in terms of the Eötvös parameter, which turns out to be measurable in atom interferometry.     

A New Variational Principle for the Fundamental Equations of Classical Physics

In this paper we introduce a variational principle from which the fundamental equations of classical physics can be deduced. This principle permits a sort of unification of the gravitational and the electromagnetic fields. The basic point of this variational principle is that the world-line of a material point is parametrized by a parameter a which carries some physical information, namely it is related to the rest mass and to the charge. In particular, the (inertial) rest mass will not be a property of a material point, but it will be a constant of the motion which is determined by the initial conditions. In this framework the equality between the inertial and gravitational mass can be deduced.     

Atomic ionization by ultra—strong laser fields

The problem of multi-photon ionization of hydrogen by ultra-strong electromagnetic fields is solved in the limit where the field energy is greater than the Coulomb energy. The transition rate goes to zero as the reciprocal of the field strength.     

Field theoretic treatment of gravitational interaction in electrodynamics

A theory of gravitational interaction in classical electrodynamics is developed on the basis of an earlier-proposed minimal relativistic model of gravitation. From the variation principle, a system of gaugeinvariant equations of the interacting electromagnetic and gravitational fields is deduced and their common energy-momentum tensor is constructed. A rigorous solution to the problem of regularizing the field mass of a point charge is given with consideration for the coupling energy of the gravitational interaction. The propagation of electromagnetic waves in the gravitational field is discussed. It is shown that, under the condition of the existing resonant ratio 2: 3 for the periods of Mercury’s orbital revolution and daily rotation, tidal forces cause a regular shift in the planet’s perihelion in an observable forward direction.     

About a physical nature of inertia and its relation to gravitation. Part I

A physical nature of inertia is discussed, and a hypothesis about its induction nature is put forward. According to this hypothesis, any body in motion, in addition to gravitational field, generates one more field called inertial. A change of this field induces inertial forces. It is proved that inertial and gravitational fields are interrelated, induce each other, and form a unified field similar to the electromagnetic field. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 37–42, July, 2006.     

Remarks on the Idea of Spontaneous Break-Down of Symmetry,Cosmic Variability of Eddington's Number,Mach's Idea Concering the Origin of Inertia,and Field Equations Describing Global and Local Gravitational Fields

Subject is considered on the level of classical field theory. We start from some aspects of the theory of ferromagnets. Their counterpart in classical field theory is pointed out using the over simplified model of a selfinteracting scalar field. The ground state (“vacuum expection value”) of the scalar field is interpreted as cosmic background field, which can be considered as constant for local physical phenomena. In practice, however, it is a function of the age of universe. Which kind of function it could be is suggested by a discussion of the cosmic variability of Eddington's number γ = 10⁴⁰, which refers to Dirac's consideration of this problem. But contrary to Dirac's assumption that atomic quantities are constant, we suppose that the inertial mass of elementary particles is a function of the age of universe. The cosmic gravitational field is described by other equations than the gravitational field created by local matter distributions. The field equations for the local gravitational field we start from reduce to Einstein's equations, if we neglect the possible influence of the universe on local phenomena. In case that the cosmic matter is homogeneously and isotropically distributed, the field equations for the cosmic gravitational field permit only such a time dependent solution the three-spaces of which are linearly expanding and spherically closed. The different field equations for cosmic and local gravitational fields are considered approximations of more fundamental field equations which approximately split into two sets of equations, if it is possible to contrast local physical systems with the universe. The described cosmological model taken as a basis, the inertial mass of elementary particles becomes a function of the matter density creating the cosmic gravitational field. This could be considered as, at least, partly realisation of Mach's idea concerning the origin of inertia. Starting from the interpretation of the ground state (vacuum expection value) as a function of a certain cosmic background field, more realistic gage field models could give the following picture of cosmic development: In the far past there was a state of the universe characterized by enormous contraction of matter. In this stage of development, it was impossible to contrast particles with the universe. Matter expands and it becomes possible to contrast certain physical systems with the universe. But the ground state is such a symmetric one that only fields with vanishing rest mass can be contrasted with the universe (ferromagnet above Curie temperature). With further expansion of the universe the ground state will lose certain symmetry properties. By this it becomes possible that you get the impression there are particles with nonvanishing rest mass (ferromagnet below Curie temperature). Finally, the influence of the universe on local physical systems goes to zero with further expansion. Especially, this means the inertial mass of elementary particles goes to zero, too (Curie temperature of ferromagnetic material goes to zero with cosmic expansion).     

On a new variational principle in general relativity and the energy of the gravitational field

A new variational principle based on the affine connection in space-time is proposed. This leads to a new formulation of general relativity. The gravitational field is a field of inertial frames in space-time. The metricg appears as a momentum canonically conjugate to the gravitational field. In the case of simple matter fields, e.g., scalar fields, electromagnetic fields, Proca fields, or hydrodynamical matter, the new formulation is equivalent to the traditional one. A new formulation of conservation laws is proposed.     

Theory of Gravitational-Inertial Field of Universe

In this paper the basic proposition is a generalization of the metric tensor by introduction of an inertial field tensor satisfying ?_ig_lm ? g_lm;i ≠ 0. On the basis of variational equations a system of more general covariant equations of gravitational-inertial field is obtained. In Einstein's approximation these equations reduce to the field equations of Einstein. The solution of fundamental problems of generl taheory of relativity by means of the new equations give the same results as Einstein's equations. However application of these equations to the cosmologic problem leads to following results: 1. All Galaxies in the Universe (actually all bodies if gravitational attraction is not considered) “disperse” from each other according to Hubble's law. Thus contrary to Friedmann's theory (according to which the “expansion of Universe” began from the singular state with an infinite velocity) the velocity of “dispersion” of bodies begins from the zero value and in the limit tends to the velocity of light. 2. The “dispertion” of bodies represents a free motion in the inertial field and Hubble's law represents a law of motion of free bodies in the inertial field - the law of inertia. All critical systems (with Schwarzschild radius) are specific because they exist in maximal inertial and gravitational potentials. The Universe represents a critical system, it exists under the Schwarzschild radius. In the high-potential inertial and gravitational fields the material mass in a static state or in the process of motion with decelleration is subject to an inertial and gravitational “annihilation”. Under the maximal value of inertial and gravitational potentials (= c²) the material mass is completely “evaporated” transforming into a radiation mass. The latter is concentrated in the “horizon” of the critical system. All critical systems –“black holes”- represent geon systems, i.e., the local formations of gravitational-electromagnetic radiations, held together by their own gravitational and inertial fields. The Universe, being a critical system, is “wrapped” in a geon crown. The Universe is in a state of dynamical equilibrium. Near the external part of its boundary surface a transformation of matter into electromagnetic-gravitational-neutrineal energy (geon mass) takes place. Inside the Universe, in the galaxies takes place the synthesis of matter from geon mass, penetrating from the external part of the world (from geon crown) by means of a tunneling mechanism. The geon system may be considered as a natural entire cybernetic system.     

New Effect for Detecting Gravitational Waves by Amplification with Electromagnetic Radiation

The perturbation of Dirac particles moving in a constant magnetic field is calculated for simultaneously incident parallel monochromatic circular polarized electromagnetic and gravitational waves. Resonances are found which depend on the initial energy of the charged particles, the magnetic field, and the frequencies of the incident waves. A suited choice of these parameters allows the selection of only one resonance that is proportional to the product of the squares of the amplitudes of both waves. This effect is valid for all bound systems of Dirac particles interacting simultaneously with electromagnetic and gravitational waves. At least in principle this resonance effect can be used to detect the gravitational waves in the lab. For regions of the universe with strong electromagnetic and gravitational waves and suited magnetic fields this effect may play another important part for the acceleration of charged particles.     

Gravity, Inertia, and Quantum Vacuum Zero Point Fields

Over the past several years Haisch, Rueda, and others have made the claim that the origin of inertial reaction forces can be explained as the interaction of electrically charged elementary particles with the vacuum electromagnetic zero-point field expected on the basis of quantum field theory. After pointing out that this claim, in light of the fact that the inertial masses of the hadrons reside in the electrically chargeless, photon-like gluons that bind their constituent quarks, is untenable, the question of the role of quantum zero-point fields generally in the origin of inertia is explored. It is shown that, although non-gravitational zero-point fields might be the cause of the gravitational properties of normal matter, the action of non-gravitational zero-point fields cannot be the cause of inertial reaction forces. The gravitational origin of inertial reaction forces is then briefly revisited. Recent claims critical of the gravitational origin of inertial reaction forces by Haisch and his collaborators are then shown to be without merit.     

Effects of rotation on Landau states of electrons on a spherical shell

Based on a previously observed analogy between electromagnetic and non-inertial effects, we investigate the competition between magnetic field and rotation in the quantum motion of an electron constrained to the surface of a sphere. We solve numerically the Schrödinger equation of the problem for the energy eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions and compare the effects of the magnetic field and rotation. We obtain that, for a weak magnetic field, an electron can not distinguish between magnetic field and rotation, since they lead to equivalent behavior. But this is no longer true for strong magnetic fields. However, surprisingly, even though the rotation and magnetic fields play different roles in the electronic properties of the system, when together, each influence of the magnetic field on the energy levels can be separately balanced by rotation. We also show that no matter the intensity of the magnetic field, it is always possible to destroy the Landau levels in the sphere by rotation.     

Very high-frequency gravitational waves from magnetars and gamma-ray bursts

Extremely powerful astrophysical electromagnetic(EM) systems could be possible sources of highfrequency gravitational waves(HFGWs). Here, based on properties of magnetars and gamma-ray bursts(GRBs), we address "Gamma-HFGWs"(with very high-frequency around 10~(20) Hz) caused by ultra-strong EM radiation(in the radiation-dominated phase of GRB fireballs) interacting with super-high magnetar surface magnetic fields(～10~(11) T).By certain parameters of distance and power, the Gamma-HFGWs would have far field energy density ?gw around10~(-6), and they would cause perturbed signal EM waves of～10~(-20) W/m~2 in a proposed HFGW detection system based on the EM response to GWs. Specially, Gamma-HFGWs would possess distinctive envelopes with characteristic shapes depending on the particular structures of surface magnetic fields of magnetars, which could be exclusive features helpful to distinguish them from background noise. Results obtained suggest that magnetars could be involved in possible astrophysical EM sources of GWs in the very high-frequency band, and Gamma-HFGWs could be potential targets for observations in the future.     

Magnetized neutron-star mergers and gravitational-wave signals

We investigate the influence of magnetic fields upon the dynamics of, and resulting gravitational waves from, a binary neutron-star merger in full general relativity coupled to ideal magnetohydrodynamics. We consider two merger scenarios: one where the stars have aligned poloidal magnetic fields and one without. Both mergers result in a strongly differentially rotating object. In comparison to the nonmagnetized scenario, the aligned magnetic fields delay the full merger of the stars. During and after merger we observe phenomena driven by the magnetic field, including Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in shear layers, winding of the field lines, and transition from poloidal to toroidal magnetic fields. These effects not only mediate the production of electromagnetic radiation, but also can have a strong influence on the gravitational waves. Thus, there are promising prospects for studying such systems with both types of waves.