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玻璃态是一种无序结构的固体,组成单元可以是原子、分子、高分子、胶体粒子等等。尽管玻璃态材料在生活中很常见,有广泛的工业应用,但相关理论,尤其是液体到玻璃态转变的理论是物理学中争议最多的领域之一。溶液中的胶体粒子可以形成晶体、液体、玻璃等各种态。在光学显微镜下可以直接看到三维内部单个微米胶体粒子,通过图像处理还可以得到粒子的布朗运动轨迹,从而得到玻璃化转变过程中的微观动力学信息,这是原子分子玻璃系统中难以测量的。文章介绍了胶体作为模型系统对玻璃态的研究,主要包括传统的过冷液体到玻璃态的转变,另外还涉及气相、凝胶、多晶等其他无序或半无序态与玻璃态之间的过渡或转变。 相似文献
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<正> 五、玻璃的胶体着色及半导体着色1.Mie理论玻璃的胶体着色是玻璃在形成阶段和热处理过程中,着色剂的原子、离子产生沉淀和聚合的结果。为了获得高度透明的玻璃,这些胶体粒 相似文献
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由于结合了金属和玻璃的特性,非晶合金表现出许多新奇和优异的力学和物理性质,在很多领域具有广泛的应用前景.非晶合金具有连续可调的成分、简单无序的原子结构、丰富多变的材料性质,为研究非晶态物理中的许多共性科学问题提供了理想的模型材料.块体非晶合金的发展更是将玻璃和液体及其相关科学问题的研究推进到凝聚态物理和材料科学的研究前沿.中国科学院物理研究所极端条件物理重点实验室亚稳材料合成、结构及性能研究组(EX4组)近二十年来一直致力于非晶材料和物理的研究,在新型非晶合金的制备、物性以及相关机理的研究上取得了许多重要成果.本文介绍团队最近在非晶材料和物理机理方面取得的研究成果,包括非晶合金的动力学行为和调控、非晶合金的表面动力学、功能应用以及材料探索新方法等. 相似文献
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用直径 300 nm的聚苯乙烯微球配制不同浓度的胶体晶体溶液, 将其快速注入内表面镀有导电薄膜的玻璃样品池中, 形成 (111) 晶面平行于玻璃表面的面心立方单晶结构. 通过激光衍射Kossel线方法, 研究了不同体积分数的胶体晶体样品 及它们在均匀电场作用下晶体结构的变化. 实验发现, 随着电场强度的增加, 胶体晶体表现为各向同性的压缩. 胶体晶体在恒定电场下始终保持面心立方结构, 晶格常数随着电场强度的增加逐渐减小. 实验结果可用电场力、电流体力学作用力及颗粒间静电斥力共同解释: 电场力使带电微球克服静电斥力并沿电场反方向运动导致晶体压缩, 而由电场力作用引起的电流体力学液流产生的持续推力使垂直于电场平面上的胶体微球相互靠近. 本实验为天宫一号搭载科学实验的地基实验.
关键词:
胶体晶体
Kossel衍射
结构变化 相似文献
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The influence of gravity on the long-time behavior of the mean squared displacement in glasses of polydisperse colloidal hard spheres was studied by means of real-space fluorescent recovery after photobleaching. We present, for the first time, a significant influence of gravity on the mean squared displacements of the particles. In particular, we observe that systems which are glasses under gravity (with a gravitational length on the order of tens of micrometers) show anomalous diffusion over several decades in time if the gravitational length is increased by an order of magnitude. No influence of gravity was observed in systems below the glass transition density. We show that this behavior is caused by gravity dramatically accelerating aging in colloidal hard sphere glasses. This behavior explains the observation that colloidal hard sphere systems which are a glass on Earth rapidly crystallize in space. 相似文献
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In the free-energy landscape picture of glassy systems, their slow dynamics is due to a complicated free-energy landscape with many local minima. We show that for a colloidal glassy material multiple paths can be taken through the free-energy landscape. The evolution of the nonergodicity parameter shows two distinct master curves that we identify as gels and glasses. We show that for a range of colloid concentrations, the transition to nonergodicity can occur in either direction (gel or glass), accompanied by "hesitations" between the two. Thus, colloidal gels and glasses are merely global free-energy minima in the same free-energy landscape, and the paths leading to these minima can be complicated. 相似文献
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Soft colloidal interactions in colloidal glasses are modeled using suspensions of multiarm star polymers. Using a preshearing protocol that ensures a reproducible initial state ("rejuvenation" of the system), we report here the evolution of the flow curve from monotonically increasing to one dominated by a stress plateau, demonstrating a corresponding shear-banded state. Phenomenological understanding is provided through a scalar model that describes the free-energy landscape. 相似文献
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Di X Win KZ McKenna GB Narita T Lequeux F Pullela SR Cheng Z 《Physical review letters》2011,106(9):095701
Colloids near the glass concentration are often taken as models for molecular glasses. Yet, an important aspect of the dynamics of molecular glasses, structural recovery, has not been elucidated in colloids. We take advantage of a thermosensitive colloidal suspension to study the structural recovery after concentration jumps by using diffusing wave spectroscopy. The three classical aging signatures observed in molecular glasses are studied and the results are compared with those typical of molecular glasses. For the intrinsic isotherms, unlike molecular glasses, the colloid shows huge changes in relaxation time at equilibrium while the times required to reach the equilibrium state are nearly constant. For asymmetry of approach, we find a similar nonlinearity to that observed in the molecular glasses. For the memory experiment, while a memory effect is seen, the response is qualitatively different from that in molecular glasses. 相似文献
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Besseling R Isa L Ballesta P Petekidis G Cates ME Poon WC 《Physical review letters》2010,105(26):268301
We report experiments on hard-sphere colloidal glasses that show a type of shear banding hitherto unobserved in soft glasses. We present a scenario that relates this to an instability due to shear-concentration coupling, a mechanism previously thought unimportant in these materials. Below a characteristic shear rate γ(c) we observe increasingly nonlinear and localized velocity profiles. We attribute this to very slight concentration gradients in the unstable flow regime. A simple model accounts for both the observed increase of γ(c) with concentration, and the fluctuations in the flow. 相似文献
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Amorphous materials are ubiquitous and widely used in human society, yet their structures are far from being fully understood. Metallic glasses, a new class of amorphous materials, have attracted a great deal of interests due to their exceptional properties. In recent years, our understanding of metallic glasses increases dramatically, thanks to the development of advanced instrumentation, such as in situ x-ray and neutron scattering. In this article, we provide a brief review of recent progress in study of the structure of metallic glasses. In particular, we will emphasize, from the scattering perspective, the multiscale structures of metallic glasses, i.e., short-to-medium range atomic packing, and phase transitions in the supercooled liquid region, e.g., crystallization and liquid-to-liquid phase transition. We will also discuss, based on the understanding of their structures and phase stability, the mechanical and magnetic properties of metallic glasses. 相似文献
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《中国物理 B》2015,(7)
The relaxation behavior of complex-disordered systems, such as spin glasses, polymers, colloidal suspensions, structural glasses,and granular media, has not been clarified. Theoretical studies show that relaxation in these systems has a topological origin. In this paper, we focus on the rotational stretched exponential relaxation behavior in complex-disordered systems and introduce a simple phase space model to understand the mechanism of the non-exponential relaxation of these systems. By employing the Monte Carlo simulation method to the model, we obtain the rotational relaxation function as a function of temperature. We show that the relaxation function has a stretched exponential form under the critical temperature while it obeys the Debye law above the critical temperature. 相似文献
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M. Fähnle 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1980,23(3):267-272
For binary alloys with only one sort of magnetic atoms we have calculated, by means of computer simulations, the distribution
of magnetic dipole fields at regular lattice sites and suitably defined interstitial sites for the magnetic ground state of
amorphous ferromagnetic and speromagnetic alloys and crystalline and amorphous spin glasses. Thereby we have considered spatially
random arrangements of atoms and have neglected all magnetic correlations in the case of speromagnets and spin glasses. We
have derived symmetric and isotropic distribution functions, which are fairly well described by Gaussian distributions for
large concentrations of magnetic atoms only. The distribution functions are characterized by their second moments, which are
important for the discussion of NMR and μ+ SR relaxation rates in these materials. 相似文献