X射线光电发射材料

分析Ｘ射线光电效应的特点,讨论俄歇电子和二次发射电子的产生机理。从“自由原子”模型出发,在理论上探讨Ｘ射线光电发射的原理,建立Ｘ射线光电发射的初步理论模型,讨论影响Ｘ躬一光电发射量子产额的几个特性参数,并对两上国际上常用的绝缘材料进行了计算,在此基础上提出了具有较高量子产额的全新硬Ｘ射线光电阴极模型。     

用于高速摄影变象管的软X射线光电阴极

光阴极由衬底(包括介质阴极的导电基底)和光电发射膜构成。采用了聚丙烯、Formvar和Paylene三种有机薄膜作阴极衬底。建立了这些薄膜的制备技术。用一台自制的软X射线单色仪在277—7469ev光子能量范围内测量了这些薄膜的透过率。 研究了CsI、CsBr、Au和MgF₂四种光电阴极的光电发射特性和光电发射与阴极厚度的关系,找出了最佳阴极厚度。用软X射线单色仪在277—7469ev光子能量范围内测量了最佳厚度阴极的绝对量子效率,四种阴极最大值分别为4.50、2.90、0.25和0.12。我们还在同一阴极衬底上分区制备了四种阴极,在变象管荧光屏上比较其亮度,结果和测量的一致。 用LAB5型表面分析仪对CsI和Au阴极的光电子初能量分布作了测量,CsI阴极光电子初能量分布半高宽远小于Au。因此CsI是适用于高速摄影变象管比较理想的软X射线光电阴极。     

新型金阴极及其紫外光电发射特性

采用直流磁控溅射法制备了不同厚度的金纳米薄膜,在高纯氮气气氛、800 ℃条件下快速退火,在石英基底上制备了具有表面微纳颗粒的新型金阴极。应用扫描电子显微镜对阴极的表面形貌进行表征,结果表明：阴极表面形成了均匀分布的金纳米颗粒,平均粒径随金纳米薄膜厚度的增加（5 nm至20 nm）从300 nm增大到800 nm。在190~360 nm紫外光下,对阴极的光电子发射特性进行了研究,结果表明：相对于平面阴极,新型金阴极的光电子发射效率提高了10倍以上,最高可达到平面阴极的16倍,且随颗粒粒径的减小而增大。采用三步光电发射模型对上述结果进行理论分析,表明阴极光电效率的提高主要由于阴极光电发射面积的增加和局域强电场导致的表面势垒降低。     

一种新型X射线象增强器光电阴极

我们研制了一种X射线象增强器透射式光电阴极,即高低密度夹芯结构的CsIX射线光电阴极,它的量子效率是高密层CsI的1～10倍.该技术应用于X射线象增强器,探测效率可以提高一个量级,使增益较低的MCP都可以作为产品使用.     

一种新型硬X射线光电阴极

分析了X射线光电效应的特点,讨论了俄歇电子和二次电子的产生机理.在原有的对软X射线具有较高光电发射量子效率的基础上,我们通过改变材料的配比,研究并优化了一种理想的复合光阴极,它对能量在30→50KeV的硬X射线的量子效率最高可达到1.5电子/光子.     

碱锑光电阴极光电发射特性的Monte-Carlo数值模拟

基于非直接跃迁模型,用Monte-Carlo方法模拟了光电子在K₂CsSb光电阴级中的输运过程,得到了和实验结果较为一致的量子产额谱、电子能谱及阴极的时间响应特性.K₂CsSb的时间响应特性计算表明薄阴极的时间响应半宽度在20～100fs左右.文中还计算了K₂CsSb阴极的导带和价带态密度.     

透射式GaAs光电阴极AlGaAs窗层和GaAs光电发射层界面应变状况的X射线衍射研究

本文介绍了应变和弛豫的概念以及倒易点在倒易空间的分布,阐明了GaAs光电阴极AlGaAs窗层和GaAs光电发射层界面应变状况的X射线衍射的分析方法,最后给出了实例.     

X射线条纹相机阴极制备及其绝对标定

为了提升X射线条纹相机阴极性能,提出了一种X射线条纹相机阴极的制作方法,采用此方法制作的阴极衬底薄膜使用聚碳酸酯作为原材料,厚度仅为300nm,可较大程度降低对X射线的C吸收边效应,对提升阴极性能具有较大益处。利用北京同步辐射光源(BSRF)对制作的Au阴极和CsI阴极进行了绝对标定,给出了两种阴极在60~5500eV能区范围内的绝对谱响应灵敏度,标定结果表明CsI阴极在60~5500eV整个能区范围内都具有较高的谱响应灵敏度,即使在C吸收边位置谱响应灵敏度也只降低了约90%,表明阴极性能得到较大提升。     

X射线条纹相机阴极制备及其绝对标定

为了提升X射线条纹相机阴极性能,提出了一种X射线条纹相机阴极的制作方法,采用此方法制作的阴极衬底薄膜使用聚碳酸酯作为原材料,厚度仅为300 nm,可较大程度降低对X射线的C吸收边效应,对提升阴极性能具有较大益处。利用北京同步辐射光源（BSRF）对制作的Au阴极和CsI阴极进行了绝对标定,给出了两种阴极在60~5500 eV能区范围内的绝对谱响应灵敏度,标定结果表明CsI阴极在60~5500 eV整个能区范围内都具有较高的谱响应灵敏度,即使在C吸收边位置谱响应灵敏度也只降低了约90%,表明阴极性能得到较大提升。     

金阴极的选择性光电效应

提出了一种测量金阴极的紫外光谱响应特性的方法.利用微通道板(microchannel plate,简称MCP)对电子的高增益特性,通过直接测量金阴极MCP探测器输出电流表征金阴极的紫外光响应.测量金阴极MCP探测器在200—340 nm波段的光谱响应,得到金阴极的谱响应特性:金作为逸出功较大的金属,也具有碱金属才有的选择性光电效应. 其选择峰值位于5.72 eV处,通过理论验证了该峰值的位置.     

Fabrication and hard X-ray photoemission analysis of photocathodes with sharp solar-blind sensitivity using AlGaN films grown on Si substrates

Photocathode devices operating in reflection-mode, where the photoemission is detected on the same side as the light irradiation, were developed for the detection of deep ultraviolet light by using p-Al_xGa_1−xN films grown on Si(1 1 1) substrates. The external quantum efficiencies were as high as 20-15% at 200 nm and 280 nm, while the value was as low as 10⁻²% at 310 nm. The on-off ratio was more than four orders of magnitude, which represents high solar-blind sensitivity. The escape probability of Al_xGa_1−xN photocathode was decreased with increase of AlN mole fraction. The effective barrier potential against the photoelectron emission near the surface was reduced due to the upward shift of conduction band of Al_xGa_1−xN. The photoemission from the Al_xGa_1−xN films terminated with Cs-O adatoms will be discussed in terms of band diagrams that were evaluated by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

Buildup of the InSe/M interface (M Pd, Au) studied by X-ray photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The electronic properties of InSe/M (M  Pd, Au) interfaces have been studied by X-ray photoemission measurements. For the InSe/Pd interface, it has been found that Pd atoms diffuse into the InSe lattice at early stages of Pd coverage, acting as acceptor centers. As the Pd coverage increases, a Pd-InSe reaction determines the electronic behaviour of the interface. However, for Pd coverages higher than 1 ML, the barrier formation tends to be controlled by an emerging bulklike Pd overlayer. Despite the atomic structure of this system is far from that expected for an ideal Schottky one, the final electronic barrier value is close to that expected for an abrupt InSe/Pd Schottky interface. On the contrary, the InSe/Au system appeared to behave as a quasi-ideal abrupt Schottky interface. Annealing processes performed at temperatures higher than 600 K alter this scheme, as revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, enhancing diffusion of Au atoms into InSe. In any case, the electronic barrier results to be determined by the Au overlayer formed.     

球壳量子点中极化子和量子比特的声子效应

采用求解能量本征方程、LLP幺正变换、变分相结合的方法研究 球壳量子点中极化子和量子比特的声子效应. 数值计算表明: 声子效应使极化子的基态(或激发态)能量小于电子的基态(或激发态)能量, 使量子比特的振荡周期减小, 且内径给定时, 随着外径的增大声子效应对极化子和量子比特振荡周期的影响越大; 声子效应不改变量子比特内电子概率密度分布的幅值, 量子比特内中心球面处概率密度幅值最大, 界面处概率密度为零, 其它处的概率密度幅值介于最大和最小之间, 且各个空间点的概率密度随半径和方位角的变化而变化, 随时间做周期性振荡.     

Core/shell/shell spherical quantum dot with Kratzer confining potential: Impurity states and electrostatic multipoles

An exactly solvable problem of impurity states is considered in core/shell/shell spherical quantum dot. Kratzer molecular potential is taken for confinement potential. The analytical expressions are obtained for the energy spectrum and wave functions of the impurity electron. The dependencies of the total energy and the binding energy of the impurity on the parameters of the confining potential are investigated. The possibility of the impurity electron leakage is shown in the external environment, due to the specific form of the Kratzer potential. The character of the electrostatic field created by the impurity and the electron is observed on the basis of obtained results. The multipole corrections caused by the dipole and quadrupole moments of the electron are calculated. It is shown that the dipole moment is absent, and the problem reduces to the calculation of only z component for the average values of the diagonal elements of the quadrupole moment tensor. The dependencies of the average values of the quadrupole moment on the Kratzer potential parameters are studied.     

Interaction of a plane progressive sound wave with a functionally graded spherical shell

An exact analysis is carried out to study interaction of a time-harmonic plane progressive sound field with a radially inhomogeneous thick-walled elastic isotropic spherical shell suspended in and filled with compressible ideal fluid mediums. Using the laminated approximation method, a modal state equation with variable coefficients is set up in terms of appropriate displacement and stress functions and their spherical harmonics. Taylor’s expansion theorem is then employed to obtain the solution to the modal state equation ultimately leading to calculation of a global transfer matrix. Numerical example is given for a water-submerged/air-filled Aluminum/Zirconia elastic spherical sandwich shell containing a functionally graded interlayer and subjected to an incident progressive plane sound wave. The mechanical properties of the interlayer are assumed to vary smoothly and continuously across the thickness with the change of volume concentration of its constituents. The effect of incident wave frequency, thickness and compositional gradient of the interlayer on the form function amplitude and the average radiation force acting on the composite shell are examined. Limiting cases are considered and fair agreements with well-known solutions are established.     

The characterization of Cr secondary oxide phases in ZnO films studied by X-ray spectroscopy and photoemission spectroscopy

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the Cr secondary oxide phases in ZnO films that had been prepared using a co-sputtering method. Analysis of the Cr L_3,2-edge XANES spectra reveals that the intensity of white-line features decreases subtly as the sputtering power increases, indicating that the occupation of Cr 3d orbitals increases with Cr concentration in (Zn, Cr)O films. The O K-edge spectra show that the intensity of XANES features of (Zn, Cr)O films is lower than those of ZnO film, suggesting enhanced occupation of O 2p-derived states through O 2p-Cr 3d hybridization. The XES and XPS spectra indicate that the line shapes in the valence band of (Zn, Cr)O films are quite different from those of ZnO and that the Cr₂O₃ phase dominates the spinel structure of (Zn, Cr)O films increasingly as the Cr sputtering power is increased. Over all results suggest that the non-ferromagnetic behavior of (Zn, Cr)O films can be attributed to the dominant presence of Cr₂O₃, whereas the bulk comprise phase segregations of Cr₂O₃ and/or ZnCr₂O₄, which results them the most stable TM-doped ZnO material against etching.     

利用激光烧蚀法制备表面等离子体可调谐的金核银壳层纳米颗粒胶体

利用激光烧蚀方法在水中制备了金核银壳层纳米颗粒胶体,发现这种复合胶体的等离子体振动吸收峰频率会随着激光烧蚀时间的不同而发生改变。利用等离子杂化理论定性解释了共振吸收峰可调谐的物理机制.     

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on diamagnetic susceptibility of hydrogenic donor impurity in core/shell/shell spherical quantum dot with Kratzer confining potential

Dependencies of diamagnetic susceptibility ${\chi }_{dia}$ on parameter $r_0$ for different values of hydrostatic pressure for 1s state.Dependence of diamagnetic susceptibility ${\chi }_{dia}$ on hydrostatic pressure $P$ for different values of $r_0$ for 1s state.

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