氮气介质高气压开关特性

从理论分析、软件模拟、实验研究等方面研究了氮气介质高气压开关的工作特性。根据强度理论计算所设计并加工的开关的理论压强可达10 MPa。对氮气介质高气压开关进行实验,得到在气压范围2,4,6 MPa、电极间隙0.1,0.5,1.0 mm时,气隙的击穿延时小于14 ns,抖动小于1 ns;在气压2 MPa、电极间隙0.1 mm时50%击穿电压约为34 kV。与常压空气开关相比较,该开关具有很好的稳定性和绝缘特性。     

高压氢气亚纳秒开关击穿特性

 在超宽谱脉冲产生辐射系统或脉冲功率源中,常用高压气体开关来产生快脉冲沿的高功率电磁脉冲。为了研究高压氢气亚纳秒开关的击穿特性,通过实验研究了氢气开关在高气压和短间隙距离条件下的击穿特性。开关输入脉冲的峰值幅度约220 kV,脉宽3～4 ns。氢气气压4～13 MPa,间隙距离0.4～1.2 mm。结果表明：开关击穿电压随气压升高而增加,且开关气压达到11 MPa后击穿电压随气压增加的趋势变缓;开关击穿电压随间距增加而增加,平均击穿场强随间距增加而减小,氢气开关平均击穿场强分布在3～7 MV/cm之间;开关导通时间随气压增加略有减小,随间隙距离增加有小幅增加。     

多间隙轨道式气体开关自击穿特性

介绍了一种多间隙轨道式气体开关的结构及其自击穿实验研究结果。通过对开关放电的理论分析,并结合实验数据,获得一个适合该开关自击穿工作特性的表达式。研究结果发现, 在高气压条件下,开关静态特性曲线与空气击穿的经验式曲线存在较大的差别,并且击穿电压随气压增加并不完全呈线性变化。经过对实验条件和数据的分析,认为在高气压、高电压条件下,电极表面形成的电晕可能是导致该开关静态特性曲线出现此现象的原因。由于开关的特殊结构,电极电晕不仅未起到均压的作用,反而减小了电极之间有效的绝缘距离,从而导致开关自击穿电压实验值与经验理论值的偏离。     

介质阻挡放电丝模式和均匀模式转化的特性

利用水电极介质阻挡放电装置，采用电学方法和发射光谱，研究了空气中介质阻挡放电从微放电丝模式向均匀放电模式转化的过程. 结果表明，大气压下增大外加电压或者电压一定减小气压，放电都能够从微放电丝模式过渡到均匀模式. 高气压下放电为流光击穿而低气压下为辉光放电. 利用放电发射光谱，研究了高能电子比例随实验参数的变化. 结果表明气压减小时高能电子比例增大，电压增加时高能电子减少. 利用壁电荷理论对以上实验结果进行了定性分析. 结果对介质阻挡均匀放电的深入研究具有重要价值.     

ITER轴向绝缘子低温机械疲劳性能实验研究

文中在拉伸实验、压缩实验、弯矩实验和扭矩实验的基础上研究了ITER轴向绝缘子的低温耐疲劳性能,并对绝缘子的氦气密性能以及PASCHEN放电特性进行了检测.检测结果表明:ITER轴向绝缘子在6万次机械疲劳后,液氮温度4MPa氦气内气压下其氦气漏率在6.0×10-10Pa.m3/s以下;约100Pa氦气压、56kV高电压下...     

介质阻挡放电丝模式和均匀模式转化的特性

利用水电极介质阻挡放电装置,采用电学方法和发射光谱,研究了空气中介质阻挡放电从微放电丝模式向均匀放电模式转化的过程. 结果表明,大气压下增大外加电压或者电压一定减小气压,放电都能够从微放电丝模式过渡到均匀模式. 高气压下放电为流光击穿而低气压下为辉光放电. 利用放电发射光谱,研究了高能电子比例随实验参数的变化. 结果表明气压减小时高能电子比例增大,电压增加时高能电子减少. 利用壁电荷理论对以上实验结果进行了定性分析. 结果对介质阻挡均匀放电的深入研究具有重要价值. 关键词： 介质阻挡放电 光学发射谱 微放电丝 均匀放电模式     

100 kV重频气体开关初步研究及应用

为了减小脉冲功率源装置的体积, 对三电极气体开关和两电极气体开关的结构进行了小型化设计。采用电磁场仿真软件对局部结构进行优化, 对初步设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在不同SF6气压（0～0.2 MPa）、不同开关间隙条件下的击穿电压及触发工作电压等进行了实验研究。结果表明:设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在0～0.2 MPa气压范围内, 自击穿电压随气压具有很好的线性关系; 自击穿开关间隙为8 mm, 改变气压（0.1～0.2 MPa）可实现自击穿电压90～125 kV可调; 触发开关主间隙为7 mm, 改变气压（0.1～0.2 MPa）可实现触发工作电压40～95 kV 可调; 初步估算, 触发开关和自击穿开关的工作电感均约20 nH。利用重频脉冲电源, 测试了开关的重频工作能力, 在工作电压80 kV、导通电流约20 kA的条件下, 重复工作频率在20 Hz以上。此外, 利用研制的开关构建了八级紧凑型Marx发生器, 实现了5和10 Hz重频多脉冲输出。     

极不均匀电场下重复频率纳秒脉冲气体击穿实验研究

 实验研究了尖-板电极中，不同重复频率（10,100,500,1 000 Hz）、不同间隙(0.5,1 cm),不同气压（0.1～0.4 MPa）等条件下空气的绝缘特性。得到了击穿时延、重复频率耐受时间、施加脉冲个数等与施加电压、重复频率的关系。研究发现：在该实验条件下击穿时延随着场强与气压的比值减小而增加，但重频耐受时间和脉冲击穿个数并没有明显变化；随着重复频率的提高，击穿时延和重频耐受时间会减小，但脉冲击穿个数可能会增加；且重复频率条件下击穿的极性效应不明显；重复施加的脉冲产生大量的亚稳态粒子和残余电荷影响放电的发展过程；负离子的脱负或正离子碰撞阴极的过程，及亚稳态粒子的去激励作用给击穿提供了有效初始电子。     

气体介质对多间隙气体开关电晕均压与自击穿特性的影响

快脉冲直线变压器型驱动源(FLTD)是近年来快速发展的新型脉冲功率源技术,多采用多间隙气体开关作为开关器件。电晕均压措施有利于提升开关击穿性能,但不同气体中电晕放电有显著区别。本文首先研究了空气中针电极对单间隙电晕放电特性的影响,确定了电晕针电极的尺寸,之后研究了N2,CO2,SF6/N2混合气体、C4F7N/N2混合气体中的电晕放电特性,研究了电晕均压6间隙气体开关击穿电压及其稳定性随气体种类和气压的变化规律。实验结果表明,N2中电晕电流较大且不稳定,空气中电晕电流比N2中低,且电晕放电较为稳定,微量强电负性气体加入会极大降低电晕放电电流。当采用空气和N2作绝缘介质时,气体开关击穿电压随气压升高线性增加,但存在低值击穿,微量强电负性气体混合N2可显著提升击穿电压的稳定性。1%SF6/99%N2混合气体在0.18 MPa时,击穿电压约为197.33 kV,标准偏差占击穿电压比例为1.50%,1%C4F7N/99%N2混合气体在0.15 MPa时,击穿电压约为190.42 kV,标准偏差为0.55%。这表明,微量环保替代气体C4F7N与N2的混合气体对于提升多间隙气体开关击穿电压稳定性有显著作用。     

200kV小型低电感气体开关

为减小脉冲功率源装置的体积,对场畸变三电极轨道气体开关和两电极轨道气体开关结构进行了小型化低电感设计,采用电磁场仿真软件对局部结构进行优化,对初步设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在不同气压(0~0.3MPa)和不同气体介质(N2,SF6,以及二者混合)条件下的击穿电压及导通电感等进行了研究。研究表明:小型触发开关和自击穿开关在0~0.3MPa气压范围内自击穿电压随气压具有较好的线性关系;相同气压下SF6气体的自击穿电压约为N2气体的两倍;N2与SF6压力按3∶2混合的自击穿电压约为纯SF6气体的0.8~0.9倍;内部充入0.25MPa气压的SF6气体时,触发开关和自击穿开关均可在190kV左右正常工作。根据实验中出现的开关沿面击穿现象,对开关的沿面绝缘能力进行了优化设计,并得到了实验验证。另外通过短路放电测试,得到触发开关电感约22nH,自击穿开关电感约20nH,开关导通电流大于20kA,多次放电后电极烧蚀痕迹分布均匀。     

Breakdown magnetic field in an inductively coupled plasma

The Paschen curve shows that the breakdown voltage over a gap is a non-linear function of the product of the gas pressure and the gap distance for plasmas which are generated inside an electric field driven source. The Paschen breakdown relationship does not depend on the applied frequency and covers secondary emission at the electrodes of the discharge. Adapting the Paschen curve, a breakdown curve for a time-dependent magnetic field, typical for inductively coupled plasmas which sources are without electrodes, is examined here. It is shown that in this case the magnetic field breakdown curve does depend on the applied frequency.     

The Role of the Field Emission Effect in the Breakdown Mechanism of Direct‐Current Helium Discharges in Micrometer Gaps

This paper contains results of experimental studies of the direct current breakdown voltage curves and volt‐ampere characteristics of discharges generated in a system consisting of two plane‐parallel tungsten and molybdenum electrodes at separations from 100 µ m to 1 µ m. The measurements were performed in the pressure range from 22.5 Torr to 738 Torr. The results are presented in the form of Paschen curves. Based on the measured breakdown voltage curves, the effective yields have been estimated in the case of different cathode materials. Differences between them are attributed to the influence of the work function of the cathode material on the current‐voltage characteristics due to field emission effect in small gaps and high pressures. At low‐pressures, however, vaporation of impurities from the electrodes material becomes significant. The present paper delivers new data on DC breakdown under these experimental conditions and conditions on the validity of the Paschen law in helium and provides better insight into the role of the field emission and the electrode materials on the breakdown voltage. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A modified Paschen law for the initiation of a dc glow discharge in inert gases

Breakdown of inert gases in a homogeneous dc electric field is studied experimentally and theoretically at various distances L between the electrodes and radii R of the discharge tubes. It is shown that, for arbitrary geometric dimensions of the discharge chamber and cathode materials, the ratio of the breakdown electric field strength to the gas pressure holds constant at the breakdown curve minimum. A modified Paschen law is obtained, according to which the breakdown voltage is a function of both the product of the gas pressure by the distance L and the ratio L/R.     

On the mechanism of the runaway of electrons in a gas: The upper branch of the paschen curve

Basing on the simulation results, it is shown that the Townsend mechanism of electron multiplication in a gas at sufficiently large interelectrode distances is valid at least up to such large values of E/p at which relativistic electrons are generated. Correspondingly, the runaway electron producing in a gas is determined not by the local criteria accepted presently, but by the ratio of interelectrode distance and the characteristic electron multiplication length. It is shown that the critical discharge voltage U, at which the runaway electrons appear in a given gas, is a function of the product of the interelectrode distance by the gas pressure. This function (U-pd dependence) defines not only well-known Paschen curve but also an additional branch, which describes the absence of a self-sustained discharge at a high voltages sufficiently rapidly supplied across the electrodes. Critical discharge voltage dependence for helium and xenon are presented.     

高压氮气亚纳秒开关放电特性实验研究

 利用幅值约220 kV、脉宽约4 ns的高压纳秒脉冲源，对高压氮气亚纳秒气体开关放电特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：当气压在3~10 MPa间变化，间隔距离在0.6~1.2 mm间变化时，氮气间隙击穿电压随气压和间隙距离的增大而增大，并随气压的增大略呈饱和趋势,最高击穿电场约为2 MV/cm。开关输出电压波形的上升时间变化范围为145~190 ps，该上升时间随气压、击穿电场以及间隙距离增大而减小。     

Dc breakdown of low pressure gas in long tubes

The gas breakdown was experimentally investigated in dc electrical field in long discharge tubes. The measurements were performed in the tube of radius R=4 mm, whereas the inter-electrode gap values varied in the range L=2-230 mm. The conventional Paschen law was shown to hold in short discharge tubes for which L/R?1. At L/R>1 the breakdown curves Udc(p) are shifted not only to lower pressure p values but also to higher dc voltage Udc values with the gap value increasing, i.e., one must employ the modified law of gas breakdown Udc(pL,L/R). However in long tubes the breakdown curve pattern experiences qualitative changes. At L/R>20 increasing L makes the dc breakdown curves to shift to higher Udc values, their minima being observed almost at the same gas pressure value. That is, for small gaps with increasing distance between the electrodes, the breakdown curves shift to the left on the scale of the gas pressure at a constant voltage at the minimum, and for long tubes with increasing distance between the electrodes, the breakdown curves shift upward on the scale of the voltage with the same gas pressure at the minimum. Theoretical treatment reveals that for gas breakdown in a long tube the rates of ionization via electron impact and diffusion loss to the tube wall must be equal.     

Investigation of the electrical breakdown mechanism in neon at 13.3 mbar pressure using the time delay method

The results of the investigation of electrical breakdown in neon filled diode at 13.3 mbar pressure in function of distances between electrodes (0.1 < d < 20 mm), using electrical breakdown time delay method, are presented in this paper. The Paschen curve, as well as the electrical breakdown time delay mean values, and discharge formative time dependence of distance between electrodes are analyzed. The electrical breakdown time delay distributions and Laue diagrams, both as the functions of the distances between electrodes, were used in consideration. The shapes of the established distributions indicate the complex nature of the discharge formation mechanism. The results also indicate that on the right hand side of the Paschen curve (pd > 15 mbar · cm) the transition regime between Townsend and streamer mechanism of electrical breakdown is dominant.     

Breakdown in the transverse magnetic field

The breakdown between coaxial cylindrical electrodes in the homogeneous axial magnetic field in the pressure range around the Paschen minimum is studied. On the right of this minimum the breakdown voltage is not practically influenced by a weak magnetic field. On the left of this minimum the breakdown U-B curves can be divided into two branches: the upper ones can be approximated by the magnetron cut-off parabola, the lower ones correspond qualitatively in some cases to the second solution of the equation for breakdown in the inhomogeneous electric field corrected with respect to the losses of electrons caused by recapturing on the cathode.     

气体放电实验与帕邢定律

利用真空镀膜机的离子轰击装置研究了气体放电电压与气体压力的关系．在保持气体放电电流不变的情况下，气体放电电压是气体压力的函数．改变气体压力时，放电电压有一极小值．这种关系可用帕邢定律来解释。     

Paschen Curve and Film Growth in Low Pressure Capacitively Coupled Magnetron Plasma Polymerization

The deposition of dielectric nanofilms by magnetron AF plasma polymerization between two planar electrodes shows a number of advantages over the standard RF method without magnetron enhancement. Because it is powered at 15 kHz, it works as a DC discharge swapping side every half cycle. We investigated here the effect of the magnetron on the breakdown voltage in our system taking Paschen curves with a DC power source. Subsequently, we related the Paschen curves with the deposition rate of the coating, showing that the Paschen minimum corresponds to the maximum growth rate as far as the pressure and the inter‐electrode distance are concerned. This result can be used to quickly determine the maximum growth rate in a given configuration via the measurement of a Paschen curve (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)