除草剂苄嘧磺隆在针铁矿表面吸附的红外光谱研究

文章用FTIR光谱,探讨了热带、亚热带地区水稻土中普遍存在的针铁矿对近年来广泛使用于水稻田的磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆的吸附机理。结果表明:(1)在针铁矿对苄嘧磺隆的吸附过程中,游离羟基(A型)及C型羟基均没有明显作用。(2)针铁矿表面的水合羟基峰在吸附前后的图谱中由3158移到3129cm~(-1),缔合程度增高,表明在该吸附过程中针铁矿表面的水合羟基峰起主要作用。(3)在吸附后的针铁矿图谱中出现了波数增高了的苄嘧磺隆的羰基及磺酰基弱峰。其波数分别由1712和1161cm~(-1)增至1789和1164cm~(-1),由此判断,苄嘧磺隆被针铁矿表面吸附是由该农药分子中的羰基和磺酰基起主要作用。(4)由以上结果推断:苄嘧磺隆在针铁矿表面的吸附是苄嘧磺隆分子中的羰基和磺酰基与针铁矿表面的水合羟基形成了电荷-偶极键以氢键结合的吸附。     

氮化铀热中子截面的第一性原理计算

氮化铀（UN）因其较好的热物性和耐事故容错性成为先进动力堆的候选燃料,但目前热能区缺少可靠的UN热中子截面数据,这对于热中子反应堆物理计算是很不利的.本文基于量子力学的第一性原理,利用VASP/PHONON软件模拟计算了UN的声子态密度,以此为积分得到UN的定容比热容,并基于新制作的声子态密度,采用核截面处理程序NJOY/LEAPR,利用热中子散射理论,得到UN的S（α,β）数据,进而研究UN的热中子散射截面,并与传统压水堆的二氧化铀（UO₂）进行对比.结果表明：优化的晶格参数与数据库符合较好,UN声子态密度的声子项和光子项较UO₂的分隔更加明显,定容比热容计算结果与实验值一致,基于该声子态密度计算得到的UN中²³⁸U的非弹性散射和弹性散射截面比相同温度下UO₂中²³⁸U小,UN中N仅考虑了非相干散射部分,随着温度升高,UN弹性散射截面变小,非弹性散射变大,并在高能段趋于自由核散射截面.本文的研究结果填补了UN热中子截面数据的缺失,为下一步系统研究UN燃料在轻水堆中的中子学性能奠定了基础.     

铀氢化反应过程中氢扩散行为的第一性原理研究

铀氢化反应动力学及产物形式受氢在铀氧化物及氢化物中的固溶、扩散等过程控制.本文利用第一性原理计算方法,研究氢在UO_2、α-UH_3、β-UH_3、PdH_x等介质中的固溶、扩散行为,从微观角度解释氢化反应各个阶段氢化反应速率的主要特征,并对α/β相生成的条件作一番探讨.研究表明,UO_2中较高的氢扩散势垒导致氢扩散到达氧化物-金属界面非常困难,这是氢化反应起始阶段存在孕育期的主要原因;与此相反,β-UH_3的氢具有非常低的溶解能和扩散势垒,且实际状态下β-UH_3的表面积非常大,对氢化反应具有显著的促进作用;PdH_x具有和α-UH_3相近且均略高于β-UH_3的溶解能和扩散势垒,这使得氢在其中的扩散速率较低,是Pd膜覆盖下铀氢化主要产物为α-UH_3的主要原因.     

La3Co29-xFexSi4B10的择优占位、电子结构和晶格振动性质的理论研究

分别用第一性原理及原子间相互作用势对初始模型进行几何优化, 所得稳定结构的晶格参数均与实验值符合较好. 通过第一性原理密度泛函理论, 计算了稳定结构La₃Co_29-xFe_xSi₄B₁₀化合物择优占位情况, 计算结果表明, Fe原子最择优替代Co 原子的2c晶位, 择优占位顺序为2c > 8j1 > 8i2 > 8j2 > 8i3 > 16k > 8i1, 这与实验结果非常符合. Fe原子每次只替代不同晶位的一个Co原子时, La₃Co_29-xFe_xSi₄B₁₀ 体系的晶格常数几乎不变, 磁矩却发生了有趣的变化. 当Fe原子沿着择优顺序依次替代不同晶位的所有Co原子时, 随着La₃Co_29-xFe_xSi₄B₁₀体系中Fe原子含量的增多, 其电子态密度整体向左移动. Fe原子完全替代Co时, 与未掺杂时相比体系的总磁矩增加. 最后, 利用原子间相互作用势进一步预测了La₃Co_29-xFe_xSi₄B₁₀体系的晶格振动及热力学性质. 在低频部分, 振动模式主要由质量较大的Co, Fe和La元素作贡献; 随着掺杂原子Fe的增多, 体系的截止频率先减小后增多, 中频部分由Si元素引起的振动模式减少; B-B强相互作用引起了高频部分的振动模式. 基于声子态密度预测了不同数量Fe掺杂后体系的比热、熵和德拜温度的变化, 当Fe 含量大于Co时, 德拜温度明显升高.     

由29Si NMR谱看高岭土与针铁矿的胶结本质

通过对高岭土与针铁矿的人工胶结样的²⁹Si NMR谱的分析,认为氢键生成是胶结本质.     

由27Al的核磁共振谱看高岭土与针铁矿的胶结本质

通过对高岭土与针铁矿的人工胶结样的²⁷ Al核磁田共振谱的分析,认为氢键生成是胶结本质。     

铀的弹性、能带结构和光学常数的第一性原理计算

采用密度泛函理论,赝势平面波方法计算了金属铀a相的晶体结构,弹性常数,体模量,电子能带结构和光学常数(折射率n和消光系数k)等.其中,铀的晶格参数,弹性常数和体模量等与实验及其它第一性原理计算结果十分吻合.计算得到了铀的光学常数,与实验结果作了对比并进行了分析说明.     

由￣（27）Al的核磁共振谱看高岭土与针铁矿的胶结本质

通过对高岭土与针铁矿的人工胶结样的￣（２７）Ａｌ核磁田共振谱的分析，认为氢键生成是胶结本质。     

铀高压状态方程的第一原理研究北大核心CSCD

利用基于密度泛函理论的赝势平面波方法,研究了铀的状态方程。基态计算结果表明:在100GPa的压强范围内,α-U结构是最稳定的相。利用量子分子动力学方法(QMD),计算了有限温度下的状态方程,在此基础上计算了冲击Hugoniot点,并与实验数据及其他理论计算结果进行了比较,结果表明:在100GPa以下的压力区域内,QMD计算结果与实验结果符合得很好,而用快速计算状态方程(QEOS)方法计算的结果偏软。     

下地幔压力条件下(Mg0.97, Fe0.03)O方镁铁矿的光学性质

本文采用第一性原理方法, 计算了(Mg_0.97, Fe_0.03) O方镁铁矿的理想晶体和含镁-氧离子双空位点缺陷晶体在下地幔压力条件下的光学性质. 吸收光谱数据表明, 方镁铁矿理想晶体的结果与晶体场等理论预测的结果相似:压力诱导铁自旋态的转变将导致方镁铁矿吸收谱有巨大蓝移, 并在近红外光区出现了透明现象. 然而, 在方镁铁矿中含有点缺陷时, 其结果与晶体场等理论预测结果存在本质差异:铁自旋态的转变将导致在近红外光区的吸收性显著增强. 含点缺陷晶体折射率的计算结果表明, 压力、波数及铁自旋态的转变对(Mg_0.97, Fe_0.03) O方镁铁矿的折射率有较明显地影响. 本文结果不仅对探索下地幔方镁铁矿在高压下的光学性质有重要的参考价值, 而且还指明高压吸收光谱的测量可能是准确获得铁自旋态信息一个好的手段.     

Alloying effects and site occupancies of Re in the C14 Cr-based Laves phases: a first-principles study

First-principles calculations based upon the density functional theory have been carried out to investigate the alloying effects and site occupancies of Re in the C14 XCr₂ (X?=?Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf) Laves phases. The calculated results indicate that Re tends to facilitate and participate in the formation of the Laves phases, generating X₈Cr₁₅Re accordingly. The partial density of states and charge density di?erence were analysed to re?ect the bonding characteristics. For X₈Cr₁₅Re, the bonding between the doped Re and its nearest neighbour Cr atoms all show covalent characteristics, which contribute to the phase stability. The substitution of Re on X sites is energetically unfavourable due to the weak bonding between Re and its nearest neighbour X atoms.     

NiAl和Cr材料中H原子间隙的第一性原理计算

通过第一性原理赝势平面波方法研究了氢原子在B2-NiAl和Cr合金中的占位以及对键合性质的影响. H在NiAl的富Al和富Ni八面体间隙杂质形成能分别为-2.365和-2.022eV,而在四面体间隙不稳定. H在Cr的八面体和四面体间隙的杂质形成能分别为-2.344和-2.605eV. H在NiAl中的最稳定位置为富Al八面体间隙,而在Cr中的最稳定位置是四面体间隙. 可以预期H在B2-NiAl/Cr体系中主要占据Cr 的四面体间隙位置. 通过分析原子结构、电荷集居数、价电荷密度以及态密度,讨论了H对B2 关键词： NiAl/Cr双相合金 H原子 第一性原理     

Electronic structure and magnetic and optical properties of double perovskite Bi2 FeCrO6 from first-principles investigation

Double perovskite Bi2 FeCrO6 , related with multiferroic BiFeO3 , is very interesting because of its strong ferroelectricity and high magnetic Curie temperature beyond room temperature. We investigate its electronic structure and magnetic and optical properties by using a full-potential density-functional method. Our optimization shows that it is a robust ferrimagnetic semiconductor. This nonmetallic phase is formed due to crystal field splitting and spin exchange splitting, in contrast to previous studies. Spin exchange constants and optical properties are calculated. Our Monte Carlo magnetic Curie temperature is 450 K, much higher than any previously calculated value and consistent with experimental results. Our study and analysis reveal that the main magnetic mechanism is an antiferromagnetic superexchange between Fe and Cr over the intermediate O atom. These results are useful in understanding such perovskite materials and exploring their potential applications.     

Site occupancy behaviours of ternary elements (Zr,Mo, Cr) in the Laves phase of C15 NbCo2: a first-principles study

Abstract

First-principles method based upon the density functional theory has been carried out to investigate the site occupancy behaviours of typical ternary elements Zr, Cr and Mo in the C15 NbCo₂ Laves phase. The calculated equilibrium lattice constant of the Nb₈Co₁₆ unit cell is in good agreement with the previous experimental results. The calculated results indicate that all the considered ternary elements show the preference to occupy the Co sites, and the site preference of these elements in the Laves phase is in the order of Cr, Mo and Zr. Mo and Cr atoms tend to participate in the formation of the Laves phase, generating Nb₇MoCo₁₆, Nb₈Co₁₅Mo and Nb₈Co₁₅Cr, respectively. Zr atoms are not prone to concentrate in the Laves phase. The partial density of states was also calculated to investigate how atoms interact, and the charge density difference is analysed to reflect the bonding characteristics.     

JMCT的高浓铀模型验证计算北大核心CSCD

为了对JMCT程序的准确性和适用性进行验证,从国际临界基准库中选取了56个模型,通过使用JLAMT程序进行建模,然后利用JMCT程序计算了模型的有效增殖因子,并与基准值、MCNP程序计算结果进行对比。计算结果表明,JMCT计算值基本都在基准值的3倍标准差以内,且JMCT计算结果和基准值的相对偏差基本都在2%以下。在一定程度上验证了JMCT程序的准确性和适用性,为后续JMCT程序的使用验证提供借鉴。     

High-pressure polymorphs of LiPN2: A first-principles study

In this work, high-pressure phase behavior of LiPN₂ within 0–300 GPa was studied by using an unbiased structure searching method in combination with first-principles calculations. Three pressureinduced phase transitions were predicted, as tI16→hR4→cF64→oP8 at 44, 136, and 259 GPa, respectively. The six-fold coordination environments were found for all high-pressure polymorphs, which are substantially different from the four-fold coordination environments observed in the tI16 structure. The hR4 and cF64 structures consist of close-packed PN₆ and LiN₆ octahedra connected by edge-sharing, whereas the oP8 structure is built up from edge- and face-sharing PN₆ and LiN₆ octahedra with N lying in the center of the trigonal prisms. The electronic structure analysis reveals that LiPN₂ is a semiconductor within the pressure range studied and P-N and Li-N bonds are covalent and ionic, respectively. The results obtained are expected to provide insight and guidance for future experiments on LiPN₂ and other alkali metal nitridophosphates.     

单个钛原子储氢能力和储氢机制的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了单个过渡金属钛原子吸附氢分子的物理机制. 研究表明,单个钛原子最多能吸附8对氢分子,吸附结构为对称的两个类金字塔型结构, 其平均吸附能为- 0.28 eV.通过计算轨道能级和差分电荷密度分布,分析决定吸附结构、 吸附能大小以及吸附氢分子数目的内在物理机制.研究表明,钛原子的4s电子转移到3d轨道上, 从而产生较强的极化电场,导致氢分子极化,钛原子通过静电极化作用吸附氢分子. 本文的研究将对设计高密度储氢材料有一定的指导作用.     

Structural,elastic, and vibrational properties of phase H:A first-principles simulation

Phase H(MgSiO_4H_2), one of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates(DHMSs), is supposed to be vital to transporting water into the lower mantle. Here the crystal structure, elasticity and Raman vibrational properties of the two possible structures of phase H with Pm and P2/m symmetry under high pressures are evaluated by first-principles simulations. The cell parameters, elastic and Raman vibrational properties of the Pm symmetry become the same as the P2/m symmetry at～ 30 GPa. The symmetrization of hydrogen bonds of the Pm symmetry at ～ 30 GPa results in this structural transformation from Pm to P2/m. Seismic wave velocities of phase H are calculated in a range from 0 GPa to 100 GPa and the results testify the existence and stability of phase H in the lower mantle. The azimuthal anisotropies for phase H are A_(P0)= 14.7%,A_(S0)= 21.2%(P2/m symmetry) and A_(P0)= 16.4%, A_(S0)= 27.1%(Pm symmetry) at 0 GPa, and increase to A_(P30)= 17.9%,A_(S30)= 40.0%(P2/m symmetry) and A_(P30)= 19.2%, A_(S30)= 37.8%(Pm symmetry) at 30 GPa. The maximum V P direction for phase H is [101] and the minimum direction is [110]. The anisotropic results of seismic wave velocities imply that phase H might be a source of seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle. Furthermore, Raman vibrational modes are analyzed to figure out the effect of symmetrization of hydrogen bonds on Raman vibrational pattern and the dependence of Raman spectrum on pressure. Our results may lead to an in-depth understanding of the stability of phase H in the mantle.     

A study on strain affecting electronic structures and optical properties of wurtzite Mg0.25 Zn0.75O by first-principles

We have made a first principles study to investigate density of states, band structure, the dielectric function and absorption spectra of wurtzite Mg 0.25 Zn 0.75 O. The calculation is carried out in a-axis and c-axis strain changing in the range from 0.3 to -0.2 in intervals of 0.1. The results calculated from density of states show that the bottom of conduction band is always dominated by Zn 4s and the top of valence band is always dominated by O 2p in a-axis and c-axis strain. Zn 4s will shift to higher energy range when a-axis strain changes in the range from 0.3 to 0, and then shift to lower energy range when a-axis strain changes in the range from 0 to -0.2. But Zn 4s will always shift to higher energy range when c-axis strain changes in the range from 0.3 to -0.2. The variations of band gap calculated from band structure and absorption spectra are also investigated, which are consistent with the results obtained from density of states. In addition, we analyse and discuss the imaginary part of the dielectric function ε 2 .     

基于第一性原理计算Ca掺杂MoS_2对焊接气体的吸附性能

工业焊接的过程中会产生焊接废气例如CO、NO₂和CH₄,这些气体会对工作人员的身心健康造成威胁,为解决这种废气吸附的需求,此文用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,搭建了Ca掺杂MoS₂的模型,用Dmol3模块研究掺杂后的电子结构,并计算了Ca-MoS₂吸附CO、CH₄和NO₂三种气体的态密度、电荷转移、吸附能、电子密度差等参数.结果表明Ca-MoS₂对于CH₄是一种物理吸附,主要是范德华力作用,而Ca-MoS₂吸附CO和NO₂是一种化学吸附,存在较强的吸附能力.此类掺杂有望制成新的气敏传感器等有益结果,该工作具有一定意义.