次Bjerknes力作用下气泡的体积振动和散射声场

利用Lagrange方程得到了次Bjerknes力作用下气泡的体积振动方程,并探讨了次Bjerknes力作用下不同参数对气泡体积振动振幅和振动初相位的影响,研究了振动初相位差为π和0的气泡对在液体中形成的散射声场特征.结果表明:次Bjerknes作用力下,相邻气泡半径、气泡间距、多方指数均能影响气泡的体积振动振幅,气泡对的均衡半径、气泡间距和驱动频率则对气泡振动初相位产生明显影响;相距很近、相位相差为π的两个气泡的散射声压与气泡体积振动振幅、气泡间距、驱动频率和振动初相位有关,随声场距离成反比减小,与声场位置有关,其平均散射声功率是单个孤立气泡的1/6(kd_(12))~2半径相同、相距很近、相位相同的两个6气泡的散射声压与气泡振动初相位、体积振动振幅、气泡间距、驱动频率有关,随声场距离成反比减小,其平均散射声功率是单个孤立气泡的4倍.     

非球形水下爆炸气泡坍塌机制

 为研究非球形水下爆炸气泡的坍塌机制和射流特性,采用水下爆炸实验和数值模拟相结合的手段,研究了典型的柱形装药自由场水下爆炸气泡的运动过程。实验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好,通过对比发现,非球形水下爆炸气泡坍塌所形成的射流与球形气泡坍塌射流的行为存在差异。研究结果表明：非球形气泡的坍塌过程与气泡初始形态的局部曲率半径有关,初始气泡表面曲率半径大的区域的初始膨胀速度较曲率半径小的区域的小,坍塌时刻也较早,导致气泡产生非球形坍塌。     

声场中空化气泡的耦合振动及形状不稳定性的研究

计算了两个具有非球形扰动的气泡所组成系统的能量,并基于Lagrange方程得到了有声相互作用的非球形气泡的动力学方程和形状稳定性方程,研究了声场中非球形气泡间相互作用力对非球形气泡的形状不稳定性和气泡形状模态振幅的影响.研究结果表明声场中具有非球形扰动的气泡之间的耦合方式有两种:形状耦合模式和径向耦合模式,气泡之间的耦合方式取决于气泡形状扰动模态.由形状耦合及径向耦合产生的气泡之间的相互作用力能够改变单个气泡的形状不稳定及形状模态振幅,具体影响因素取决于声场驱动条件、气泡形状模态、相邻气泡的初始半径.     

非球形气泡的超声定量检测

超声是检测不透明液体中气泡的有效方法,声散射模型是超声反演技术的核心.经典气泡散射模型通常是基于球形假设及ka≤1 (a为气泡半径,k为入射波的波数),然而实际应用中这些假设并不总能得到满足.本研究针对非球形气泡及ka偏离假设情况,提出一种超声反演定量方案.建立不受ka约束的球形气泡级数背散射f模型,将其与经典Medwin (ka?1)和Anderson (ka≈1)散射f模型进行对比,发现ka偏离引发的散射截面效应仅体现在散射高阶共振峰位置及大小差异上.据此提出:可通过曲线拟合法解决散射截面σ_bs/(πa²)与ka间的多值问题,同时用当量半径a^*对非球形气泡尺寸进行量化.具体首先利用非球形气泡背散射信号的频域信息测定其散射截面σ_bs,再根据σ_bs与非球形当量半径a^*间拟合曲线进行反演,同时利用回波时域信息勾画气泡形状轮廓.反演结果通过高速摄影定量结果进行检验.结果表明:气泡沿之字形路径上升过程中产生非球形形变,当9≤kr₀≤35时,...     

空化场中大气泡对空化泡振动的抑制效应分析

为探究空化场中多气泡之间的相互作用,结合观察到的注入大气泡周围飞舞的小气泡的实验现象,构建了由两个大气泡和一个空化泡组成的三气泡系统,通过考虑气泡间相互作用的时间延迟效应以及大泡的非球形振动,得到修正的气泡动力学方程组,并数值分析了气泡的振动模态、平衡半径、声波压力与频率等参量对小空化气泡的振动行为与所受次级Bjerknes力的影响.结果表明,大气泡的非球形效应主要表现为一种近场效应,对空化泡的振动影响很小,几乎可以忽略不计.大气泡可抑制空化泡的振动,但当大气泡半径接近于共振半径时,空化泡振动幅值曲线出现共振峰,即存在耦合共振响应.大气泡半径越大,对空化泡抑制作用越强,当空化泡处在两个毫米级大气泡附近时抑制更加显著.声波压力与频率不仅直接影响气泡的振动,还影响空化泡与大气泡之间相互作用的强弱,表现为空化泡所受的次级Bjerknes力在特定的大气泡半径范围内变得对气泡尺寸变化较为敏感,即小的大气泡半径变化可能导致明显的力大小变化,且不同驱动频率下,空化泡所受次级Bjerknes力的敏感半径分布区间不同.空化泡受到的次级Bjerknes力在距离较小或者较大时均可能表现为斥力,与实验观察现象...     

不同形状的非球形粒子对偏振传输特性的影响

针对自然界的非球形粒子问题,对典型非球形粒子的偏振传输特性进行研究,采用T矩阵算法研究椭球、圆柱和切比雪夫粒子的偏振传输特性,及其与球形粒子偏振传输特性的差异。研究结果表明:对于横纵轴之比中等的椭球粒子,当散射角小于60°时,不同形状椭球粒子的偏振度(DOP)差异较小,可用Mie散射方法进行粒子偏振特性的近似计算;当散射角大于60°时,DOP随横纵轴之比的变化较大,且球形与椭球粒子的DOP差异随着横纵轴之比的增加而增大;对于直径与高度之比中等的圆柱体粒子,DOP的变化相比于椭球粒子更加平稳,但后向散射与侧向散射区域仍不能采用Mie散射进行近似计算;形状比例极端的椭球粒子和圆柱体粒子的偏振曲线均类似于钟形,且在散射角约为90°时DOP达到最大值;切比雪夫粒子的形变参数和级次都对粒子前向散射偏振特性的影响较小,但对后向散射偏振特性的影响较大,且灵敏度随级次的增加而减小。本研究结果可为非球形粒子偏振传输特性的研究及球形粒子近似提供理论指导。     

基于Fourier描述子方法的颗粒形状及曳力模型研究

如何准确地描述非球形颗粒的形状是研究这类颗粒的普适性曳力模型的关键.本文引入了FD方法,确切地表征r底面为不同形状的正多边形和圆形的柱状颗粒的形状和相互间的差异,建立了用于改进非球形曳力模型适用性的形状阵列.正多边形系列的沉降关系之间的平均差异与FD方法获得的形状差异之间存在着幂函数关系,表明FD方法获得的形状差异能够...     

表面活性剂浓度对球形气泡界面和尾流的影响

发展了一种研究气泡界面污染程度的数值模型,并用其对流场中不同表面活性剂浓度下、上浮气泡的界面参量和周围流场进行了模拟研究。该模型假设吸附于气泡界面的表面活性剂分布在毗邻气液界面的薄吸附层中,且气泡界面上表面活性剂的吸附与解吸过程也发生于此;界面切应力为界面浓度的函数。研究发现:气泡界面的流动性会因表面活性剂的吸附而降低,该现象会增大气泡周围流域中切向速度在界面法向上的变化量,从而对界面性质和周围流场产生影响;由于对流的作用和吸附-解吸动态平衡的存在,气泡前部界面不完全干净,且受污染界面的流动性也不完全为零。     

非球形粒子的散射特性分析

本文首先利用T矩阵方法计算了复折射率吸收指数和折射指数变化时的椭球粒子和Chebyshev粒子在不同等效尺度参数下的光散射特性,并与等效的球形粒子的光散射结果进行了比较;然后分析以上两种类型非球形粒子散射特性之间的关系.结果表明:椭球粒子和Chebyshev粒子的散射特性与等效球形粒子的散射特性存在着差别,粒子的形状越偏离球形,这种差别就越大;复折射率折射指数的变化对非球形散射效率因子的影响要比吸收指数的影响更大一些;当等效尺度参数相同时,椭球粒子与等效球形粒子的散射效率因子的差别要远远大于Chebyshev粒子与等效球形粒子散射效率因子之间的差别.     

非球形椭球粒子参数变化对光偏振特性的影响

针对自然界中多数沙尘、烟煤粒子的非球形问题, 在球形粒子偏振特性的基础上, 进一步研究非球形椭球粒子的折射率、有效半径、粒子形状等参数变化对光偏振特性的影响, 采用基于T矩阵的非球形粒子仿真方法, 模拟非偏振光经椭球粒子传输后光的偏振特性及其与球形粒子间的差异, 并以实际沙尘、海洋、烟煤三种气溶胶粒子为例说明结果的正确性. 结果表明: 当折射率实部越小, 虚部越大时, 球形粒子与非球形粒子的偏振差异越不明显; 当粒子有效半径增加时, 球形粒子偏振度的变化比非球形粒子更为明显, 且最大值分别出现在散射角为150°和120°的位置; 当粒子形状不同时, 不同形状椭球及球形粒子的差异在散射角小于60° 时并不明显, 且当椭球粒子纵横比互为倒数时, 两种粒子的偏振特性近似相同. 通过以上分析可知, 在光传输过程中, 椭球粒子多数情况下无法被近似为球形粒子进行计算.     

The secondary Bjerknes force between two gas bubbles under dual-frequency acoustic excitation

The secondary Bjerknes force is one of the essential mechanisms of mutual interactions between bubbles oscillating in a sound field. The dual-frequency acoustic excitation has been applied in several fields such as sonochemistry, biomedicine and material engineering. In this paper, the secondary Bjerknes force under dual-frequency excitation is investigated both analytically and numerically within a large parameter zone. The unique characteristics (i.e., the complicated patterns of the parameter zone for sign change and the combination resonances) of the secondary Bjerknes force under dual-frequency excitation are revealed. Moreover, the influence of several parameters (e.g., the pressure amplitude, the bubble distance and the phase difference between sound waves) on the secondary Bjerknes force is also investigated numerically.     

Modulation of the secondary Bjerknes force in multi-bubble systems

The behaviours of insonated bubble clusters are regulated by the secondary Bjerknes force between bubble pairs. While the force has been investigated extensively for two-bubble systems, the modulation of the force by nearby bubbles remains unclear. This problem is investigated in this paper by theoretical analyses and numerical simulations of a three bubble system. For weak oscillations, the third bubble is found to have strong effects when its radius is close to the resonant radius. The equilibrium distance between the bubble pair is reduced when the radius of the third bubble is smaller than the resonant threshold, and increased when it is larger. For strong oscillations of bubbles with radii of a few microns, the third bubble reduces the magnitude of the force, hence increasing the equilibrium distance. The modulation effects depend strongly on the relative sizes of the bubbles. Stronger effects can be produced when the third bubble is placed closer to the smaller bubble in the bubble pair. The findings highlight the need for a more accurate parametrization of the secondary Bjerknes force in the simulation and manipulation of bubble clusters.     

Interaction of a bubble and a bubble cluster in an ultrasonic field

Using an appropriate approximation, we have formulated the interacting equation of multi-bubble motion for a system of a single bubble and a spherical bubble cluster. The behavior of the bubbles is observed in coupled and uncoupled states. The oscillation of bubbles inside the cluster is in a coupled state. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the secondary Bjerknes force can be influenced by the number density, initial radius, distance, driving frequency, and amplitude of ultrasound. However, if a bubble approaches a bubble cluster of the same initial radii, coupled oscillation would be induced and a repulsive force is evoked, which may be the reason why the bubble cluster can exist steadily. With the increment of the number density of the bubble cluster, a secondary Bjerknes force acting on the bubbles inside the cluster decreases due to the strong suppression of the coupled bubbles. It is shown that there may be an optimal number density for a bubble cluster which can generate an optimal cavitation effect in liquid for a stable driving ultrasound.     

Investigation of a mutual interaction force at different pressure amplitudes in sulfuric acid

This paper investigates the secondary Bjerknes force for two oscillating bubbles in various pressure amplitudes in a concentration of 95% sulfuric acid.The equilibrium radii of the bubbles are assumed to be smaller than 10 μm at a frequency of 37 kHz in various strong driving acoustical fields around 2.0 bars (1 bar=10 5 Pa).The secondary Bjerknes force is investigated in uncoupled and coupled states between the bubbles,with regard to the quasi-adiabatic model for the bubble interior.It finds that the value of the secondary Bjerknes force depends on the driven pressure of sulfuric acid and its amount would be increased by liquid pressure amplitude enhancement.The results show that the repulsion area of the interaction force would be increased by increasing the driven pressure because of nonlinear oscillation of bubbles.     

Dynamics of three cavitation bubbles with pulsation and symmetric deformation

A new system of dynamical equations was obtained by using the perturbation and potential flow theory to couple the pulsation and surface deformation of the second-order Legendre polynomials (P₂) of three bubbles in a line. The feasibility and effectiveness of the model were verified by simulating the radial oscillations, surface deformation with P₂, and shape evolution of three bubbles. The spherical radial pulsation and surface deformation of the three bubbles exhibit periodic behavior. The maximum secondary Bjerknes forces (SBFs) on the three bubbles are found not to depend on the system’s resonance frequency. Within a stable region, the SBFs of the three bubbles increase with increasing sound pressure amplitude but decrease with increasing distance between the bubbles. The primary Bjerknes force (PBF) on a bubble is significantly higher than the SBF on it.     

声驻波场中空化泡的动力学特性

以水为工作介质, 考虑了液体的可压缩性, 研究了驻波声场中空化泡的运动特性, 模拟了驻波场中各位置处空化泡的运动状态以及相关参数对各位置处空化泡在主Bjerknes力作用下运动方向的影响. 结果表明: 驻波声场中, 空化泡的运动状态分为三个区域, 即在声压波腹附近空化泡做稳态空化, 在偏离波腹处空化泡做瞬态空化, 在声压波节附近, 空化泡在主Bjerknes 力作用下, 一直向声压波节处移动, 显示不发生空化现象; 驻波场中声压幅值增加有利于空化的发生, 但声压幅值增加到一定上限时, 压力波腹区域将排斥空化泡, 并驱赶空化泡向压力波节移动, 不利于空化现象的发生; 当声频率小于初始空化泡的共振频率时, 声频率越高, 由于主Bjerknes 力的作用将有更多的空化泡向声压波节移动, 不利于空化的发生, 尤其是驻波场液面的高度不应是声波波长的1/4; 当声频率一定时, 空化泡初始半径越大越有利于空化现象的发生, 但当空化泡的初始半径超过声频率的共振半径时, 由于主Bjerknes力的作用将有更多的空化泡向声压波节移动, 不利于空化的发生.     

Effect of secondary radiation force on aggregation between encapsulated microbubbles

Secondary radiation force can be an attractive force causing aggregates of encapsulated microbubbles in ultrasonic molecular imaging. The influence of the secondary radiation force on aggregation between two coated bubbles is investigated in this study. Numerical calculations are performed based on four simultaneous differential equations of radial and translational motions. Results show that the secondary force can change from attraction to repulsion during approach, and stable microbubble pairs can be formed in the vicinity of resonant regions; the possibility of microbubble aggregations can be reduced by using low exciting amplitude, ultrasonic frequencies deviating from the resonant frequencies or microbubbles with small compressibility.     

Interactions of bubbles in acoustic Lichtenberg figure

The evolution of acoustic Lichtenberg figure (ALF) in ultrasound fields is studied using high-speed photography. It is observed that bubbles travel along the branch to the aggregation region of an ALF, promoting the possibility of large bubble or small cluster formation. Large bubbles move away from the aggregation region while surrounding bubbles are attracted into this structure, and a bubble transportation cycle arises in the cavitation field. A simplified model consisting of a spherical cluster and a chain of bubbles is developed to explain this phenomenon. The interaction of the two units is analyzed using a modified expression for the secondary Bjerknes force in this system. The model reveals that clusters can attract bubbles on the chain within a distance of 2 mm, leading to a bubble transportation process from the chain to the bubble cluster. Many factors can affect this process, including the acoustic pressure, frequency, bubble density, and separation distance. The larger the bubble in the cluster, the broader the attraction region. Therefore, the presence of large bubbles might enhance the process in this system. Local disturbances in bubble density could destroy the ALF structure. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the experimental phenomena.