云和降水扰动对黄土高原半干旱草地辐射收支及能量分配的影响

地表辐射收支和能量分配对陆-气系统的反馈是气候模式中最重要的物理过程之一. 认识半干旱地区云和降水的扰动对辐射收支和能量分配的影响规律, 是提高数值模式中评估地表辐射收支和能量平衡参数化效果的关键环节. 利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站2008年的观测资料, 研究了云和降水的扰动对辐射收支各分量的削弱作用及对地表能量平衡的影响规律. 年平均结果表明, 多云状况可以作为年平均的气候背景; 云和降水对短波辐射削弱最强, 大气向下长波辐射随天空云量的增加而增强, 地表向上长波辐射随着云量的增加而减小, 净辐射占总辐射的比率受云和降水的影响较小. 季节平均结果显示, 短波辐射日积分量在生长季和非生长季均随云量的增加而降低, 生长季云和降水对短波辐射的削弱作用明显强于非生长季. 生长季, 晴天、少云和多云时向上长波辐射差异不大, 阴天时向下和向上长波辐射明显减小. 非生长季, 地表向上长波辐射受云和降水的影响较小, 日积分量变化不大, 向下长波辐射随云量的增多而增强. 地表反照率具有明显的日变化和季节变化, 冬季大, 秋季小; 地表反照率日变化呈不对称的“V”形分布. 生长季, 感热通量和土壤热通量随云量增多而减小; 潜热通量在晴天、少云和多云状况下随云量增多而增大; 阴天时受降水影响, 净辐射的严重削弱导致了潜热通量大大降低. 非生长季, 少云时净辐射日积分量最大, 晴天时的净辐射与多云和阴天状况接近; 感热和潜热通量随云量的增多而减小, 土壤热通量日平均积分值在非生长季为负. 生长季, 多云状况的能量闭合度最好, 能量不平衡差额占净辐射的3.9%; 阴天时最差, 不平衡差额占净辐射的16.8%; 晴天和少云状况不平衡差额约占净辐射量的7%. 非生长季受积雪影响, 能量不闭合差额明显大于生长季. 关键词： 半干旱草地 云和降水的扰动 辐射收支 能量平衡     

冬季水源林植被覆盖度变化对地表温度的影响

水源林地表温度受植被覆盖度变化的影响,而植被覆盖度变化、干旱引起的地表温度异常又会影响河流水量,研究植被覆盖度对地表温度的影响关系可以监测水源林可能旱情的发生、预测对河流水量的影响。因此,利用遥感反演模型,提取2002年1月5日桂林市灵川县青狮潭水源林ETM遥感图像的植被覆盖度和地表温度,分析冬季水源林植被覆盖度变化对地表温度的影响。结果表明,冬季水源林地表温度随植被覆盖度的增加而升高,呈现明显的正相关关系,但呈现显著的非线性关系,这与夏季水源林地表温度随植被覆盖度的增加而降低恰好相反;相同植被覆盖度的水源林的地表温度存在差异,尤其是阔叶林、竹林、针叶林的地表温度存在差异;受地形的影响相同植被覆盖度的水源林阳坡地表温度高于阴坡、山谷。     

空气热储存、光合作用和土壤垂直水分运动对黄土高原地表能量平衡的影响

地表能量不平衡问题一直是陆面过程研究的一个重要科学难题. 本文利用黄土高原陆面过程试验(LOPEX)资料, 在将垂直感热平流项引入地表能量平衡方程的基础上, 估算了空气热储存和光合作用储存的大小, 并分别用水分守恒关系和两层土壤温度方法计算了浅层土壤水分垂直通量, 考察了空气热储存、光合作用储存和水分垂直运动热量输送对地表能量平衡的影响.结果表明: 黄土高原区自然植被下垫面的空气热储存、光合作用储存和土壤水分垂直运动热量输送平均日变化峰值分别达到1.5, 2.0和7.9 W·m^-2; 在能量平衡方程中引入这三项后, 地表能量闭合度由88.1%提高到89.6%. 空气热储存、光合作用储存和水分垂直运动热量输送对于改善黄土高原地表能量不平衡状况有一定作用, 研究区域的半干旱气候背景和植被状况是导致各热储存量与其他试验区存在差异的根本原因.     

黄土高原区域气候暖干化对地表能量交换特征的影响

本文将观测试验资料与陆面过程模式模拟资料相结合, 对目前4个流行的陆面过程模式的模拟资料进行了验证分析, 发现通用陆面模式(CLM)模式的模拟资料在黄土高原地区比较可靠. 在此基础上,利用近几十年CLM模式模拟资料和气象站观测资料, 分析了黄土高原地区的区域气候和地表能量交换特征的变化规律, 研究了该地区地表能量交换对降水和温度变化的响应特征, 讨论了该地区气候变化对地表能量交换特征的影响机理. 研究发现,近几十年来黄土高原区域气候表现为明显的暖干化趋势, 从而引起太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射和地表长波向上辐射的增加 及地表长波向下辐射的减小,并由此造成地表净辐射通量减少. 与之相对应,不仅地表潜热通量呈减小趋势,而且地表感热通量和土壤热通量也呈减小趋势, 但地表热量分量的分配比例基本不变.并且发现,地表感热通量的年变化主要由太阳辐射控制, 而潜热通量的年变化则受太阳辐射和降水共同影响;地表热量分量的年际变化均对降水变化响应很敏感, 而对温度变化响应不太敏感,气候干旱化对地表能量平衡的影响比气温变暖的影响更突出. 关键词： 黄土高原 区域气候暖干化 陆面过程模拟 陆面能量交换     

非均匀地表空气动力学有效粗糙度的统计特征

利用基于大气边界层Monin-Obukhov相似理论、通量守恒和质量守恒原理设计的非均匀地表空气动力学有效粗糙度计算方案, 研究了3种不同地表类型情况下有效粗糙度的统计特征, 并分析了大气层结稳定度和粗糙变率对有效粗糙度的影响. 结果表明, 有效粗糙度总是大于面积加权平均粗糙度, 大部分情况下有效拖曳系数比平均拖曳系数大10%以上; 有效粗糙度虽然和大气层结稳定度有关, 但对粗糙变率更敏感, 粗糙变率加倍将使有效粗糙度相对变化百分比达到加倍前的4倍, 有效拖曳系数相对变化百分比达到加倍前的3倍. 因此, 非均匀下垫面的数值模式中, 不能简单地采用面积加权平均粗糙度, 需要采用能表示下垫面非均匀性综合效应的有效粗糙度. 关键词： 非均匀性 有效粗糙度 粗糙变率 层结稳定度     

缓变下垫面对浅水方程的动力学订正

讨论了当下垫面随时间缓慢变化时浅水方程的形式. 从控制大气运动的连续性方程和动量方程出发, 将下垫面的缓慢变化作为一个小量叠加到固有下垫面函数上, 利用大气的上下边界条件, 得到改进的浅水方程. 在改进的浅水方程中, 由缓变局部水平体积散度, 订正了局部水平体积散度和流体局部厚度变化之间的平衡, 在此基础上得到包含下垫面缓变的涡度方程.     

不同地物类型微波发射率特征分析

地表微波发射率是表征地表特征的重要参数,同时也是反演地表、大气参数的重要条件。不同地物类型由于其结构,含水量,粗糙度等的差异而具有各自的辐射特征。利用2003年6～8月,2003年12月～2004年2月两个时段针对AMSR-E(advanced microwave scanning radiometer-EOS)传感器的晴空条件下全球地表微波发射率数据,结合IGBP分类标准及覆盖度数据,选择相对较纯像元,分析了不同地表类型的发射率特征以及不同地物类型的发射率在不同波段随季节的变化规律。结果表明,地表发射率跟频率与极化相关,几乎所有植被和裸土类型双极化下的发射率变化趋势是随频率的增加而增大,而冰雪覆盖类型V极化发射率随频率增加而减小。此外,发射率跟地表类型密切相关。植被类型的发射率要高于裸土的发射率。因此,随着植被密度的降低,裸土的贡献增大,导致总体发射率的降低。对于植被类型,一般在夏季处于生长旺盛期,发射率比较稳定,可作为特征发射率。积雪覆盖是一个重要因素,尤其在冬季影响着地表的发射率变化。     

城市不同地表类型地表温度与空气温湿度的观测

为了比较城市不同地表类型所形成的局地小气候环境差异,选取水泥广场、沥青道路、草地、林地、裸土等城市典型下垫面,在夏季晴天天气使用自动红外测温仪、空气温湿度探头观测地表温度、近地表空气温湿度的日变化,数据表明不同地表类型地表温度的差异直接影响近地表空气温湿度的日变化而存在差异。与林地相比,沥青道路、水泥广场、裸土地表温度最高值高23℃,气温最高值高6℃以上,空气相对湿度最低值低5%;草地的地表温度与气温最高值分别比林地高8℃、3℃,空气湿度略低于林地。夜间24:00,水泥广场、沥青道路地表温度分别比林地高10℃、6℃,使气温比林地高3℃以上,空气相对湿度比林地低10%,出现显著的城市热岛现象。     

水源林地区不同地表类型热效应的遥感反演分析

为了分析水源林地区不同地表类型对该地区的空间热效应,对美国Landsat7ETM卫星1999年12月15日和2002年1月5日桂林市灵川县青狮潭水源林遥感图像,利用遥感反演模型提取不同地表类型的地表温度,计算空间热效应指数。结果表明,不同地表类型的地表温度存在差异,冬季阳坡林地、农田等植被覆盖下垫面的地表温度较高,次之为裸地与建筑物,水体和阴坡林地较低。冬季阳坡林地对水源林地区热效应影响最高,热效应影响指数高于70%,次之为农田,两者的热效应影响指数和高于99%;裸地与建筑物对水源林地区热效应影响极微(热效应影响指数不超过1%),而水体和阴坡林地的影响为零。林地植被蒸腾对水源林地区热效应有较强调控作用。     

缓变下垫面和耗散作用的非线性Rossby波

从准地转位涡方程出发,采用摄动方法和时空伸长变换推导了在缓变下垫面和耗散共同作用的Rossby代数孤立波方程,得到Rossby波振幅满足带有缓变下垫面的非齐次Benjamin-Davis-Ono-Burgers(BDOBurgers)方程的结论.指出地形效应和耗散是诱导非线性Rossby波产生的重要因素,说明了在缓变下垫面强迫效应和非线性作用相平衡的假定下,Rossby孤立波振幅的演变满足非齐次BDO-Burgers方程,给出在切变基本气流下缓变下垫面和正压流体中Rossby波的相互作用.     

Stochastic radiative transfer model for mixture of discontinuous vegetation canopies

Modeling of the radiation regime of a mixture of vegetation species is a fundamental problem of the Earth's land remote sensing and climate applications. The major existing approaches, including the linear mixture model and the turbid medium (TM) mixture radiative transfer model, provide only an approximate solution to this problem. In this study, we developed the stochastic mixture radiative transfer (SMRT) model, a mathematically exact tool to evaluate radiation regime in a natural canopy with spatially varying optical properties, that is, canopy, which exhibits a structured mixture of vegetation species and gaps. The model solves for the radiation quantities, direct input to the remote sensing/climate applications: mean radiation fluxes over whole mixture and over individual species. The canopy structure is parameterized in the SMRT model in terms of two stochastic moments: the probability of finding species and the conditional pair-correlation of species. The second moment is responsible for the 3D radiation effects, namely, radiation streaming through gaps without interaction with vegetation and variation of the radiation fluxes between different species. We performed analytical and numerical analysis of the radiation effects, simulated with the SMRT model for the three cases of canopy structure: (a) non-ordered mixture of species and gaps (TM); (b) ordered mixture of species without gaps; and (c) ordered mixture of species with gaps. The analysis indicates that the variation of radiation fluxes between different species is proportional to the variation of species optical properties (leaf albedo, density of foliage, etc.) Gaps introduce significant disturbance to the radiation regime in the canopy as their optical properties constitute major contrast to those of any vegetation species. The SMRT model resolves deficiencies of the major existing mixture models: ignorance of species radiation coupling via multiple scattering of photons (the linear mixture model) or overestimation of this coupling due to neglecting spatial clumping of species (the TM approach). Thus, based on the former experience with mixture modeling, this study establishes an advanced theoretical basis for future mixture applications.     

草地下垫面地表温度与近地面气温的对比研究

地表温度是气候系统中的关键参数,它与近地面气温的差异极大地影响着地-气界面上能量和水汽通量的交换。根据大气辐射国际联合观测网合肥站2002年9月至2005年8月三年期间无云晴天的地面观测资料,研究了该地区草地下垫面的地表温度(辐射测温法)和近地面气温的年变化、季节变化和日分布特征。着重讨论了两者差值的变化情况以及两者的相关性,提出了基于近地面气温的地表温度的经验计算方法。研究发现,当地表比辐射率ε的取值范围为0.94～1.00时,ε每改变0.01,草地地表温度的平均变化小于0.2 K。该研究结果可为卫星资料的地面验证提供参考。     

我国北方不同类型下垫面地表反照率特征

地表反照率反映了地面对太阳辐射的反射能力,在地表能量平衡中起着非常重要的作用,本文利用"中国北方协同观测"的资料,分析了不同下垫面10个站点7-9月的反照率变化特征和对降水的响应,并讨论了榆中、通榆草地、通榆农田、密云、玛曲和锦州站地表反照率与太阳高度角和土壤湿度的关系,结果表明:反照率的相对关系是东北干旱草甸西北高寒草甸西北绿洲农田黄土高原自然植被东北半干旱草甸东北农田东北果林,并且反照率基本上和降水对应,降水量大的站点反照率小,降水量小的站点反照率大,反照率的日变化曲线分为早晚对称型,早上比较大、中午下午比较小和晚上最大、早上最小的不对称型三种,选取的6个观测站反照率的谷值一般出现在降水日,峰值一般出现在没有降水、太阳辐射比较强的日子,地表反照率随着太阳高度角的增大而减小,当太阳高度角大于40°时,地表反照率基本不变,榆中和通榆农田地表反照率随着土壤湿度增大减小较明显,其次是通榆草地,玛曲、密云和锦州地表反照率随着土壤湿度变化不明显。     

A study of the assessment of air temperature, and sensible-and latent-heat fluxes from sonic-anemometer observations

Summary In the past ten years, use of sonic anemometers to provide fast-response wind sensing in the atmospheric surface layer became more and more intensive, due to their increasing availability, decreasing cost and increasing number of publications regarding their data treatment. In this paper, we present an algorithm we have developed in order to analyse the data of one of the most diffused types of sonic anemometer,i.e. the Gill sonic anemometer. Our software allows to evaluate the air temperature and the sensible- and latent-heat fluxes if also low-response measurements of air humidity at the same level of sonic anemometer, and of net radiation and ground surface flux are available. We let our software the option of evaluating the fluxes along the mean local streamline (thus the turbulent fluxes are associated with transport across mean streamline surfaces). By using the data gathered in two field experiments, we discuss the applications of the proposed formulations and check the accuracy of our method by comparing the evaluated fluxes with those measured by fluxmeter.     

微结构表面封闭式喷雾冷却传热特性

以蒸馏水为工质,在闭式循环喷雾冷却系统上,变化喷雾流量,研究了表面几何结构对喷雾传热性能的影响。从对流换热和相变换热比例关系的角度,对喷雾换热机理进行了实验研究。结果表明:与光滑表面相比,微结构表面可明显增强喷雾换热强度,这主要归因于相变换热的增强。表面温度较低时,直肋面换热效果最好 ;增大流量,光面换热增强,而直肋面变化不明显。表面温度较高时,方肋面换热效果最好;随着流量增大,所有面换热均增强。对于微结构表面,相变换热份额均大于50%,故而以相变换热为主;而光滑表面,即使在温度较低时,相变换热份额也大于20%。临界热流密度与三相接触线长度正相关,流量为15.9 mL/min时,方肋面、直肋面和光面的临界热流密度依次为159.1,120.2,109.8 W/cm2,蒸发效率分别为96.0%,72.5%,67.1%。     

Can climate sensitivity be estimated from short-term relationships of top-of-atmosphere net radiation and surface temperature?

Increasing the knowledge in climate radiative feedbacks is critical for current climate studies. This work focuses on short-term relationships between global mean surface temperature and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) net radiation. The relationships may be used to characterize the climate feedback as suggested by some recent studies. As those recent studies, an energy balance model with ocean mixed layer and both radiative and non-radiative heat sources is used here. The significant improvement of current model is that climate system memories are considered.Based on model simulations, short-term relationship between global mean surface temperature and TOA net radiation (or the linear striation feature as suggested by previous studies) might represent climate feedbacks when the system had no memories. However, climate systems with the same short-term feedbacks but different memories would have a similar linear striation feature. This linear striation feature reflects only fast components of climate feedbacks and may not represent the total climate feedback even when the memory length of climate systems is minimal. The potential errors in the use of short-term relationships in estimations of climate sensitivity could be big. In short time scales, fast climate processes may overwhelm long-term climate feedbacks. Thus, the climate radiative feedback parameter obtained from short-term data may not provide a reliable estimate of climate sensitivity. This result also suggests that long-term observations of global surface temperature and TOA radiation are critical in the understanding of climate feedbacks and sensitivities.     

Torsion Cycles as Non-Local Magnetic Sources in Non-Orientable Spaces

Non-orientable spaces are known to be able to support net magnetic fluxes through closed surfaces, even in the absence of magnetic sources. To an observer for whom the non-orientability of space appears to be confined to a certain finite region of space, such a magnetic flux appears as a magnetic charge quasi-localised in that region. In this paper it is shown that this effect is a physical manifestation of the existence of torsion cycles of codimension one in the homology of space.     

Nonequilibrium Radiation Aerothermodynamics of the Command Modulus of Apollo 4 at Altitudes above 75 km

The problem of the radiation gas dynamics of super-orbital entry into dense layers of the Earth’s atmosphere of the command module of Apollo 4 is solved numerically in the two-dimensional formulation of the flow around an aerodynamic frontal shield at the velocity V∞= 10.7 km/s in the altitude range H = 91.5?76.2 km. The density distributions of the spectral and integral radiation heat fluxes on the surface flowed around are obtained. The considerable role of atomic spectral lines in the radiation heating of the surface is shown. The results of calculations are compared with the flight experimental data and the calculated data of other authors.