基于纤芯失配型马赫曾德尔光纤折射率和温度同时测量传感器的研究

设计和制作了一种基于单模多模细芯单模光纤马赫曾德尔(Mach-Zehnder)干涉仪结构,可同时测量折射率和温度的传感器。该传感器中,多模光纤和细芯单模熔接点充当光耦合器。导入光纤中传输的光经多模光纤后在细芯光纤的纤芯和包层中激发出纤芯模和包层模,不同模式光在细芯光纤中传输时将产生光程差,再经细芯单模熔接点耦合成为导出光纤的纤芯模而干涉。传感器透射光谱随着环境折射率和温度的变化发生漂移,通过监测不同级次的干涉谷可实现折射率和温度的同时测量。通过对传感器的透射光谱进行傅里叶变换分析可知该透射光谱主要由LP01模和LP16模干涉形成。该传感器透射光谱中1535nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度的理论值分别为-55.90nm/RIU和0.0501nm/℃(其中RIU为折射率单位);1545nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度的理论值分别为-56.26nm/RIU和0.0505nm/℃。在折射率和温度的变化范围分别为1.3449~1.3972和20℃~90℃的环境中对传感器的响应特性进行实验研究,结果表明:透射光谱中1535nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度分别为-53.03nm/RIU和0.0465nm/℃;1545nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度分别为-54.24nm/RIU和0.0542nm/℃。理论分析与实验结果相一致。该传感器在生物医学领域有较好的应用前景。     

基于薄芯光纤模态干涉技术的折射率传感特性实验研究

报道了一种具有微结构缺陷的折射率传感器,并对其折射率特性进行了实验研究.将一部分薄芯光纤熔接于标准单模光纤中,由于插入的薄芯光纤和单模光纤纤芯失配,导致包层的高次模被激发并与纤芯模在单模光纤内形成干涉仪.通过减小薄芯光纤的包层直径,以增强包层中的传输模在环境中的倏逝场,从而提高对环境折射率测量的灵敏度.实验表明,该折射...     

基于薄芯光纤模态干涉技术的折射率 传感特性实验研究

报道了一种具有微结构缺陷的折射率传感器,并对其折射率特性进行了实验研究.将一部分薄芯光纤熔接于标准单模光纤中,由于插入的薄芯光纤和单模光纤纤芯失配,导致包层的高次模被激发并与纤芯模在单模光纤内形成干涉仪.通过减小薄芯光纤的包层直径,以增强包层中的传输模在环境中的倏逝场,从而提高对环境折射率测量的灵敏度.实验表明,该折射率传感器具有损耗低、成本低、灵敏度高和线性度好等特点.     

基于多模光纤偏芯熔接实现温度和折射率同时测量的光纤传感器

利用偏芯熔接的方法,研制出一种可实现温度和折射率同时测量的光纤传感器。该传感器将一段多模光纤MMF2的左端与一芯径与长度均相同的多模光纤MMF1偏芯熔接,右端与一大芯径多模光纤MMF3对芯熔接构成传感头,利用多模光纤纤芯模和包层模对温度、折射率的敏感性差异,结合敏感矩阵实现了双参量同时测量。实验选取了位于1536.98nm和1545.24nm处的干涉谷进行了温度和折射率的测量,测得1536.98nm处的干涉谷对温度的灵敏度为0.105nm/℃,对折射率不敏感;1545.24nm处的干涉谷对温度的灵敏度为0.052nm/℃,对折射率的敏感性为32.2nm/RIU(RIU表示单位折射率)。该传感器也可应用于其他参量的测量,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于光纤粗锥型马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的高灵敏度温度传感器的研制

光纤传感是现代光纤技术的重要应用之一。制作了一种基于两个单模光纤粗锥串接的全光纤型马赫-曾德尔高温高灵敏温度传感器。纤芯中传输的光通过第一个光纤锥耦合, 一部分进入纤芯传输,另一部分进入包层形成包层模,纤芯模和包层模具有不同的有效折射率,经过干涉臂的传输产生了光程差。纤芯和包层传输的光再经过第二个光纤锥耦合,形成干涉进入输出光纤传输。对不同长度的传感器进行实验研究,得出传感臂长度与干涉周期之间的关系。研究了传感器温度响应特性,给出了温度响应灵敏度。实验结果表明,在30～400 ℃温度范围内,长度为35 mm的传感器可以得到较高的温度响应灵敏度,其响应灵敏度为0.115 nm·℃-1。利用傅里叶变换对传感器透射谱进行了分析,可以确定在长度为35 mm的传感器中仅有基模LP₀₁和高阶模LP₀₈两种模式,透射谱就是由这两种模式干涉形成的。该传感器体积小、精度高、抗电磁干扰,具有易于制作、对比度大、质轻、灵敏度高、耐高温等优点。可用于高温气体温度测量及油气井测井等领域的高灵敏度温度传感测量。     

基于在线型光纤迈克耳孙干涉仪的液位传感器

为了简化光纤液位传感器的设计与制作工艺,提出了一种基于纤芯失配模间干涉的在线型光纤迈克耳孙干涉仪,由单模光纤熔接一段细径光纤构成。单模-细径光纤熔点处充当耦合器,激发出光纤高阶包层模,纤芯基模与高阶包层模被细径光纤端面反射后传输至单模光纤产生模间干涉并输出。传感器干涉条纹清晰、对比度高,对环境液位改变敏感。对细径光纤长度为12mm的传感器进行了不同溶液液位和温度响应特性的实验研究,实验结果表明在0~9mm的液位变化范围内,干涉谷波长与液位呈线性关系,水液位灵敏度为-0.116nm/mm,质量分数为4.7%的NaCl溶液液位灵敏度为-0.129nm/mm;在20~80℃的水温变化范围内,干涉谷的温度灵敏度为0.038nm/℃。传感器结构简单、制作简便,而且成本低廉,在石油化工等领域具有较好的应用前景。     

光纤布拉格光栅嵌入SMS光纤结构的湿度传感器

提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅嵌入单模-多模纤芯-单模(single-mode-multimode fiber core-single mode, SMS)光纤结构的湿度传感器。当环境湿度变化时,SMS光纤结构的干涉光谱会发生漂移,而光纤布拉格光栅对湿度不敏感,其纤芯基模保持不变。因此利用SMS光纤结构对环境湿度的敏感性去调制光纤布拉格光栅纤芯基模,通过检测光纤布拉格光栅纤芯基模的反射能量变化就可以实现湿度测量。数值模拟了SMS光纤结构的内部光场分布规律,理论计算了不同环境折射率时,多模纤芯的长度、直径对SMS光纤结构输出能量耦合系数的影响。理论模拟表明,随着环境折射率变化,SMS光纤结构中传输的纤芯基模的输出能量耦合系数会发生变化。同时制作了传感器样品并对其进行了传感实验研究,实验结果表明多模纤芯长35 mm、纤芯直径为85 μm的传感器在45%～95%RH湿度变化范围内,湿度灵敏度为0.06 dBm·(%RH)-1。在20～80 ℃温度范围内,传感器的温度灵敏度为0.008 nm·℃-1,温度所带来的湿度测量误差为0.047%RH·℃-1。传感器具有制作简单、灵敏度高、反射式能量检测等优点,在湿度测量领域有一定的应用价值。     

基于无芯光纤的多参数测量传感器

设计并制作了一种基于单模-无芯-单模-无芯-单模光纤结构的马赫-曾德尔传感器,可用来同时测量折射率和温度.该传感器中,两处无芯光纤充当输入、输出耦合器,中间单模光纤作为传感臂.利用有限元仿真和理论分析,确定耦合器和传感臂的最优长度为15 mm.在无芯光纤中激发出的高阶模进入单模光纤的包层传输,由于倏逝场的作用,受到环境折射率和温度的影响.选取透射谱不同干涉级次的波谷作为研究对象,实现了折射率和温度的同步测量.实验结果表明:1545 nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度灵敏度分别为–153.89 nm/RIU(refractive index unit)和0.166 nm/℃;1570 nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度灵敏度分别为–202.74 nm/RIU和0.183 nm/℃.该传感器在实现折射率和温度同步测量的同时,仍能保持较高灵敏度,在生物医疗等方面有着较好的应用前景.     

双S型光纤结构的传感特性

在剥除涂覆层的单模光纤上熔成两个间距为25mm的S型结构,构成双S型全光纤马赫-曾德干涉仪.入射光经过第一个S型结构时部分光被激发到包层,经过第二个S型结构时重新进入纤芯传播,S型结构中光纤的纤芯模和包层模耦合产生干涉.利用干涉光谱测量外界因素的响应并用于温度、折射率和微位移的测量.实验结果表明,温度、折射率和微位移的灵敏度分别为69pm/℃,132.64nm/RIU,-178pm/μm,且具有很好的线性度.该传感结构为全光纤结构,制作简单,易于实现且成本低.     

基于光纤气泡和纤芯失配的Mach-Zehnder干涉液体折射率传感器

介绍了一种基于光纤气泡和纤芯失配的Mach-Zehnder干涉液体折射率传感器. 将两根纤芯经过腐蚀的普通单模光纤熔接在一起, 在熔接点处形成一个气泡, 在距气泡20 mm处级联一段20 mm的细芯光纤, 再接入一段单模光纤, 形成单模光纤-气泡-单模光纤-细芯光纤-单模光纤结构的传感器. 气泡与光纤芯径失配处的两个节点起到光纤耦合器的作用, 从而形成光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪. 环境液体折射率的变化,将使得传感器透射谱能量发生变化, 通过测量干涉谱波峰峰值能量从而实现对折射率的测量. 并对所制作传感器的折射率响应特性进行了实验研究, 实验结果表明干涉谱波峰峰值能量与环境液体折射率之间存在良好的线性关系, 当环境液体折射率变化范围在1.351–1.402时, 响应灵敏度为143.537 dB/RIU, 线性度0.996. 该传感器在生物化学领域有较好的应用前景. 关键词： 光纤气泡 纤芯失配 Mach-Zehnder干涉仪 折射率传感     

All-fiber refractometer based on core mismatch structure

We demonstrate a novel all-fiber refractometer which is a multimode-single mode-multimode (MM-SM-MM) fiber structure formed by splicing a section of uncoated single mode fiber (SMF) with two short sections of multimode fibers (MMFs). Owing to the core mismatch at the splicing points of the SMF with two sections of MMFs, part of the guided light propagates in the cladding of the SMF, which makes the SMF sensitive to the external refractive index (RI). RI sensing is achieved by measuring the wavelength shift of the interference pattern of the cladding mode and the core mode of the SMF. A RI sensor with an average sensitivity of 412 nm/RUI (refractive index unit) for a RI range from 1.333 to 1.400 is presented.     

Wavelength-encoded fiber-optic temperature sensor with ultra-high sensitivity

We present in this paper a wavelength-encoded fiber-optic temperature sensor with ultra-high sensitivity. The sensor consists of a segment of multimode fiber (MMF) with a polymer cladding spliced between two single mode fibers, forming a multimode fiber interferometer. For a temperature sensor with a 55 mm long MMF and a 45 mm long polymer cladding, a temperature sensitivity of −3.195 nm/°C has been achieved over a temperature range of 10 °C which is mainly limited by the spectral range of the light source used in the experiments. It has been found that the high temperature sensitivity is mainly attributed to the high thermo-optic coefficient of the polymer cladding. Other advantages of the temperature sensor reported here include its extremely simple structure and fabrication process, and hence a very low cost.     

A high temperature sensor based on a peanut-shape structure Michelson interferometer

A fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity based on a Michelson interferometer is realized by fusion-splicing a peanut-shape structure in single-mode fiber (SMF). The theory and experimental results show that the peanut-shape structure can couple the light energy of the core mode into the cladding and re-couple the light in the cladding into the core. A high-quality interference spectrum with a fringe visibility of about 18 dB is observed. Experimental demonstration shows that the device can be heated up to 900 °C with a sensitivity of about ∼0.096 nm/°C. The device has the advantages of low-cost, high sensitivity and easy fabrication, which makes it attractive for sensing applications.     

Effect of the Pd-Au thin film thickness uniformity on the performance of an optical fiber hydrogen sensor

Thin alloy film of Pd and Au, formed by simultaneous electron-beam and thermal evaporation techniques, respectively, is used in the design of an optical fiber hydrogen sensor. The sensor consists of a multimode fiber (MMF) in which a short section of single mode fiber (SMF), coated with the Pd-Au thin film, is inserted. Due to core diameter mismatch, the SMF cladding guides light, allowing the interaction between the sensing layer and the guided light. When the sensor is exposed to hydrogen, the Pd-Au layer refractive index diminishes and causes attenuation changes on the transmitted light. Several samples with different layer thickness uniformity were fabricated and tested in a very simple experimental set-up. We have observed that the sensor signal change is dependant on layer thickness uniformity, since the effective interaction length between the evanescent field and the sensing layer is increased. By contrast, such uniformity practically has no influence on the time response of the sensor. The resulting Pd-Au film can detect 4% hydrogen with a response time of 15 s.     

基于无芯-少模-无芯光纤结构的温度传感特性研究北大核心CSCD

提出了一种基于无芯-少模-无芯光纤结构的温度传感器,对传感器进行了理论分析和实验研究。该传感器将无芯光纤(coreless fiber,CLF)与少模光纤(few-mode fiber,FMF)同轴熔接,构建无芯-少模-无芯的光纤结构,结构两端熔接单模(single mode fiber,SMF)光纤作为输入输出光纤,第1段无芯光纤与单模光纤的模式失配起到激发高阶模的作用,少模光纤中的LP01与LP11两种模式沿少模光纤纤芯传输,在第2段无芯光纤的作用下LP01与LP11两种模式重新耦合回单模光纤,LP01与LP11两种模式发生干涉,形成干涉光谱。当外界温度变化时,两种模式的光程差发生变化,干涉光谱的干涉波谷发生漂移,选取2个不同的干涉波谷作为特征波长,进行实验分析。实验结果表明:波长在1550 nm和1534 nm附近的干涉谷均发生红移,相应的温度灵敏度分别为68 pm/℃和44.5 pm/℃。该传感结构制作简单、灵敏度高,有很好的应用前景。     

Fiber refractometer based on a fiber Bragg grating and single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure

A refractive index (RI) sensor based on a novel fiber structure that consists of a single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure followed by a fiber Bragg grating was demonstrated. The multimode fiber in the SMS structure excites cladding modes within output single-mode fiber (SMF) and recouple the reflected cladding Bragg wavelength to the input SMF core. By measuring the relative Bragg wavelength shift between core and cladding Bragg wavelengths, the RI can be determined. Experimentally we have achieved a maximum sensitivity of 7.33 nm/RIU (RI unit) at RI range from 1.324 to 1.439.     

Temperature-independent bending sensor with tilted fiber Bragg grating interacting with multimode fiber

A new type fiber bending sensor based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) interacting with a multimode fiber (MMF) is presented. The sensing head is formed by insertion of a small section of MMF between a single-mode fiber (SMF) and the TFBG. The average reflective power in the cladding modes decreases with the increase of curvature. The measurement range of the curvature from 0 to 2.5 m⁻¹ with a measurement sensitivity of −802.4 nW/m⁻¹ is achieved. The proposed sensor is also proved as temperature-independent from the experimental investigation.     

基于错位和花生形结构的全光纤马赫-曾德干涉仪的研究

研究了一种基于错位和花生形结构的全光纤马赫-曾德干涉仪,进行了液位和曲率的测量实验,利用错位结构将纤芯模式激发到包层,包层模式经过花生形结构被耦合到纤芯与原有的纤芯模式发生干涉。包层模式对外界物理量如折射率、应力的变化敏感,导致透射光谱漂移。波谷波长的漂移量与液位和曲率的变化成线性关系,利用波谷的漂移实现液位和曲率的测量。在液位实验中,在水位变化范围为1.00～5.00 cm时,波谷向短波方向漂移,灵敏度最高为-0.68 nm·cm-1,线性拟合度为0.995 4。在曲率实验中,曲率的变化范围为0.3～1.2 m-1时,波谷向长波方向漂移,灵敏度最高为22.47 nm·m,线性拟合度为0.986 4,表现出较高的灵敏度。错位结构和花生形结构被用于组成马赫-曾德干涉仪,用普通的光纤熔接机和普通单模光纤即可熔接,结构和制作方法简单,灵敏度高,尤其在曲率的测量中表现出较高的灵敏度。     

All-fiber Mach-Zehnder curvature sensor based on multimode interference combined with a long-period grating

A novel Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a fiber multimode interference structure combined with a long-period fiber grating (LPG) is proposed. The multimode interference is achieved through the use of a MMF section spliced between two single-mode fibers, with a length adjusted to couple a fraction of light into the cladding modes. A LPG placed after the MMF couples light back into the fiber core, completing the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This novel configuration was demonstrated as a bending sensor.