A new‐generation color converter for high‐power white LED: transparent Ce3+:YAG phosphor‐in‐glass

Currently, the major commercial white light‐emitting diode (WLED) is the phosphor‐converted LED made of the InGaN blue‐emitting chip and the Ce³⁺:Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (Ce:YAG) yellow phosphor dispersed in organic epoxy resin or silicone. However, the organic binder in high‐power WLED may age easily and turn yellow due to the accumulated heat emitted from the chip, which adversely affects the WLED properties such as luminous efficacy and color coordination, and therefore reduces its long‐term reliability as well as lifetime. Herein, an innovative luminescent material: transparent Ce:YAG phosphor‐in‐glass (PiG) inorganic color converter, is developed to replace the conventional resin/silicone‐based phosphor converter for the construction of high‐power WLED. The PiG‐based WLED exhibits not only excellent heat‐resistance and humidity‐resistance characteristics, but also superior optical performances with a luminous efficacy of 124 lm/W, a correlated color temperature of 6674 K and a color rendering index of 70. This easy fabrication, low‐cost and long‐lifetime WLED is expected to be a new‐generation indoor/outdoor high‐power lighting source.     

ZnO nanorods–polymer hybrid white light emitting diode grown on a disposable paper substrate

We demonstrate intrinsic white light emission from hybrid light emitting diodes fabricated using an inorganic–organic hybrid junction grown at 50 °C on a paper substrate. Cyclotene was first spin coated on the entire substrate to act as a surface barrier layer for water and other nutrient solutions. The active area of the fabricated light emitting diode (LED) consists of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) and a poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) (PFO) conducting polymer layer. The fabricated LED shows clear rectifying behavior and a broad band electroluminescence (EL) peak covering the whole visible spectrum range from 420 nm to 780 nm. The color rendering index (CRI) was calculated to be 94 and the correlated color temperature (CCT) of the LED was 3660 K. The low process temperature and procedure in this work enables the use of paper substrate for the fabrication of low cost ZnO–polymer white LEDs for applications requiring flexible/disposable electronic devices. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Fabrication, photoluminescence, and potential application in white light emitting diode of Dy3+–Tm3+ doped transparent glass ceramics containing GdSr2F7 nanocrystals

Dy³⁺–Tm³⁺ doped transparent glass ceramics containing GdSr₂F₇ nanocrystals were fabricated successfully by a melt-quenching method and subsequent heating. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses show that tetragonal GdSr₂F₇ nanocrystals are homogeneously precipitated among the borosilicate glass matrix. If excited with 354 nm UV light, the photoluminescence spectrum of Dy³⁺ single-doped transparent glass ceramics shows white-light emission. With doping of Tm³⁺, the overall emission color of Tm³⁺–Dy³⁺ co-doped transparent glass ceramics can be tuned from white to blue through energy transfer between Dy³⁺ and Tm³⁺. CIE chromaticity and color temperature measurements show that the resulting TGCS may be a candidate as a white LED material pumped by a UV InGaN chip.     

(CaO · Al2O3 · SiO2): Eu phosphors for violet/ultraviolet-to-white radiation conversion

(2CaO · 0.5Al₂O₃ · 5SiO₂): Eu and (CaO · 0.2Al₂O₃ · SiO₂): Eu phosphors doped with B₂O₃ in an amount of 3 wt % are obtained by direct solid-phase synthesis at 1350°C. When excited by LED radiation with a maximum at 380 nm, these phosphors emit white light with color coordinates, which are close to those in the EBU and NTSC TV standards and fall into the field of white light corresponding to light warning systems according to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).     

Copper NPs decorated titania: A novel synthesis by high energy US with a study of the photocatalytic activity under visible light

The most important drawback of the use of TiO₂ as photocatalyst is its lack of activity under visible light. To overcome this problem, the surface modification of commercial micro-sized TiO₂ by means of high-energy ultrasound (US), employing CuCl₂ as precursor molecule to obtain both metallic copper as well as copper oxides species at the TiO₂ surface, is here. We have prepared samples with different copper content, in order to evaluate its impact on the photocatalytic performances of the semiconductor, and studied in particular the photodegradation in the gas phase of some volatile organic molecules (VOCs), namely acetone and acetaldehyde. We used a LED lamp in order to have only the contribution of the visible wavelengths to the TiO₂ activation (typical LED lights have no emission in the UV region). We employed several techniques (i.e., HR-TEM, XRD, FT-IR and UV–Vis) in order to characterize the prepared samples, thus evidencing different sample morphologies as a function of the various copper content, with a coherent correlation between them and the photocatalytic results. Firstly, we demonstrated the possibility to use US to modify the TiO₂, even when it is commercial and micro-sized as well; secondly, by avoiding completely the UV irradiation, we confirmed that pure TiO₂ is not activated by visible light. On the other hand, we showed that copper metal and metal oxides nanoparticles strongly and positively affect its photocatalytic activity.     

LED阵列光源的舞台灯变焦透镜系统

 针对国内大功率LED阵列光源舞台灯具在光束角度不可变和光能利用效率低等问题,提出利用透镜组变焦原理来设计阵列光源变焦透镜系统。基于透镜组变焦原理设计了单颗LED光源的变焦透镜组,高级光学系统分析模拟软件ASAP的计算结果显示：调焦范围为0~10 mm时,出光角度（1/10峰值角）的变化范围为18.5°~38.7°,光能利用效率在调焦距离为10 mm时达到78%以上。在此基础上,将单颗LED光源的变焦透镜组扩展为Red、Green、Blue各12颗共36颗LED的变焦透镜系统,进一步分析36颗LED阵列光源在不同排布方式下的出光角度及混色效果。ASAP计算结果显示：在调焦范围与单颗LED相同的情况下,LED阵列光源变焦透镜系统的出光角度（1/10峰值角）的变化范围为21°~38.6°,且3种颜色LED交叉排列的混色效果较好。由LED阵列的计算结果可知,与国内现有的大功率LED舞台灯具相比,在出光角度的变化范围和光能利用效率方面都得到了提高。     

Microcavity light emitting diodes as efficient planar light emitters for telecommunication applications

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be coupled to optical fibers and used in telecommunication applications. Compared to laser diodes, the coupling is usually small, due to the isotropic emission of the source, combined with the large refractive index difference between the semiconductor and the outside medium. However, it is possible to greatly enhance the optical extraction of a planar LED by placing the source inside a microcavity which optical thickness is close to the wavelength of the emitted light. Some elementary design rules of a microcavity light emitting diode (MCLED) are explained here, and are illustrated on a real GaAs/Al_xGa_1−xAs device emitting at 880 nm. The surface external quantum efficiency of this MCLED reaches 14% into air and 20.6% with an encapsulation into an epoxy lens. These values are about 10 times larger than for a usual LED and are in good agreement with theoretical values, calculated with a plane waves model. To cite this article: D. Ochoa et al., C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 3–14     

展陈照明光源光谱对光敏文物的辐照损伤研究

展陈照明中的光辐照会对光敏文物材料造成褪色、老化等辐照损伤,尤其对字画、染色丝绸、彩绘陶器等颜色非常丰富的光敏性文物损伤巨大,不利文物安全。国内外展陈照明标准为减少对文物的辐照损伤,严格控制照明标准水平,如光敏文物的照度仅50lx,不利于观众更加细致的欣赏这类文物。随着半导体固态光源Light emitting diode （LED）技术的发展,其光谱中不含对文物损伤最大的紫外和红外波段,与传统光源相比具有天然优势,能够实现在相同照度条件下对文物产生更小的伤害。并使得在不增加对文物损伤的前提下,提高照明环境亮度从而改善照明环境水平成为可能。然而,即使仅有可见光光谱,可见光光子能量仍会对材料造成不可逆的损伤。而LED光源光谱多样,甚至有较大差异,在LED光源大规模进入文物展陈照明领域时,如何科学指导博物馆文物照明光源的研发与应用,是改善文物展陈照明环境的关键问题。该研究对常见光敏文物材料进行可见光连续辐照下表面颜色属性变化的测量研究,通过制备常用的国画颜料和植物染料样品（国画颜料主要有硃磦、赭石、三青、花青、胭脂、炭黑、曙红、酞青蓝;植物染料主要有茜草、黄檗、栀子、靛蓝、槐米、苏木、紫草）,利用不同波长单色光和不同色温复合光的LED作为光源,对样品进行大剂量连续辐照实验。辐照过程中,定期测量材料表面颜色的色度学参数L*, a*, b*,以CIE 1976 L*a*b*均匀色空间色差计算方法,求算出不同光谱的LED光源辐照后样品的色差变化。再分别从辐射度学和光度学出发,对比分析具有不同光谱的LED光源对国画颜料和植物染料的长期辐照影响。实验结果表明：不论从辐射度学还是光度学角度分析,相同辐照剂量或曝光量照射后,单色光中短波长的蓝光辐照导致样品的色差最大,绿光次之,红光最小;而在复合光中,高色温LED光源由于蓝光占比较大,对样品的辐照影响明显高于低色温LED光源;目前利用光照度对博物馆照明环境进行评价时,由于蓝光对应的人眼视见函数数值较低,与辐射照度评价相比,蓝光辐照对文物的影响会被进一步低估;相同光照条件下,植物染料的老化程度总体高于国画颜料;黄色系的植物染料（黄檗、槐米）和红色系的国画颜料（硃砂、曙红）在光照过程中更易老化。因此,博物馆展陈照明的LED光源应严格控制蓝光成分,采用低色温的光源更有助于对文物的保护。在今后制定文物展陈照明标准时,应对光源的蓝光占比进行限制。此外,对于黄色系、红色系等光敏文物进行照明时,相应的展陈照明标准应更为严格。该研究对于LED光源在博物馆照明更加合理的研发与应用,以及未来博物馆展陈照明标准改进及照明条件改善具有重要指导意义。     

Effect of grating on IR LED device performance

The electroluminescence in the range of 3–4.5 μm and 6–10 μm from a Sb-based type II interband quantum cascade structure is reported. We measured the light emission from the top surface of the LED device with different grating structures. We used different etch depths for the grating formation. The light–current–voltage (LIV) characteristics measured at both room and cryogenic temperatures show that the device with 45° angle grating and 1.0 μm deep etch onto the GaSb surface has the highest emission power.     

LED广色域投影显示系统实时色域校准的研究

针对LED广色域投影显示系统中色域过大带来颜色失真的问题,在时序工作方式中,采用在一个基色光工作时,同时加入一定比例的其他基色光作为辅助光,将该基色光的色品坐标移到所需位置的色域校准方法。另外,为了避免LED一致性差异和环境温度变化及工作时间对LED主波长和色品坐标造成的影响,提出利用一组XYZ色度传感器实时测量并反馈三基色LED色品坐标的方法。该方法通过对色域校准算法编程实现实时色域校准,达到了正确显示颜色的目的。     

Synthesis of CdS nanocrystals by a microwave activated method and investigation of the photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties

We have synthesized CdS nanocrystals (NCs) by a microwave activated method. CdSO₄ and Na₂S₂O₃ were used as the precursors and thioglycolic acid (TGA) was used as capping agent molecule. The aqueous synthesis was based on the heat sensitivity of Na₂S₂O₃. In this method, microwave irradiation creates the activation energy for dissociation of Na₂S₂O₃ and leads to the CdS NCs formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses demonstrated hexagonal phase CdS NCs with an average size around 3 nm for sample prepared at 5 min irradiation time. A band gap range of 3.38-2.89 eV was possible only by increasing the microwave irradiation time, corresponding to a 2.7-3.7 nm size. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed a white emission between 400 and 750 nm. The best attained PL quantum yield (QY) of the NCs was about 10%. Synthesized NCs were used as emissive layer in a light emitting device (LED) with ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK/CdS-NCs/AL structure. Turn on voltage of fabricated device was about 7 V. The CIE color coordinate of the LED at (0.34, 0.43) demonstrated a near white light LED with an emission on green-yellow boundary of white.     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

基于远程荧光技术的高显指白光LED的制备和性能研究

针对目前LED灯具在照明方面显色性不足,以及传统LED点胶封装所存在的芯片发热导致荧光粉性能衰减、色温漂移、出光不均匀等问题,采用近年来新兴的远程荧光封装方式。用黄绿色YGG荧光粉和氮化物红色荧光粉,与硅胶制成远程荧光片封装成LED灯具。通过大量实验确定了黄绿粉、红粉与硅胶的最佳比例,制备了不同色温的LED灯具,并选择了色坐标,光效,显色指数,R9,色质指数,色温,全色域指数等参数对灯具进行了测试与分析,为优质LED照明提供了更客观地综合评价。实验结果表明红粉与黄绿粉的最佳比例为1∶7.6,荧光粉总量与硅胶最佳比例为1∶5,此时制成的白光LED灯具的色温为4 113 K,色坐标(x, y)为(0.375 4, 0.373 1),光效为52.33 lm·w-1,色域度为0.981,显色指数高达96,其中R9为97。色质指数Qa值高达93,全色域指数为79。同时相较于传统封装而言,远程荧光封装的荧光板表面温度大大低于点胶封装荧光粉表面温度,可以有效地避免温度过高对LED产生的不良影响。     

A novel white light-emitting diode (w-LED) fabricated with Sr<Subscript>6</Subscript>BP<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>20</Subscript>:Eu<Superscript>2+</Superscript> phosphor

Sr₆BP₅O₂₀:Eu²⁺ phosphor was prepared by the solid-state reaction method under a weak reductive atmosphere and the photoluminescence properties were studied systematically. The bluish-green emission band of Sr₆BP₅O₂₀:Eu²⁺ phosphor is peaking at 475 nm, and the excitation bands are broad with peaks at about 290 and 365 nm with a shoulder around 390 nm, respectively. By combining with Ga(In)N-based near-ultraviolet LEDs, a bluish-green LED was fabricated based on the Sr₆BP₅O₂₀:Eu²⁺ phosphor, and a novel intense white LED was fabricated based on the bluish-green phosphor Sr₆BP₅O₂₀:Eu²⁺ and the red phosphor (Sr,Ca)₅(PO₄)₃Cl:Eu²⁺,Mn²⁺. When this two-phosphor white LED is operated under 20-mA forward-bias current at room temperature, the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage(CIE) chromaticity coordinates (x,y), the correlated color temperature Tc, and the color rendering index Ra are calculated to be (0.3281,0.3071), 5687 K, and 87.3, respectively. The dependence of the bluish-green and two-phosphor white LEDs on different forward-bias currents from 5 mA to 50 mA shows a similar behavior. As the current increases, the relative intensity simultaneously increases. The CIE chromaticity coordinates (x,y) of the two-phosphor white LED tend to decrease. Consequently, the correlated color temperature Tc increases from 3800 K to 9400 K and the color rendering index Ra of the two-phosphor white LED increases from 83.4 to 91.8 simultaneously. PACS 07.60.-j; 42.70.-a; 71.55.Eq     

Nano-plasmon enhancement effect on MWIR light emitting diode performance

We observed a significant increase in electro luminescence from GaSb based mid-wave infrared (MWIR) LED device through coupling with localized surface plasmon of a single layer Au nano-particles. We fabricated an interband cascade (IC) LED device with nine cascade active/injection layers with InAs/Ga_1−x In_xSb/InAs quantum well (QW) active region. Thin Au plasmon layer of 20 nm thickness is deposited on top anode electrode by e-beam technique, which resulted in 100% increase in light output for 50 μm square mesa device. We also observed a reduction in the device turn on voltage and increase in the apparent black body emission temperature due to nano-structure surface plasmon layer.     

TP-801程控变色矩阵字符显示

本文介绍了应用TP-801单板计算机实现对LED点阵显示器进行控制。实验结果表明,本显示器可以简单、灵活地实现三种颜色的变色显示,不但美观、醒目而且可以满足一些特殊场合的显示需要。字符大小、形状、颜色及字数可以由程序随意改变,从而显示出计算机控制——“万能逻辑电路”的优越性。在国内尚未见到同类工作的报导。     

非标准光源在颜色测量中的差异性分析

不同光源因光谱功率分布差异,具有不同色温、显色指数,测色差异很大。D65标准光源最接近日光光色,是国际照明委员会(CIE)推荐测色标准光源。但其价格昂贵、工作条件苛刻且不易得,实际测色中常用非标准光源代替。为了研究非标准光源的测色差异,设计了一套溶液比色系统,分别采用高压脉冲氙灯、LED灯、卤钨灯作为光源,亚硝酸盐显色实验为基础,以色度学原理计算3种光源的测色差异。结果显示,氙灯、LED灯光谱分布较为均匀,色度坐标接近等能白光E(0.33, 0.33), 测色比较接近真实颜色,而卤钨灯测色误差较大。氙灯与LED灯在L*a*b*空间测色平均色差ΔE_ab在10 NBS以内,两者与卤钨灯测色平均色差ΔE_ab在20 NBS以上。     

多基色LED的照明通信光源显色性研究

可见光无线通信(visible light communication,VLC)是将LED照明技术和光通信技术相结合的一种新兴技术。针对目前LED照明通信光源显色性差、光效低且色温不可调等问题,依据多基色LED白光通信原理进行了相关研究,以Yoshi等提出的高斯分布形式作为基色LED的光谱模型,利用国际照明委员会(CIE)推荐的一般显色指数(R_a)和美国国家标准与技术研究所(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)推荐的一般色质指数(Q_a)评价光源的显色性。采用遗传算法,在2 700~6 500 K色温范围内优化出单个色温以及色温可调光源满足显色性最优的光谱组合,并基于R_a和Q_a大于80的原则优化出色温可调光源光视效能(luminous efficacy of radiation,LER)最优化的光谱组合。最后根据实验结果分析了光源的显色性、光视效能和色温可调性三者之间的关系。结果表明：三基色色温可调白光LED满足显色性最优的峰值波长组合为613 nm/541 nm/464 nm,此时R_a和Q_a的最小值分别为81.2和81,可以满足一般条件下的照明通信需求;四基色色温可调白光LED满足显色性最优的峰值波长组合为620 nm/562 nm/505 nm/449 nm,此时R_a和Q_a的最小值分别为96.7和92.2。在特殊照明场所或要求较高的通信速率时,应采用四基色白光LED作为照明通信光源。仿真得到了三基色和四基色白光LED的最佳光谱组合,为宽通道可见光通信光源的设计提供了参考依据。     

Concentration quenching of Eu2+ in a thermal-stable yellow phosphor Ca2BO3Cl:Eu2+ for LED application

A piece-shaped phosphor Ca₂BO₃Cl: Eu²⁺ was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. This phosphor exhibited wide absorption in ultra-violet and visible range, and bright yellow emission band centering at 570 nm. The concentration quenching mechanism was verified to be a dipole–dipole interaction, and its critical transfer distance was about 17 Å by both calculated crystal structural method and experimental spectral method. This phosphor has a good thermal stability with a quenching temperature (T_1/2) of 200 °C. Yellow and white LEDs were fabricated with this phosphor and near UV chips, and the yellow LED has a high color purity of 97.0% and promising current tolerant property, while the white LED shows a luminous efficiency of 11.68 lm/W.     

The all-solid-state battery with vanadate glass-ceramic cathode

The Ga-Ag-Li|Li₇La₃Zr_1.89Al_0.15O₁₂|(Li₂O–B₂O₃–V₂O₅ + Fe) all-solid-state electrochemical cell has been designed with a simple sintering process. The Li₇La₃Zr_1.89Al_0.15O₁₂ solid electrolyte was prepared by sol-gel method. The lithium borovanadate glass was obtained by a convenient melt quenching technique. Cycliс voltammetry has shown that the current densities of the cell at 300 °C can reach several hundreds of μA cm^?2. At this temperature, the single cell voltage is about 3.2 and 0.8 V in the charged and discharged state, correspondingly. This cell produces a current enough to make a single LED of white color working. The cell surface discharge capacity exceeds 230 μAh cm^?2.