生物医用材料自增强工艺的研究现状及前景展望

介绍了生物医用材料自增强的概念, 重点介绍了纺丝、熔体注塑和挤出、纤维集束模压成型、定向自由拉伸、固态挤出、成纤模压等自增强工艺, 对这些自增强工艺的原理作了简要的介绍, 并对生物医用材料的发展前景进行了展望。     

Preparation of chitooligosaccharides by the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan

Chitosan of 80% degree of deacetylation was depolymerised by the cellulase of Aspergillus niger to prepare chitooligosaccharides. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the enzymatic hydrolyzates indicated that the products were mainly chitooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (DP) in the 3-11 range. By fractionation of the hydrolyzates with acetone-water, products of DP below 6 and DP above 6 were separated in good yield.     

Kinetics of the acid hydrolysis of isoproturon in the absence and presence of sodium lauryl sulfate micelles

Kinetics of the hydrolysis of isoproturon by hydrochloric acid has been studied spectrophotometrically in the absence and the presence of anionic sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS) micelles. The anionic micelle was found to increase the rate of reaction. The reaction followed first-order kinetics with respect to isoproturon and was linearly dependent upon [HCl]. In both aqueous and micellar pseudophases, the reaction was started with the protonation of the amino group of isoproturon followed by attack of water to yield phenylcarbamic acid and the corresponding amine, thus obeying the addition–elimination mechanism. The surfactant decreased the activation entropy. The binding constant in consistence with the rate constants was evaluated on the basis of pseudophase ion-exchange model. The added salts (NaCl and KCl) decreased the rate of reaction due to the exclusion of H⁺ from micellar surfaces.     

表面活性剂对纤维素接枝共聚物溶液粘度性质的影响

研究了阴离子十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、阳离子十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和非离子聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(OP)等三种不同类型的表面活性剂对疏水化水溶性两性纤维素接枝共聚物(CGAO)溶液粘度性质的影响.结果表明,在SDS和OP的临界胶束浓度(cmc)附近,CGAO溶液粘度最大,SDS引起CGAO粘度的变化大于OP;即使在CTAB的cmc附近,随着CTAB浓度的增加,CGAO的粘度一直呈下降趋势;非疏水改性的纤维素接枝共聚物的溶液粘度随SDS或CTAB浓度的增加而下降,但几乎不随OP浓度的增大而变化.此外,通过凝胶渗透色谱法测得的保留时间证实了SDS、CTAB和OP与CGAO之间的疏水缔合作用.     

Quantification of cellulase activity using cellulose-azure

Despite wide application of cellulose-azure as a substrate for measuring cellulase activity, there is no quantification of hydrolysis rate or enzymatic activities using this substrate. The aim of this study was to quantify the hydrolysis rate in terms of product formation and dye released using cellulose-azure. The amount of dye released was correlated with the production of glucose and the enzyme concentrations. It is shown that the lack of correlation can be due to (1) repression of the release of the azure-dye when azure-dye accumulates, (2) presence of degradable substrates in the cellulase powder which inflate the glucose measurements and (3) the degradation of cellulose which is not linked to the dye in the cellulose-azure. Based on the lack of correlation, it is recommended that cellulose-azure should only be applied in assays when the aim is to compare relative activities of different enzymatic systems.     

Hydrolysis of Ammonia-pretreated Sugar Cane Bagasse with Cellulase, β-Glucosidase, and Hemicellulase Preparations

Sugar cane bagasse consists of hemicellulose (24%) and cellulose (38%), and bioconversion of both fractions to ethanol should be considered for a viable process. We have evaluated the hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse with combinations of cellulase, β-glucosidase, and hemicellulase. Ground bagasse was pretreated either by the AFEX process (2NH₃: 1 biomass, 100 °C, 30 min) or with NH₄OH (0.5 g NH₄OH of a 28% [v/v] per gram dry biomass; 160 °C, 60 min), and composition analysis showed that the glucan and xylan fractions remained largely intact. The enzyme activities of four commercial xylanase preparations and supernatants of four laboratory-grown fungi were determined and evaluated for their ability to boost xylan hydrolysis when added to cellulase and β-glucosidase (10 filter paper units [FPU]: 20 cellobiase units [CBU]/g glucan). At 1% glucan loading, the commercial enzyme preparations (added at 10% or 50% levels of total protein in the enzyme preparations) boosted xylan and glucan hydrolysis in both pretreated bagasse samples. Xylanase addition at 10% protein level also improved hydrolysis of xylan and glucan fractions up to 10% glucan loading (28% solids loading). Significant xylanase activity in enzyme cocktails appears to be required for improving hydrolysis of both glucan and xylan fractions of ammonia pretreated sugar cane bagasse.     

MnO2纳米粒子固载纤维素酶用于高效水解农业废弃物制备生物乙醇

纤维素酶是一种有效的纤维质类物质水解催化剂,工业应用时可通过固定化纤维素酶来降低其成本。本文将烟曲霉原变种JCF产生的纤维素酶固定在MnO2纳米颗粒上。 MnO2可提高纤维素酶的活性,并充当一个更好的载体。采用扫描电镜表征了所制MnO2纳米粒子及其负载纤维素酶的表面性质,以傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了固定在MnO2纳米粒子上纤维素酶的官能团性质。纤维素酶在MnO2纳米粒子上最大的固定化效率为75%。考察了固定化纤维素酶的活性、操作pH值、温度、热稳定性和重复使用性等性质。结果表明,所制固定化酶的稳定性比游离酶更高。固定于MnO2纳米粒子上的纤维素酶可用于纤维质类物质的水解反应,且能在较宽的温度和pH值范围内使用。表征结果证实了该催化剂具有非常高的催化纤维素类物质水解的活性。     

聚α-甲基苯乙烯为硬段的三嵌段共聚物的合成与性能

本工作合成了以聚α-甲基苯乙烯(PαMS)为硬段、聚丁二烯(PBD)及氢化聚丁二烯(HPBD)为软段的两种ABA型三嵌段共聚物。研究了其合成方法、结构与性能,虽然这两种三嵌段共聚物软段T_g相近,均在-25℃左右,但由于氢化聚丁二烯的溶度参数很高,与聚α-甲基苯乙烯的相容性大,以致PαMS-HPBD-PαMS的断裂伸长,断裂强度及回弹性和硬段T_g均较之PαMS-PBD-PαMS有明显下降。     

Robust flower-like ZnO assembled β-PVDF/BT hybrid nanocomposite: Excellent energy harvester

Need of renewable green energy sources due to low cost synthesis, mechanically strong, high energy storage capacity with improved dielectric performance have been receiving much attention. Present work render the ZnO particle and flower-like morphology assemble semicrystalline β phase PVDF/BT nanocomposite, successfully synthesized by spin coating method and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR techniques. Also the energy storage density of composite with modified structure is largely increased with value 0.056 Jcm⁻³ at 6 MV/m which is 66% higher than virgin β-PVDF and 82% piezoelectric energy harvesting efficiency. Maximum dielectric constant is 1774 at 1 Hz for PVDF-BaTiO₃-ZnO_f [P-BT-ZnO_f] nanocomposite film and maximum breakdown strength of 43 kVcm⁻¹. Electrochemical study reveals that P-BT-ZnO_f nanocomposite film manifest better potential material. In terms of mechanical performance, P-BT-ZnO_f nanocomposite shows maximum Young's modulus of 204 MPa, tensile strength of 28.7 MPa and 23.1% elongation to break. These results provide promising capability to enhance the performance of composites for energy storage application, transducers, sensors, capacitors etc.     

无机粉体对微发泡聚丙烯复合材料力学行为的影响

通过改性的不同形状（针状MgSO4晶须、片状云母粉、球形状SiO2）无机粉体材料,以5％含量加入到聚丙烯中,在二次开模条件下制备微发泡PP复合材料;测定PP／无机粉体材料复合体系接触角,联合粘接理论计算液-固界面的黏附功;以异相成核理论和填充增强机理为基础,分析了不同形状的无机粉体材料对微发泡PP材料力学行为的影响规律...     

Fabrication of a high-strength hydrogel with an interpenetrating network structure

Hydrogels have potential applications in many fields, but the poor mechanical strength has limited their further development. In this article, we designed a high-strength hydrogel with an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure from polyacrylamide (PAM) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Synthesis parameters, such as PVA/AM mass ratio, crosslinker dosage and elongation time were carried out for high tensile strength and elongation. The results showed that chemical crosslinking, physical entanglement and PVA precipitates were the dominant parameters for the improvement of mechanical properties. The PVA structure transferred from crystal to amorphous due to intermolecular and intramolecular interactions (such as hydrogen bond and self-crosslinking). PVA precipitates scatterred in the brittle PAM matrix homogeneously which dispersed the applied stress and improved the hydrogel toughness. The tensile strength and elongation were extremely high, they were 2.4 MPa and 3100%, respectively. The simple method is versatile in synthesizing high-strength IPN hydrogels using many kinds of polymer species.     

聚氨基葡糖复合超滤膜的N—乙酰化反应改性研究

聚氨基葡糖复合超滤膜（简称CS膜）的机械强度一尤其是柔软性、韧性、水溶胀性、抗弯曲程度是制约其农膜分离应用中的一个重要因素。本文通过对CS膜进行一系列N—乙酰化反应,明显提高了CS膜的耐水溶胀性．抗弯曲程度及在于、湿状态下的柔软性、韧性。     

The Effect of 3-aminopropyltrimethyoxysilane (AMEO) as a Coupling Agent on Curing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Palm Kernel Shell Powder Composites

This research is conducted using palm kernel shell powder (PKS) as filler in natural rubber The effect of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as coupling agent on composites were studied at different palm kernel shell loading i.e, 0 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr The palm kernel shell was crushed and sieved to an average particle size of 5.53 μm The palm kernel shell filled natural rubber composites were prepared using laboratory size two roll mill The curing characteristics such as scorch time, cure time and maximum torque were obtained from rheometer The palm kernel shell powder filled natural rubber composites were cured at 150^oC using hot press according to their cure time Curing characteristics, tensile properties, rubber-filler interaction and morphological properties of palm kernel shell powder filled natural rubber were studied Scorch time and cure time show reduction but tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% (M100) and modulus at 300% (M300) increased with the presence of 3-aminopropyltrimethyloxysilane Rubber-filler interaction studies showed that rubber filler interaction in natural rubber filled with palm kernel shell powder improved with incorporation of 3-aminopropyltrimethyoxysilane.     

光—生物双降解PE膜在复合光敏剂体系作用下的光降解行为研究

本文研究了通过改变复合光敏剂体系中光敏剂Ａ、光稳定剂Ｂ的配比Ｒ＝Ｃ＿Ａ／Ｃ＿Ｂ（摩尔比），来考察薄膜的诱导期、脆化时间的变化，以及碳基指数、拉伸强度随辐照时间的变化。结果表明，添加此复合光敏剂体系的薄膜的诱导期随Ｒ的增大（即光稳定剂用量减少）而减少，脆化时间也随Ｒ的增大而减少。     

Textured nickel tapes prepared from commercially available material

Textured Ni tapes were fabricated from commercially available nickel pellets (98.5% Ni). Ingots produced by a melt process were cold rolled to 150–400 μm thick tapes. Texturing was achieved by annealing in a reducing atmosphere (Ar + 6.5% v/v H₂). Sharp cubic biaxial textured Ni tapes were obtained by thermal treatment at 1000°C for 2 hours in a reducing atmosphere. The tapes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and by electron backscattering diffraction. The tensile strength, the thermal expansion behavior and the Vickers hardness for the cold rolled tapes and for the heat-treated tapes were measured.      

共缩聚聚酰胺胶囊的制备及其性质的研究

界面缩聚法是制备微胶囊的常用办法之一,在医药、农药、生物工程等各个领域得到了广泛的研究与应用.此法制备聚酰胺胶囊具有制备方法简单、缩聚速度快、囊壁孔隙大等优点.在制备胶囊时,一般以一种二元胺或多元胺作为水溶性单体,制备的微胶囊存在很大的缺陷.当用二元胺作为水溶性单体时,得到具有线型结构的聚酰胺胶囊,囊壁的机械强度差.采用多元胺作为水溶性单体时,反应深度小,制备的胶囊囊壁薄、孔隙小.我们采用二元胺和多元胺的混合物作为水溶性单体,得到了不规则缩聚的共缩聚胶囊.改变二元胺与多元胺的比例,改善囊壁的机械强度和对KCl 的渗透系数,从而制备出具有较高机械强度和较大渗透系数的胶囊,以适应实际应用中对芯材控制释放的要求.