Emergent Scenario in Anisotropic Universe

In this work, we have considered that the anisotropic universe is filled with normal matter and phantom field (or tachyonic field). We have chosen the exponential forms of scale factors a and b in such a way that there is no singularity for evolution of the anisotropic universe. Here we have shown that the emergent scenario is possible for open, closed or flat universe if the universe contains phantom field or tachyonic field or phantom tachyonic field. From recently developed statefinder parameters, the behaviour of different stages of the evolution of the emergent universe have been generated.     

鋼鐵中碳、氮的擴散、脱溶和沉澱

一般认为钢的变脆例如蓝脆和回火脆都与钢中的扩散和沉淀有关系。本文尝试用内耗测量的方法研究碳与氮在α-铁及碳素钢中的扩散、脱溶和沉淀,从而进一步地了解钢的变脆的机构。实验的结果指出,碳在α-铁中的扩散不受自身浓度、合金元素和沉淀历史的影响。氮的情形与碳显著不同,合金元素使氮的扩散变慢,在沉淀初期使氮的扩散加速。较有系统地研究了碳、氮在加工后的α-铁中脱溶时所引起的内耗峰(当振动频率约为每秒1周时出现在250℃左右),发现了高温淬火在含碳或氮较多的试样中所产生的内应力也可以引起这个内耗峰。实验指出:①这个脱溶内耗峰的出现条件与钢的蓝脆的出现条件相同,都是一种应变时效或淬火时效的现象;②与这个内耗峰有关的碳、氮是处于原子的状态。这些联系使我们认为钢的蓝脆是一种应变脱溶或淬火脱溶的过程,是由于原子状态的碳或氮聚集于钢中的内应力区域或晶体缺陷(例如原子脱节)中所引起来的。关于这方面的深入研究正在继续进行中。根据本实验及以前关于钢铁中碳氮的扩散、脱溶和沉淀所得的结果,对于钢的回火脆的机构也提出了一种初步的看法。回火脆是一种回火沉淀的过程,引起回火脆的沉淀似乎是氮化物而不是碳化物。     

Homothetic and conformal symmetries of solutions to Einstein's equations

We present several results about the nonexistence of solutions of Einstein's equations with homothetic or conformal symmetry. We show that the only spatially compact, globally hyperbolic spacetimes admitting a hypersurface of constant mean extrinsic curvature, and also admitting an infinitesimal proper homothetic symmetry, are everywhere locally flat; this assumes that the matter fields either obey certain energy conditions, or are the Yang-Mills or massless Klein-Gordon fields. We find that the only vacuum solutions admitting an infinitesimal proper conformal symmetry are everywhere locally flat spacetimes and certain plane wave solutions. We show that if the dominant energy condition is assumed, then Minkowski spacetime is the only asymptotically flat solution which has an infinitesimal conformal symmetry that is asymptotic to a dilation. In other words, with the exceptions cited, homothetic or conformal Killing fields are in fact Killing in spatially compact or asymptotically flat spactimes. In the conformal procedure for solving the initial value problem, we show that data with infinitesimal conformal symmetry evolves to a spacetime with full isometry.     

Multi-angle observation scheme for bubbles and droplets

Abstract  

The split-screen imaging technique, in which the field of view of a single video/still camera is divided into two (or more) regions, is one of the techniques for observing, using a single camera, liquid droplets, bubbles or particles translating in another fluid from two (or more) different directions. A drawback of the split-screen imaging technique is that it generally requires a longer optical path than the ordinary multi-camera technique that allots each view axis to each of two (or more) synchronized cameras. This study presents an optical arrangement that minimizes the optical path for the two-directional split-screen imaging so as to allow the use of a camera lens with a short working distance. Its modification configured for the three-directional split-screen imaging of translating bubbles or drops is also presented.     

激光传输模拟中基于衍射过程FFT算法的参量优化

为实现采用相位屏法正确模拟准直激光束经湍流大气的传输特性,根据湍流特性、抽样定理以及两屏间衍射过程FFT算法本身所决定的相邻两屏网格间距之间的关系,得出相位屏间距和网格间距确定网格数目最优取值的解析表达式,数值模拟高斯光束经自由空间和湍流大气传输的远场分布,网格数目取解析式求得的最优值848时,光束经自由空间传输的模拟结果与ABCD定律求得的解析结果完全一致;网格数目取836或860时,等效于光束通过偶数相位屏时被正透镜或负透镜阵列会聚或发散,削弱或夸大湍流大气对光束的影响,模拟结果出现严重偏差。     

On how to count Goldstone bosons

A generalization of Goldstone's theorem is presented which is valid for theories either with or without relativistic invariance. The central suggestion is that, under certain specified assumptions, all Goldstone bosons can be divided into two classes, termed type I and type II, in accordance with the behaviour of their dispersion laws. A Goldstone boson is a member of either the first or the second class according as its energy, in the limit of long wavelengths, is proportional to an odd or an even power of its momentum, respectively. The major result then is that, if each Goldstone boson of type I is counted once and that of type II is counted twice, the total number of “bosons” so obtained is always equal to or greater than the number of symmetry generators that are spontaneously broken. An immediate corollary is the familiar result that for relativistically invariant theories the number of Goldstone bosons can never be less than the number of spontaneously broken generators. Throughout the proof of the above result particular emphasis is placed on theories which are not Lorentz invariant.     

Interaction between acoustic fields of the ambient noise and point surface source

In measuring acoustic field vector properties either complete or partial cancellation between ambient noise energy flux and the oppositely directed one, radiated, for instance, by tone or noise-shaped point source can be found. In that case there is no matter coherent or incoherent fields interact. The phenomenon of interest is named compensation of opposing energy fluxes. The paper is focused on interaction between vertical component of the surface noise energy flux and that of bottom-reflected noise-shaped interfering signal from on-water source in the deep open ocean. Bottom-reflected weak broadband interfering signal measures the extent of resultant compensation. As the vertical projection of the signal energy flux makes the interference maximum, its power appears to be comparable to that of the surface noise and complete compensation takes place at a given frequency. Once it is the interference minimum, just partial compensation can be found. No compensation was observed for co-directional energy fluxes.     

The role of median surface curvature in large amplitude flexural vibrations of thin shells

General conclusions regarding the non-linear vibration of structural components like curved beams, rings and thin shells are derived from the study of two specific examples, the circular ring and shallow spherical shell. It is shown that whereas the non-linear behaviour of flat plates and straight bars is generally of a hardening type, the behaviour of thin structural elements that have a finite curvature of the undeformed median surface in one or both principal axis directions may be of the hardening or softening type, depending on the structural parameters as well as on whether the shell is open or closed. It is seen that with careful judgment in the use of mode shapes of one or more terms, the resulting modal equations help one to appreciate much better the physics of the problem, whereas sophisticated mathematical models tend to obscure this.     

Nature of the short wavelength excitations in vitreous silica: An X-Ray brillouin scattering study

Spontaneous emission in photonic crystals with anisotropic three-dimensional dispersion relation is studied. If the upper level is below a characteristic frequency omega(1), or above omega(2), or between omega(1) and omega(2), the radiation is a localized field with a frequency in the band gap, or a propagating field with a frquency in the band, or a diffusion field, respectively. An analytical expression for the Lamb shift is obtained. The Lamb shift for the current case is small compared to that in an ordinary vacuum or in one- or two-dimensional photonic crystals due to lower density of states.     

光谱反射比的实际删节方法研究

为了将测量间隔较小的光谱反射比数据删节或者压缩成间隔较大的数据,给出了三种方法,即：直接选取法、线性删节法和三阶删节法,并对其特性进行了仿真验证.从仿真的结果可以看出：若将测量间隔为5 nm的数据压缩成间隔为10 nm、20 nm或30 nm的数据,则采用三阶删节方法误差最小;若将测量间隔为10 nm的数据压缩成间隔为20 nm或30 nm的数据,则直接选取法似乎结果更好一些.另外,还给出了三阶删节方法与"向量子空间法"在光谱图像压缩方面的特性比较,比较的结果发现,三阶删节方法要比"向量子空间法"更好一些.可以看出,删节方法无论是对光谱反射比的删节还是对光谱图像的压缩,其结果都能很好的满足工业需求.     

Metal-insulator transition and its relation to magnetic structure in (LaMnO3)2n/(SrMnO3)n superlattices

Superlattices of (LaMnO3){2n}/(SrMnO3){n} (1or=3. Measurements of transport, magnetization, and polarized neutron reflectivity reveal that the ferromagnetism is relatively uniform in the metallic state, and is strongly modulated in the insulating state, being high in LaMnO3 and suppressed in SrMnO3. The modulation is consistent with a Mott transition driven by the proximity between the (LaMnO3)/(SrMnO3) interfaces. The insulating state for n>or=3 obeys variable range hopping at low temperatures. We suggest that this is due to states at the Fermi level that emerge at the (LaMnO3)/(SrMnO3) interfaces and are localized by disorder.     

Dynamic mode interaction in multi-mode laser diodes

Dynamic characteristics of laser diodes are numerically calculated on multi-mode rate equations, including spatial relaxing interaction causing mode competitions or jumps. It is revealed that the interaction effect is classified into three cases [“independent (or inhomogeneous)”, “competition (or intermediate)”, and “monopoly (or ideally homogeneous)”], that an optimum relaxing coefficient value exists to minimize relaxation oscillations in rise and decay transients, and that the optimum value is related to the relaxation period. Calculated results are discussed in comparison with the experimental results.     

Pseudomodulation: A computer-based strategy for resolution enhancement

Pseudomodulation is defined as computer simulation of the effect on a magnetic resonance spectrum that would be obtained if a sinusoidal field modulation were applied followed by phase-sensitive detection at the fundamental frequency or at one of its harmonics. Since it is done by computer, it is not necessary that it actually be possible to modulate the field. The algorithm is developed here for EPR spectroscopy, but can be applied to any function or to any digitized signal, including an NMR signal, and there can be more than one independent parameter, as, for example, an MR image or a 2D NMR spectrum where there are two. Pseudomodulation transforms and filters a digitized spectrum. Subtraction or addition of various amounts of the even harmonics of the digitized spectral data from or to the original spectrum results in resolution enhancement. Other resolution-enhancement algorithms that use pseudomodulation are also presented. Resolution enhancement by pseudomodulation is tested on simulated spectra to which computer-generated noise has been added and is applied to the EPR S-band spectrum of the blue copper protein azurin.     

Layer potentials and acoustic diffraction

Various more or less classical layer potential representations of the diffracted acoustic field within an enclosure or external to an obstacle are discussed. It is shown that it is always possible to find such a representation which yields to an integral equation equivalent to the partial derivative boundary value problem: that is, the conditions of existence and uniqueness of the solution are the same in both formulations. Several numerical experiments are reported, which show that simple and reasonably inexpensive techniques provide predictions of the acoustic field, or of the eigenfrequencies, with an accuracy sufficient for acoustical engineering purposes.     

绕凸包主动流动控制的初步数值研究

基于程序可靠性校验,本文对绕凸包流动进行了数值研究,其中主要对不同吹／吸气速度影响进行了参数化研究,并根据结果对吹／吸气控制分离机理予以了解释,表明:吹吸气对附面层的吹断／吸除作用以及其对主流的气动堵塞作用是正确分析其影响分离机理的关键。     

Entanglement Sudden Death in Quantum Optics： What is it and why does it happen？

It is well known in quantum optics that fluctuations and dissipation inevitably intervene in the dynamics of open quantum systems. Density matrix elements may all decay exponentially and smoothly but we show that two-party entanglement, a valuable quantum coherence, may nevertheless abruptly decrease to zero in a finite time. This is Entanglement Sudden Death. In this talk we show how entanglement sudden death occurs under either phase or amplitude noise, either quantum or classical in origin. Moreover, we show that when two or more noises are active at the same time, the effects of the combined noises is even more unexpected.     

Generating sensor signals in isotropic noise fields

Researchers in the signal processing community often require sensor signals that result from a spherically or cylindrically isotropic noise field for simulation purposes. Although it has been shown that these signals can be generated using a number of uncorrelated noise sources that are uniformly spaced on a sphere or cylinder, this method is seldom used in practice. In this paper algorithms that generate sensor signals of an arbitrary one- and three-dimensional array that result from a spherically or cylindrically isotropic noise field are developed. Furthermore, the influence of the number of noise sources on the accuracy of the generated sensor signals is investigated.     

Homoclinic (Heteroclinic) Orbit of Complex Dynamical System and Spiral Structure

Starting from iterated systems, it is shown that the homoclinic (heteroclinic) orbit is a kind of spiral structure. The emphasis is laid to show that there are homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits in complex discrete and continuous systems, and these homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits are some kind of spiral structure.     

Topological order at nonzero temperature

We propose a definition for topological order at nonzero temperature in analogy to the usual zero temperature definition that a state is topologically ordered, or "nontrivial", if it cannot be transformed into a product state (or a state close to a product state) using a local (or approximately local) quantum circuit. We prove that any two-dimensional Hamiltonian which is a sum of commuting local terms is not topologically ordered at T > 0. We show that such trivial states cannot be used to store quantum information using certain stringlike operators. This definition is not too restrictive, however, as the four dimensional toric code does have a nontrivial phase at nonzero temperature.     

A life of its own: The tenuous connection between Thales of Miletus and the study of electrostatic charging

Thales of Miletus, a Presocratic Greek Philosopher, is often credited with discovering electrostatic charging and carrying out the first experiments or systematic observations of this phenomenon. We examine the original sources from antiquity to uncover Thales' true contributions. Thales is likely to have commented on electrostatics in connection to his philosophical idea that even lifeless things have a share or piece of soul in them, but there is no basis to believe that he discovered, carried out experiments on, or systematically observed electrostatic charging.