扩压叶栅端壁角区流向涡对湍流特性的影响

本文用三维激光多普勒测速技术测量了平面扩压叶栅的叶片吸力面角区流动湍流特性，如紊流动能分布、雷诺应力分布等．分析了角区内流向涡和通道涡对湍流特性分布的影响，结果表明：流向涡的核心区域及旋涡与附面层相互作用区域的湍流动能增加．同时，旋涡和旋涡运动强烈影响着雷诺正应力和切应力的分布规律．     

局部附面层抽吸对高负荷扩压叶栅流动特性影响

在低速条件下实验研究了局部附面层吸除对高负荷扩压叶栅内流动特性的影响。实验对叶栅壁面进行了墨迹流动显示,并采用五孔气动探针测量了叶栅出口截面参数,得到了该截面的二次流速度矢量分布。结果表明,吸力面两端附面层吸除能有效减小角区三维分离、抑制通道涡发展,而在吸力面中部抽吸不能有效抑制角区三维分离流动;在角区分离线起始位置后采用吸力面两端吸气方式时,吸气量越大流动改善的效果越好,其余方案时吸气量变化对流动影响较小。     

前缘逆主流喷射冷气时涡轮叶栅流场性能研究

前缘逆主流喷射冷气对壁面静压有明显影响;冷气与主流掺混及卵型涡的形成导致近叶片表面处能量损失增加;吸力面或压力面根部出现与通道涡旋向相同或相反的涡系;卵型涡能够以一定形式保持到叶栅出口并与尾迹作用,使出口处气动参数剧烈变化．     

来流附面层对大转角扩压叶栅气动性能的影响

实验对比了低速条件下抽吸来流附面层前后某大转角扩压叶栅性能的变化。在叶栅壁面进行了墨迹流动显示,并对叶栅出口截面参数进行了测量。结果表明,入口附面层主要影响的区域是损失比较严重的吸力面/端壁角区。减薄大转角扩压叶栅的入口附面层可有效抑制栅内端壁附近的横向二次流、抑制角区分离、降低损失。当吸气量为入口流量的2.5%时,总...     

端壁翼刀降低叶栅损失机理的实验研究

通过实验研究和拓扑分析的方法,分析了安装端壁翼刀后的压气机叶栅内流场的旋涡结构和演化过程.结果表明,安装翼刀后,在翼刀的安装位置产生了一对方向相反的旋涡,通道涡的强度减弱;马蹄涡的吸力面分支与叶栅吸力面相交的位置向下游推移,沿叶高向叶片中部流动的范围缩短,进而叶栅吸力面壁角区的流动得到了改善,降低了叶栅总损失.     

非定常尾迹控制叶栅分离研究

本文采用大涡模拟对某大转角叶栅的非定常分离流动及其在非定常尾迹作用下的分离控制机理进行了数值分析。主要捕捉了两个特征频率:分离泡不稳定频率f_shear和尾缘脱落涡频率f_shed,研究了不同的激励频率、尾迹移动方向、随机脉动等激励特征控制流动分离的效果。结果显示:特定外部频率强化了分离剪切层中的K-H展向涡结构,f_shed能同时影响分离区域和尾涡区域,f_shear只能作用于分离区域;尾迹从吸力面向压力面移动时,分离结构表现出对来流周期性更明显的响应;进口随机脉动对破坏K-H展向涡结构非常有效。     

端壁射流控制扩压叶栅内流动的参数研究

以50°折转角扩压叶栅为对象,数值研究了端壁射流参数对栅内分离流动的影响规律。结果表明:端壁射流可以有效减弱扩压叶栅内的流动分离,马赫数为0.23时最高可降低9.5%的总压损失;射流诱导旋涡可以阻止通道涡的横向迁移,并将主流高能流体卷入角区,角区流体动量增加;流向涡的位置与强度对控制效果有较大影响,其合理位置是叶栅前方、靠近吸力面,并且强度应适中以避免过大的掺混损失;在入口高马赫数条件下也取得了良好的效果。     

扩压叶栅端壁角区流动结构和紊流特性

三维激光多普勒测速技术测量了扩压叶栅叶片和端壁相交的角区中的流动结构和紊流特性。实验结果表明,角区中端壁附面层和叶面附面层的堆积使得叶面附面层变厚;角区内存在较强的通道涡,随流动向下游发展,通道涡核心远离叶面;在前缘产生的马蹄涡逐步消失;通道涡使得角区的紊流动能增加,并影响雷诺正应力的分布。     

扩压叶栅二维流动分离的数值模拟

通过数值模拟,研究了二维扩压叶栅内流动分离及涡脱落的特征.定常计算结果表明:随着叶片负荷的增加,流场中奇点数目明显增加.非定常计算结果表明;在二维扩压流场中存在尾缘脱落涡和吸力面脱落涡两种脱落涡,它们的脱落频率随着冲角和马赫数的变化而变化.     

具有叶尖小翼的压气机叶栅间隙流动分析

采用数值模拟方法对利用不同安装方式叶尖小翼控制压气机叶栅间隙流动进行研究。结果表明,不同安装方式叶尖小翼都可以有效降低叶顶泄漏流速,削弱泄漏涡强度。叶尖小翼改变了叶尖负荷及泄漏涡运行轨迹,进而影响了叶尖流场不同涡系之间的相互作用。吸力面小翼削弱了泄漏涡,抑制了通道涡的发展,使得叶栅总损失降低。压力面小翼及组合小翼削弱了泄漏涡,但增强了通道涡及其与泄漏涡之间的相互作用,叶栅总损失增加。     

湍流理论的近代发展

这篇论文的内容是关於不可压缩流体的湍流理论近代发展的综合性介绍舆分析。我们首先评述了根据Reynolds的平均运动方程所建立的混合长度理论。其次,分析关於均匀各向同性湍流的主要理论工作。第三,讨论了运用Reynolds的平均运动方程和根据速度涨落方程求得的速度关联函数的动力学方程来处理具有Reynolds剪应力的普通湍流运动问题。同时说明这个方法虽然能够给出比混合长度理论舆实验较为接近的理论结果并能提出速度涨落平方平均值的理论分布,但是由於在求出的速度关联的动力学方程中出现高次元的速度关联,它继续地导致不封闭的微分方程组因而遇到不易克服的困难。因此,从以上湍流理论发展的回顾和最近关於均匀各向同性湍流在后期衰变运动的涡性结构工作,我们在最后提出了对今后湍流理论研究工作的新看法:湍流运动的基本组成部分是流体粘性作用所引起的涡旋运动;这个涡旋运动的动力学根据是用平均的方法后Navier-Stokes方程所导出的Reyonlds的平均运动方程典带度涨落方程。我们并着重说明Reynolds认识到湍流运动可分作平均运动与涨落运动的重要性。今后的理论工作则在於求这两组动力学方程的涡旋运动解,而这种类型的解并须满足像Колмогоров在高Reynolds数运动的局部各向同性湍流理论中所提出的统计条件,方能使解满足惟一性并可舆实验结果相比较。     

Fluid friction in incompressible laminar convection: Reynolds' analogy revisited for variable fluid properties

The Reynolds' analogy between the Stanton number (St) and the skin friction coefficient (c_f) is popularly believed to hold when St increases with increasing c_f, for simple situations. In this investigation, the validity of Reynolds' analogy between St and c_f for micro-convection of liquids with variations in fluid properties is re-examined. It is found that the Sieder-Tate's property-ratio method for obtaining Nusselt number corrections is theoretically based on the validity of Reynolds' analogy. The inverse dependence of Reynolds number and skin friction coefficient is the basis for validity of the Reynolds' analogy, in convective flows with fluid property variations. This leads to the unexpected outcome that Reynolds' analogy now results in St increasing with decreasing c_f. These results and their analyses indicate that the validity of Reynolds' analogy is based on deeper foundations, and the well-known validity criterion is a special case.     

尾迹流中大尺度涡的三维理论模型

根据流动稳定性理论,在边界层外区大尺度涡理论模型的基础上提出了一种解释尾迹流中大尺度涡产生机理的三维理论模型。采用该模型对NACA0012翼型尾缘后0．1到0．3倍弦长区域的流动进行计算,得出的流场结构及大尺度量的等值线等与实验符合一致,说明该理论模型能够很好地捕捉到尾迹流中大尺度结构的主要特征。该模型的提出为开展尾迹型流动的实验和数值模拟研究提供理论支持,同时为研究尾迹对流动的影响,特别是叶轮机内部的流动前一级叶栅尾迹对下一级叶片边界层的干扰提供了很大的简化。     

THE INFLUENCE OF CYLINDER LUBRICATION ON PISTON SLAP

A model has been developed for determining the time history of piston slap impact force. This model takes into account the influence of the oil film on the impact behaviour, which was found to be an important factor. However, it was also found that entrapped gas bubbles in the oil are equally significant. Three test rigs were designed and built to study these effects on the impact phenomenon and extensive tests were carried out. The impact force time history has been determined using Reynolds' theory. Results have shown that Reynolds' theory for fluid film squeezing can be applied for oil film damping determination. However, the experimental results have also shown that when gas is entrapped during the impact, this theory considerably overpredicts the magnitude of the impact. An eight-degree-of-freedom lumped parameter model was developed through the dynamic analysis of each component of an internal combustion engine's reciprocating system. The effective damping factor derived from this model was found to be inversely proportional to the oil film thickness cubed, as expected from Reynolds' theory. A dynamic model has been proposed, where the oil film mixed with bubbles is considered to be analogous to a serial spring and damping system. By incorporating a spring in series with this damper, the effect of the bubbles can also be predicted.     

气固两相圆柱绕流的直接数值模拟

本文运用谱元方法对气固两相圆柱绕流进行了直接数值模拟。在获得高精度计算流场信息基础上,进行颗粒扩散运动的研究。通过研究颗粒大小对颗粒扩散运动的影响来刻画气固两相圆柱绕流的物理特征。研究时发现,由于圆柱尾流独特的涡结构特征,颗粒在流场中心轴线附近区域的扩散机理主要是决定于吸力作用,该作用会驱使小颗粒卷吸进入圆柱尾部近壁区,甚至与圆柱后壁发生碰撞,这种扩散机理与混合层中颗粒扩散机理明显不同。     

颗粒沉降运动的虚拟区域法直接数值模拟

文采用基于四边形网格的分布式拉格朗日乘子／虚拟区域方法(DLM／FD method)对二维方槽内775个圆形颗粒在流体中的沉降过程进行了直接数值模拟。得到了颗粒流沉降过程中流体和颗粒速度和涡量分布、流场压力分布等流动细节,展示了颗粒在沉降过程中由于相间的相互作用以及颗粒间的作用,使得颗粒流在流场内形成大小不一的旋流区,颗粒回旋着沉降,同时颗粒的尾涡影响附近颗粒的运动．本文的结果说明分布式拉格朗日乘子／虚拟区域方法对模拟存在很多颗粒的悬浮体流动是可行的。     

High-definition PIV analysis on vortex shedding in the cylinder wake

A high-definition analysis based on flow topology is made on the vortex motions under natural and lock-on conditions in the near-wake region of a circular cylinder, where two-dimensional flow fields in the wake-transition regime are measured by a time-resolved PIV system. The Reynolds stress distributions are examined in view of the mean separation streamline and the trajectory ofthe vortex center. It is shown that, by the lock-on, the Reynolds stresses become stronger and their dispositions match well with the shortened wake bubble, indicating perfect synchronization of shedding to the oscillatory forcing flow in the near field, which causes increased lift and drag forces.     

Nature of the source of vortex sound flowing around a cylindrical profile

This paper is devoted to refining the nature of a vortex sound source and validly estimating the parameters of the region of source origination in a wake behind a cylindrical profile depending on the incoming flow velocity and profile diameter. Based on experimental measurements of the rms values of pressure pulsations on the surface and in the wake behind the profile and hydrodynamic laws for 2D fluid flows, the position of the origin of the vortex street in the wake and the size of the region where the street is still irregular are estimated. In this region, the street dimensions and pressure pulsation amplitudes change with distance from the profile. It is found that the maximum of the pressure pulsation in the wake approaches the profile surface in the range of Reynolds numbers (4.7 × 10³?1.5 × 10⁴); the amplitude of pressure pulsations on the profile and vortex sound intensity also increase. Based on the relationship between the source’s position and size and the width of the vortex street, as well as taking into account the decay of vortex circulation in the street with increasing distance to the profile, it is shown that the distance from the source to the surface of the profile should not exceed two gages. It is shown that an obstacle in the wake in the region of its irregularity causes a decrease in pressure pulsations on the profile and attenuation of emitted sound. Sound emission ceases completely when the obstacle comes in direct contact with the region of origination of the vortex street. Theoretical estimates satisfactorily agree with the measurement results.     

Frish-Hasslecher-Pomeau流体力学模型的平均自由程

本文计算Frish-Hasslecher-Pomeau(缩写为FHP)模型的平均自由程λ。计算表明,当粒子碰撞超过60次后λ趋于常数;当粒子密度为0.25时λ取最小值,对应于雷诺数的最大值。此外,本文还指出FHP模型与分子动力学模型的某些差别。     

轴流压气机转子叶尖泄漏涡和尾迹在静子尖区的传播

用三维激光多普勒测速系统测量了轴流压气机设计状态转子叶尖泄漏涡和尾迹在静子尖区的传播过程。结果表明,转子叶尖泄漏涡和转子尾迹周期地扫过静子通道尖区,导致该区出现周期性的流动阻塞和脉动。转子尾迹在静子通道内追赶上从前一转子叶片通道内下来的叶尖泄漏涡,二者的相互作用和掺混导致静子尖区更为复杂的二次流动。同转子尾迹相比,转子叶尖泄漏涡对静子尖区的影响更为明显和深远。静叶尾部吸力面出现流动分离,分离流同低能物质之间发生相互作用和掺混。