Solution-phase energy profiles for trigonal bipyramidal species postulated as intermediates for the hydrolysis of methyl ethylene phosphate

We present results of solution-phase ab initio and DFT investigations on the trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) intermediates postulated for the hydrolysis of methyl ethylene phosphate (MEP). A key intermediate for the hydrolysis would not be a TBP species with the hydroxyl group axial, but would be a TBP intermediate with the hydroxyl group equatorial. Considering the reaction pathways through this intermediate, not only exclusive ring opening in the dilute alkaline hydrolysis of MEP but also significant amount of exocyclic cleavage in the strong alkali can be rationalized. This interpretation is in accord with the mechanisms proposed by Lim et al. and by Lönnberg et al.     

简便荧光法测定Fenton反应产生的羟自由基

简便荧光法测定Fenton反应产生的羟自由基;芬顿反应;羟自由基;亮绿SF;荧光光度法     

羟基自由基的流动注射荧光法测定

本文研究Fenton反应产生的·OH与Ce3+作用后Ce3+被氧化生成无荧光的Ce4+,通过测定Ce3+的荧光强度的下降可间接测定所产生的羟自由基,并结合流动注射技术,确定了体系最佳实验条件。同时测定抗氧化剂清除羟自由基的实验证明,该体系可作为在线筛选抗氧化剂以及在线测定羟自由基的方法。     

Chemoselective Hydrolysis of Ester Bonds in the Presence of Baker's Yeast

The catalytic effect of baker's yeast on the hydrolysis of aliphatic esters in p-acetoxybenzoates is described. The chemoselective character of this reaction enables the selective protection of the hydroxyl group in p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives.     

In situ evaluation of kinetic resolution catalysts for nitroaldol by rationally designed fluorescence probe

Development of effective chemical catalysts is a key concern in organic chemistry. Therefore, convenient screening systems for chemical catalysts are required, and although some fluorescence-based HTS systems have been developed, little attempt has been made to apply them to asymmetric catalysts. Therefore, we tried to develop a chiral fluorescence probe which can evaluate the reactivity and enantioselectivity of asymmetric catalysts. We focused on kinetic resolution catalysts as a target of our novel fluorescence probe, employing β-elimination following acylation of nitroaldol. Once the hydroxyl group of nitroaldol is acylated, β-elimination occurs immediately, affording nitro olefin. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a fluorescence probe with an asymmetric nitroaldol moiety. Its fluorescence intensity decreases dramatically upon β-elimination, so the fluorescence decrease is an indicator of the reaction yield. Thus, the enantioselectivity of kinetic resolution catalysts can be assessed simply by measuring the fluorescence intensities of the reaction mixtures of the two enantiomers; it is not necessary to purify the product. This fluorescence probe revealed that benzotetramisole is a superior catalyst for kinetic resolution of nitroaldol. Furthermore, we established an HTS system for asymmetric catalysts, using a fluorescence probe and benzotetramisole. To our knowledge, this is the first fluorescence-based HTS system for asymmetric catalysts.     

Accelerated Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Picolinate Catalyzed by Metallomicelle Made from a Novel Macrocyclic Polyamine Copper（Ⅱ） Complex

A copper（Ⅱ） complex 1 of a novel macrocyclic polyamine ligand with hydroxylethyl pendant groups, 4,11-bis（hydroxylethyl）-5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane （L） has been synthesized and characterized. Rate enhancement for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl picolinate （PNPP） catalyzed by 1 was studied kinetically under Brij35 micellar condition. For comparision, the catalytic activity of corresponding copper（Ⅱ） complex 2 of non-substituted macrocyclic polyamine ligand, 5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraaza-cyclotetradecane （L＇） toward the hydrolysis of PNPP was also investigated. The results indicate that the macrocyclic polyamine copper（Ⅱ） complex 1 effectively catalyzed the hydrolysis of PNPP, and the pendant ligand hydroxyl group or deprotonated pendant ligand hydroxyl group can act as catalytically active species in the reaction. A ternary Complex kinetic model involving metal ion, ligand and substrate has been proposed, and the results confirmed the reasonability of such kinetic model.     

Dimethylthiophosphinic esters for the gas chromatographic determination of monohydroxy-steroids with the alkali flame detector : VI. Steroid phosphorus compounds

Dimethylthiophosphinic chloride has been found to react readily at 70–90° with monohydroxy-steroids to yield dimethylthiophosphinic esters. These derivatives have good gas chromatographic properties and can be detected at the lower picogram level (10–15 pg) with the alkali flame detector. The reaction kinetics were examined, and depend on steric influences and the chemical nature of the hydroxyl group. The esters are stable to heat and hydrolysis, and since their formation is highly reproducibile and they offer a very low detection limit, they are suitable for gas-liquid chromatographic determination of various compounds of biological interest.     

Liposomalization of hydroxyphenyl fluorescein as a reagent for detecting highly reactive oxygen species

It has been shown that lifestyle-related diseases and aging are related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), and many studies have reported on the direct detection of ROS. The topical fluorescence reagent 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCDHF) is used to measure oxidation. However, there are problems regarding its stability, and its similar sensitivity to ROS cannot be easily distinguished. In this study, we used hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF), which is a novel fluorescence probe with high stability against light that undergoes specific reactions with highly ROS (hROS). We examined the specificity for hROS of HPF solution and liposomal HPF in different reactions. HPF containing high cholesterol liposomes (HC-H-lipo) maintained its ability to tolerate light scattering energy, dependent on the turbidity of this solution, but DCDHF did not. In the reaction with hydroxyl radicals, the fluorescein concentration in HC-H-lipo was increased compared with that in HPF solution. In contrast, in the reaction with peroxynitrite, HC-H-lipo was inhibited. It was confirmed that HC-H-lipo that reacted specifically with hydroxyl radicals was able to distinguishably detect hydroxyl radicals. It was regarded to be useful as an examination kit. Tissue disorder induced by sodium valproate (SV) was one of the prepared murine disease models. The reactivity ratio of HC-H-lipo with serum to that of HPF solution was markedly different between the normal group (30%) and SV group (70%). In conclusion, HC-H-lipo cannot only simply and directly detect ROS but can also selectively detect ROS type. This nanocarrier is expected to be used as a novel diagnosis method.     

Water-catalyzed racemisation of lactide

The reactions of lactide racemisation, hydrolysis, or alcoholysis in the presence of water or anhydrous alcohol have been investigated separately. A small amount of water leads to lactide racemisation, hydrolysis, or both. Water acts as a catalyst for the racemisation of lactide. The racemisation mechanism has been studied by substituting D₂O instead of H₂O and measuring the substituent by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experimental results show that the hydrogen atom on a chiral carbon of lactide is substituted by a ²H atom of D₂O. The reaction of lactide with water is in good agreement with the mechanism of addition-elimination. The addition of water to the carbonyl group produces an intermediate with a pair of hydroxyls connected to a carbon atom. If a hydroxyl hydrogen atom is transferred to the ester bond (CO-O), the hydrolysis of lactide generally occurs. Any of these hydroxyls could also be dehydrated with the close methine, thus producing an enolate, and the transfer of hydrogen from the enolic hydroxyl group results in lactide racemisation. The conversion of d- or l-lactide into meso-lactide is a reversible and endothermic reaction when catalyzed by water. When lactide reacts with alcohol, its alcoholysis occurs more readily than its racemisation.     

荧光法测定Fenton反应产生的羟自由基

建立了一种新的测定Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应产生羟自由基·ＯＨ的方法。Ｃｅ＾３＋在稀硫酸中能产生特征荧光，其最大激发波长和发射波长分别为２８０ｎｍ和３６０ｎｍ。Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应产生的·ＯＨ能将Ｃｅ＾３＋氧化成Ｃｅ＾４＋，用荧光法测定Ｃｅ＾３＋的荧光强度变化即可间接测定羟自由基的产生量。通过对测定条件的研究，得到最佳实验条件，。结果表明，该方法稳定性好、操作简便、测定快速，可作为一种简便的筛选抗氧化剂的方法。     

(S)-Mandelic acid enolate as a chiral benzoyl anion equivalent for the enantioselective synthesis of non-symmetrically substituted benzoins

A strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of non-symmetrically substituted benzoins from (S)-mandelic acid and aromatic aldehydes has been developed. This strategy is based on a diastereoselective aldol reaction of the lithium enolate of the 1,3-dioxolan-4-one derived from (S)-mandelic acid and pivalaldehyde with aromatic aldehydes, which gives the corresponding aldols in good yields. Subsequent hydroxyl group protection as MEM ethers, basic hydrolysis of the dioxolanone ring, oxidative decarboxylation of the α-hydroxy acid moiety, and hydroxyl group deprotection provides chiral non-symmetrically substituted benzoins with high enantiomeric excesses.     

Aromatic oxadiazole‐based conjugated polymers with excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer: Their synthesis and sensing ability for explosive nitroaromatic compounds

Aromatic polyoxadiazole derivatives containing 9,9′‐dioctylfluorene were successfully synthesized via the Suzuki coupling reaction. The oxadiazole moiety in the polymer backbone was linked with the bis(hydroxyphenyl) group in its 2‐position to exhibit a large Stokes shift in the emission spectrum due to the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer. To prepare the polymer via the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction, the hydroxyl group in the monomer was protected with the t‐butoxycarbonyl group before polymerization and removed after polymerization to a desirable extent. The polymer with the free hydroxyl group showed a considerable sensitivity for nitroaromatic compounds, exhibiting fluorescence quenching in a chloroform solution. The interaction between the electron‐donating OH group and electron‐deficient nitroaromatic compounds seemed to play a decisive role in fluorescence quenching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2059–2068, 2006     

A novel intramolecular reversible reaction between the hydroxyl group and isobutenylene chain in a cyclophane-type macrocycle

A novel Hg²⁺ ion induced reversible ring contraction was achieved employing the intramolecular reaction of isobutylene with an aromatic hydroxyl group of cyclophane; reversibility of the reaction was facilitated by excess addition of NaBH₄ which also resulted in complexation. The ring contraction and expansion was monitored by UV-VIS absorption, and by fluorescence and ¹H NMR spectra. Switchable fluorescence behavior (on—off—on) was observed when the ring-size was tuned from a 19-membered ring to an 18-membered and vice versa. This fine tuning has the potential to be applied in the construction of new supramolecular devices.     

一个新的测定Fenton反应产生的·OH及清除的荧光方法

建立了一种测定羟基自由基的荧光新方法。Fenton反应产生的羟基自由基氧化二甲亚砜（DMSO）生成的甲醛与乙酰丙酮、氨发生Hantzsch反应，产物3，5－二乙酰－1，4－二氢吡啶产生特征荧光，其最大激发波长和最大发射波长分别为419.4nm和505.5nm。通过测定荧光强度的变化可以间接定量羟基自由基的产生量。该方法简便可靠，对于抗氧化剂的筛选以及羟基自由基的机理研究具有一定的应用价值。     

Synthesis,characterization, and hydrazine sensing property of two covalent organic frameworks

Sensitive and efficient detection of hydrazine is of great significance because hydrazine is a highly toxic organic molecule, which can pose great threats to human health. Herein, two covalent organic frameworks (COFs) modified with ester groups in the pores, TAPB-DHE and TAPT-DHE, have been successfully synthesized via esterification reaction. Both of the two COFs have good crystallinity, thermal stability, and fluorescence properties. TAPB-DHE can be used as a turn-on fluorescence sensor for the sensitive detection of trace hydrazine in aqueous solution with a detection limit of 0.40 μM and a wide linear range of 0–100 μM due to the fluorescence enhancement of TAPB-DHE caused by the chemical reaction between hydrazine and TAPB-DHE, in which the ester group of the COF is converted into hydroxyl group, leading to the restriction of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. This work provides a reference for the design of COFs with hydrazine recognition function and a helpful expansion for the practical application of COFs.     

Synthesis and Kinetic Evaluation of Inhibitors of the Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus

Substrate analogues of phosphatidylinositol (1) were synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of the bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Bacillus cereus. The chiral analogues of the water-soluble phospholipid substrate 5 were designed to probe the effects of varying the inositol C-2 hydroxyl group, which is generally believed to serve as the nucleophile in the first step of the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositols by PI-PLC. In the analogues 6-9, the C-2 hydroxyl group on the inositol ring of the phosphatidylinositol derivatives was rationally altered in several ways. Inversion of the stereochemistry at C-2 of the inositol ring led to the scyllo derivative 6. The inositol C-2 hydroxy group was replaced with inversion by a fluorine to produce the scyllo-fluoro inositol 7 and with a hydrogen atom to furnish the 2-deoxy compound 8. The C-2 hydroxyl group was O-methylated to prepare the methoxy derivative 9. The natural inositol configuration at C-2 was retained in the nonhydrolyzable phosphorodithioate analogue 10. The inhibition of PI-PLC by each of these analogues was then analyzed in a continuous assay using D-myo-inositol 1-(4-nitrophenyl phosphate) (25) as a chromogenic substrate. The kinetic parameters for each of these phosphatidylinositol derivatives were determined, and each was found to be a competitive inhibitor with K(i)'s as follows: 6, 0.2 mM; 10, 0.6 mM; 8, 2.6 mM; 9, 6.6 mM; and 7, 8.8 mM. This study further establishes that the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol analogues by bacterial PI-PLC requires not only the presence of a C-2 hydroxyl group on the inositol ring, but the stereochemistry at this position must also correspond to the natural myo-configuration. For future inhibitor design, it is perhaps noteworthy that the best inhibitors 6 and 10 each possess a hydroxyl group at the C-2 position. Several of the inhibitors identified in this study are now being used to obtain crystallographic information for an enzyme-inhibitor complex to gain further insights regarding the mechanism of hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositides by this PI-PLC.     

胆红素、铜离子与2,2′-联吡啶作用的光谱研究

基于2,2′-联吡啶芳杂环羟基化法,采用荧光光谱研究了胆红素与Cu2 的相互作用。探讨了胆红素与Cu2 反应生成羟自由基(.OH),2,2′-联吡啶发生芳杂环羟基化反应的过程和反应机理,产生的羟自由基导致无荧光的2,2′-联吡啶发生芳杂环羟基化,生成强荧光物质;加入自由基猝灭剂后,荧光强度的增强明显减弱。考察了试剂加入顺序、反应时间、酸度、Cu2 浓度、胆红素浓度,以及2,2′-联吡啶浓度等的影响。     

基于芬顿反应和硫磺素T构建免标记荧光传感器用于葡萄糖的检测

基于芬顿反应和硫磺素T(ThT)构建新奇的免标记荧光传感器用于葡萄糖的检测。当无葡萄糖存在时,ThT诱导富G-DNA探针形成G-四链体/ThT复合物,ThT的荧光强度显著增强;当葡萄糖存在时,葡萄糖氧化酶催化葡萄糖产生H2 O2,在Fe^2+催化的芬顿反应作用下,H2 O2转化为羟基自由基(·OH),·OH引发DNA的氧化损伤导致富G-DNA探针裂解为短寡核苷酸片段而丧失形成G-四链体/ThT的能力,ThT的荧光强度显著降低,从而实现对葡萄糖的检测。在优化的检测条件下,G-四链体/ThT荧光强度变化和葡萄糖浓度在0.5~45μmol/L的范围内呈现较好的线性关系(R^2=0.99268),检出限为0.1μmol/L。利用本法对葡萄糖加标的血液样品进行分析,葡萄糖的回收率为90.7%~118.3%,相对标准偏差为1.7%~5.8%,方法可用于血糖检测。