用于兰州彭宁离子阱的多反射飞行时间质量分析器的设计和优化

MRTOF-MS是最近几年发展起来的新型质谱仪,较传统的飞行时间质谱仪而言,MRTOF-MS质量分辨本领更高。开发了一种用于MRTOF-MS设计的新方法,该方法由参数设置部分和离子运动计算部分共同组成;分全局搜索和局部细化两个步骤,可用于优化MRTOF-MS的几何构型、计算不同条件下的最佳电压设置组合。基于这种方法,设计了一种机械结构与国际上同类设备不同的MRTOF-MS,该设备可用于高精度原子核质量测量,也可用于快速质量选择,为LPT提供纯净的目标核。通过优化,确定了其几何参数和电压参数,讨论了不同电极上的电压偏差对质量分辨本领的影响,定量地分析了电源的精度要求。优化结果表明:MRTOF-MS的最佳漂移长度约为400 mm;在最佳电压设置下,当40Ar1+的总飞行时间为6.5 ms时,其质量分辨本领可达1.3×105;要求电源精度好于50 ppm,最好达到20 ppm。Multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MRTOF-MS) has been developed as a new device which has a higher mass resolving power than traditional mass spectrometers in recent years. A new method including two sub-procedures, global search and local refinement, has been developed and applied to design a MRTOF-MS. It consists of two components, parameter configuration and ion motion simulation, and can be used to optimize the geometries of the spectrometer and the potentials applied on the electrodes to achieve the optimum in different conditions. By using this method, a different type of MRTOF mass analyzer has been designed for mass measurements and isobaric separation for Lanzhou Penning Trap (LPT). The geometry of this analyzer and potentials at different electrodes have been optimized, and the relations between resolving power and potentials and the power accuracy requirements have been analyzed and discussed quantitatively. The simulation shows that the optimal length of the drift-tube is about 400 mm; the maximal resolving power of 1.3×105 has been achieved with a total time-of-flight of 6.5 ms under the optimal potentials for an ion species of 40Ar1+; and the inaccuracy of the potentials applied to the mirror electrodes must be less than 50 ppm or preferably 20 ppm.     

兰州彭宁阱核心电极的最优电压幅值计算

彭宁阱是用于直接测量原子核质量的精确设备。为了保证彭宁阱的测量精度,需在阱中心产生精准的四极静电场,而四极静电场是通过对彭宁阱的核心电极施加合适的电压产生的。采用公式推导法和最小二乘法两种方法计算得到了LPT核心电极需加电压幅值。对于公式推导法,电压值完全从理论出发,经公式推导后计算得到;最小二乘法的出发点是使取样偏差的平方和最小,且通过仿真模拟考虑了电极的实际几何形状。由这两种方法得到的非四极项系数C4 和C6,可用于估算因偏离理想四极电场所产生的实验误差。虽然这两种方法的出发点不同,但都可以在阱中心产生需要的四极电场。Penning trap mass spectrometry is one of the direct methods and maybe the most accurate tool for atomic mass measurements. The quadrupole electric eld produced in the trap should be very accurate in order to ensure the precision of measurements. The optimal amplitudes for the key electrodes of the Lanzhou Penning Trap(LPT) have been calculated by two methods|formula derivation and least-squares tting. For formula derivation method, the optimal values are based on the theory and deduced from the formulas. Least-squares tting method is to minimize the quadratic sum of sampling deviations, where the actual geometry of the electrodes has been considered by the simulation. The obtained C4 and C6 values can be used to estimate the experimental error produced by the deviation from the ideal quadrupole electric eld. The expected quadrupole electric led could be gotten by both methods.     

Optimal design of a 7 T highly homogeneous superconducting magnet for a Penning trap

A Penning trap system called Lanzhou Penning Trap (LPT) is now being developed for precise mass measurements at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). One of the key components is a 7 T actively shielded superconducting magnet with a clear warm bore of 156 mm. The required field homogeneity is 3×10-7 over two 1 cubic centimeter volumes lying 220 mm apart along the magnet axis. We introduce a two-step method which combines linear programming and a nonlinear optimization algorithm for designing the multi-section superconducting magnet. This method is fast and flexible for handling arbitrary shaped homogeneous volumes and coils. With the help of this method an optimal design for the LPT superconducting magnet has been obtained.     

涡轮转速对无导叶对转涡轮流动特性的影响

为了探究无导叶对转涡轮在不同涡轮转速下的流动特性,运用CFD方法对某无导叶对转涡轮模型级的流场进行了三维定常多叶片排的数值模拟.结果表明,涡轮转速的变化对无导叶对转涡轮的喉部位置基本没有影响;随涡轮转速的升高,高压动叶内的激波损失增大,低压动叶内的激波损失减小,源生于低压动叶吸力面上的激波沿吸力面向尾缘移动;对于远离设计点的非设计工况,流动分离损失及低压动叶中的激波损失构成了对转涡轮损失中的主体;涡轮转速的变化对高低压动叶出口气流角及高压动叶出口马赫数的影响作用较大;高低压涡轮出功比、对转涡轮的总功率及等熵效率均随涡轮转速的增大而增大.     

Anomalous Impact of Surface Wettability on Leidenfrost Effect at Nanoscale

Leidenfrost effect is a common and important phenomenon which has many applications,however there is a limited body of knowledge about the Leidenfrost effect at the nanoscale regime.We investigate the impact of substrate wettability on Leidenfrost point temperature(LPT) of nanoscale water film via molecular dynamics simulations,and reveal a new mechanism different from that at the macroscale.In the molecular dynamics simulations,a method of monitoring density change at different heating rates is proposed to obtain accurate LPT under different surface wettability.The results show that LPT decreases firstly and then increases with the surface wettability at the nanoscale,which is different from the monotonous increasing trend at the macroscale.The mechanism is elucidated by analyzing the competitive effect of adhesion force and interfacial thermal resistance,as well as different contributions of gravity on LPT at the nanoscale and macroscale.The investigations can deepen the understanding of Leidenfrost effect at the nanoscale regime and also facilitate to guide the applications of heat transfer and flow transport.     

Measurement of mass flow rate of particulate solids in gravity chute conveyor based on laser sensing array

This paper describes the design, computer simulation and experimental evaluation of a novel measurement system that has been recently developed for the measurement of mass flow rate of particles in a gravity chute convey pipeline. Comprehensive computer simulation and numerical calculations show that the proposed method with laser-sensing array is theoretically correct and the programmed algorithm is effective. This method has been characterized by dynamic testing, real time and continuous measurements. The results of simulation and experiment have demonstrated that the multi-laser source fan-shaped geometry can be an effective approach to interrogate the mass flow rate of particles over the pipe cross-section. The mass flow rate of particles derived from extinction principle has shown a good agreement with the projection sum of light beams and the real mass flow rate.     

Laser plasma thruster

The laser plasma thruster (LPT) is a new microthruster for small satellites. We report on development and testing of a prototype LPT. Some advantages of the LPT are: thruster voltage 4 V, mass less than 1 kg, power-to-thrust ratio 10 kW/N, and I_sp up to 1000 s. Typical thrust level is 250 μN with PVC fuel. Thrust of 1 mN is expected with energetic fuel. The pre-prototype continuous-thrust experiment includes the laser mount and heat sink, lens mounts, and focusing mechanism, which are coupled to the target-material transport mechanism. The target material is applied to a transparent plastic tape, and the laser is focused on a series of tracks on the tape. The tape-drive hardware and laser-drive electronics are described. Design, construction, and calibration of the thrust stand are described. During continuous operation, the exhaust plume is deflected in the direction of the moving tape. When the laser is operated in pulsed mode, the exhaust plume is perpendicular to the tape (parallel to the optical axis). This provides some thrust-vector control. Measured thrust is 70 μN with PVC fuel, and 550 μN with energetic fuel, with a specific impulse of 350 s. Received: 7 October 2002 / Accepted: 20 January 2003 / Published online: 28 May 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-505-272-7203, E-mail: luke@iera.nmt.edu     

低雷诺数条件下低压涡轮气动设计

本文针对低雷诺数条件下低压涡轮效率较低的问题,提出了设计过程中应如何考虑雷诺数影响的思路,给出了适应低雷诺数环境下工作的叶片表面负荷分布形式,并进行了低压涡轮的气动设计。三维粘性计算的结果表明,应用本文所提出的负荷分布形式,能够有效的控制涡轮边界层的分离,降低气动性能对雷诺数的敏感程度,从而使得低压涡轮在高空低雷诺数条件下仍能保持较好的性能。     

Application of gaseous sphere injection method for modeling under-expanded H2 injection

A methodology for modeling gaseous injection has been refined and applied to recent experimental data from the literature. This approach uses a discrete phase analogy to handle gaseous injection, allowing for addition of gaseous injection to a CFD grid without needing to resolve the injector nozzle. This paper focuses on model testing to provide the basis for simulation of hydrogen direct injected internal combustion engines. The model has been updated to be more applicable to full engine simulations, and shows good agreement with experiments for jet penetration and time-dependent axial mass fraction, while available – radial mass fraction data is less well predicted.     

涡轮过渡段气动性能数值优化

采用CFD数值模拟方法对中档功率燃气轮机燃气涡轮与动力涡轮之间的涡轮过渡段进行气动性能优化设计.在原始涡轮过渡段流道及承力支板基础上,新设计进口导流叶片,优化过渡段流道,并采用Numeca软件Design3D 优化平台计算机自动寻优,数值模拟相对比较说明,新设计的涡轮过渡段气动性能满足指标要求.涡轮过渡段承接燃气涡轮、...     

Evaluation of a Thermosyphon Heat Pipe Operation and Application in a Waste Heat Recovery System

Efficient and economical utilization of industrial waste heat would result in reduced energy use and thereby contribute to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Two-phase thermosyphon technology has demonstrated the potential capability for waste heat recovery, but it has not been yet utilized in large-scale industrial applications. As a part of an industrial project, various types of thermosyphon heat pipes have been designed and tested for extraction of waste heat and process control in aluminum industry. This article presents the heat and mass transfer model, developed to provide a fast and accurate simulation tool for industrial application of thermosyphon heat pipe technology for waste heat utilization. The mathematical model considers the energy, momentum, and mass transfer equations, in their one-dimensional form, to predict output parameters of the thermosyphon and enable parametric and sensitivity analysis. The mathematical model structure is set up in a way that the least numerical cost and time is spent while the model accuracy is kept at acceptable level for the defined application. To provide experimental data for validation of the simulation model, the proposed thermosyphon was tested experimentally using a test set-up instrumented for this purpose. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The developed model and code are viable to be used as a simple and fast tool for modeling, design, and optimization of the thermosyphon as an element in a heat recovery module.     

LPT的RF分相偏置电路的研制

为了对兰州彭宁离子阱LPT内的离子运动进行偶极和四极共振激发,采用变压器原理,设计制作了两套分相器:一套工作频率为200 k Hz～4 MHz,适用于四极激发模式;另一套工作频率为1700～1750 Hz,适用于偶极激发模式。详细测试了它们在空载和负载情况下的幅频曲线与相频曲线。测试结果表明:RF分相偏置电路的输出幅度与相位均达到了设计要求。     

Molecular Dynamics Study of gases H2,D2 and T2

The classical Molecular dynamics simulation has been used to study the equation of state of gas H2,D2 and T2.It has also been investigated that the isotope mass affects on the accuracy of equation of state.Our calculated Iesults show that the classical effect is principal and the isotope mass effects on the equation of state are obvious for the much light gases.At the same time,some useful theoretical data of equation of state for these gases have been provided.It is found that the classical simulation is still effective to the quantum gas.However,the quantum mechanics simulation and the improvement of intermolecular interaction potential are necessary if more accurate computational results are expected.     

Impact statistics for a simple random rattling system

A small mass (called the ball) constrained to move along a slot of fixed length in a large mass which is vibrating randomly in the direction of the slot is taken as a model of a randomly driven vibroimpact system. Numerical simulation analysis has been used to determine the statistics of the impacts between the rattling ball and the large randomly driven mass. These statistics include the probability densities of the magnitudes of the impacts and the times between impacts. The results presented provide fundamental information which can be used to estimate noise and wear in systems with clearances.     

叶尖小翼对扩压叶栅气动特性影响的数值研究

通过在叶片顶端加装小翼来降低叶顶二次流的叶尖小翼技术在叶轮机械领域受到关注。本文对具有不同叶尖小翼方案的压气机叶栅进行了全三维数值模拟,并详细分析了叶尖小翼对叶顶间隙流场的影响.结果表明,合理选择叶尖小翼的安装位置及自身宽度可以在一定程度上降低叶顶泄漏损失,在叶顶吸力面侧加装宽度为5 mm的小翼可以较好的削弱泄漏流动的强度,减少泄漏涡卷吸起更多的吸力面/端壁角区的低能流体及较早地阻止上通道涡的形成和发展。     

E.P.R. study of Mn2+ in lithium potassium tartrate (LPT) and its isomorphism with lithium ammonium tartrate (LAT)

An E.P.R. study of Mn²⁺ in single crystals of LiKC₄H₄O₆. H₂O (LPT) was carried out from ～300 K to 77 K and four magnetically differently oriented but symmetry related triclinic complexes of Mn²⁺ were observed. Spin hamiltonian parameters were obtained at ～ 300 K. The E.P.R. results suggest that LPT is not only isomorphous but also isostructural to LiNH₄C₄H₄O₆ . H₂O (LAT). In LPT no structural phase transition could be detected in the temperature range 300 K to 77 K. The observed small magnitude of the low symmetry effect is attributed to the small contribution of fourth order crystal field terms relative to that of the second order crystal field terms, to the zero-field splittings of the ⁶ S ground state of Mn²⁺. A temperature dependent anomalous behaviour is observed in the low field region of the E.P.R. spectrum for B//[010] and its neighbourhood.     

An algorithm for LES of premixed compressible flows using the Conditional Moment Closure model

A novel numerical method has been developed to couple a recent high order accurate fully compressible upwind method with the Conditional Moment Closure combustion model. The governing equations, turbulence modelling and numerical methods are presented in full. The new numerical method is validated against direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for a lean premixed methane slot burner. Although the modelling approaches are based on non-premixed flames and hence not expected to be valid for a wide range of premixed flames, the predicted flame is just 10% longer than that in the DNS and excellent agreement of mean mass fractions, conditional mass fractions and temperature is demonstrated. This new numerical method provides a very useful framework for future application of CMC to premixed as well as non-premixed combustion.     

Analytical studies on the evolution processes of rarefied deuterium plasma shell Z-pinch by PIC and MHD simulations

In this paper, we analytically explore the magnetic field and mass density evolutions obtained in particle-in-cell(PIC)and magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) simulations of a rarefied deuterium shell Z-pinch and compare those results, and also we study the effects of artificially increased Spitzer resistivity on the magnetic field evolution and Z-pinch dynamic process in the MHD simulation. There are significant differences between the profiles of mass density in the PIC and MHD simulations before 45 ns of the Z-pinch in this study. However, after the shock formation in the PIC simulation,the mass density profile is similar to that in the MHD simulation in the case of using multiplier 2 to modify the Spitzer resistivity. Compared with the magnetic field profiles of the PIC simulation of the shell, the magnetic field diffusion has still not been sufficiently revealed in the MHD simulation even though their convergence ratios become the same by using larger multipliers in the resistivity. The MHD simulation results suggest that the magnetic field diffusion is greatly enhanced by increasing the Spitzer resistivity used, which, however, causes the implosion characteristic to change from shock compression to weak shock, even shockless evolution, and expedites the expansion of the shell. Too large a multiplier is not suggested to be used to modify the resistivity in some Z-pinch applications, such as the Z-pinch driven inertial confinement fusion(ICF) in a dynamic hohlraum. Two-fluid or Hall MHD model, even the PIC/fluid hybrid simulation would be considered as a suitable physical model when there exist the plasma regions with very low density in the simulated domain.     

A novel high-voltage light punch-through carrier stored trench bipolar transistor with buried p-layer

A novel high-voltage light punch-through(LPT) carrier stored trench bipolar transistor(CSTBT) with buried p-layer(BP) is proposed in this paper.Since the negative charges in the BP layer modulate the bulk electric field distribution,the electric field peaks both at the junction of the p base/n-type carrier stored(N-CS) layer and the corners of the trench gates are reduced,and new electric field peaks appear at the junction of the BP layer/N drift region.As a result,the overall electric field in the N drift region is enhanced and the proposed structure improves the breakdown voltage(BV) significantly compared with the LPT CSTBT.Furthermore,the proposed structure breaks the limitation of the doping concentration of the N-CS layer(NN CS) to the BV,and hence a higher NN CS can be used for the proposed LPT BP-CSTBT structure and a lower on-state voltage drop(Vce(sat)) can be obtained with almost constant BV.The results show that with a BP layer doping concentration of NBP = 7 × 1015 cm-3,a thickness of LBP = 2.5 μm,and a width of WBP = 5 μm,the BV of the proposed LPT BP-CSTBT increases from 1859 V to 1862 V,with NN CS increasing from 5 × 1015 cm-3 to 2.5 × 1016 cm-3.However,with the same N-drift region thickness of 150 μm and NN CS,the BV of the CSTBT decreases from 1598 V to 247 V.Meanwhile,the Vce(sat) of the proposed LPT BP-CSTBT structure decreases from 1.78 V to 1.45 V with NN CS increasing from 5 × 1015 cm-3 to 2.5 × 1016 cm-3.