聚马来酸酐高级脂肪醇酯的合成及其对聚乙烯的表面改性研究

采用溶液聚合的方法合成聚马来酸酐，考察不同聚合条件对聚马来酸酐产率的影响。将所合成的聚马来酸酐与十八醇、十六醇和十四醇进行酯化反应合成了三种两亲性的大分子表面改性荆聚马来酸酐十八醇酯(PMAO)、聚马来酸酐十六醇酯(PMAH)和聚马来酸酐十四醇酯(PMAT)。对这三种聚马来酸酐高级醇酯／聚乙烯共混体系的表面亲水性进行了研究，采用全反射红外光谱对聚马来酸酐高级醇酯共混体系薄膜进行表征，发现聚马来酸酐高级醇酯可以在聚乙烯薄膜表面富集，接触角测量表明聚马来酸酐高级醇酯的加入可以有效降低聚乙烯薄膜的水接触角。     

SMA脂肪醇单酯的制备及其应用

以苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)为骨架,通过酯化反应,在SMA上接枝不同链长的高级脂肪醇(十二醇、十四醇、十六醇和十八醇)侧链,合成了一系列两亲结构的表面活性剂——SMA脂肪醇单酯钠盐(1a～1d·NaOH),其结构经1H NMR和GPC表征,并对表面活性进行了比较。分别用SMA.NaOH和1·NaOH与纸浆共混处理后抄纸,分析了纸张物理机械性能和疏水性能的变化。研究结果表明,SMA·NaOH和1·NaOH均能提高纸张的抗张强度、耐破度和防水性。     

EAA-g-MPEG的合成及其对HDPE的亲水改性

以乙烯-丙烯酸(EAA)共聚物及聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG)为主要原料,通过酯化反应制备了一系列接枝共聚物EAA-g-MPEG,并将其与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混制得改性薄膜。研究了反应条件对接枝反应的影响,通过FT-IR、TG、DSC等方法研究了接枝产物的结构及其热性能。结果表明,随着侧链MPEG分子量的提高,产物接枝率逐渐下降;随接枝率的提高及侧链长度的增长,产物热稳定性下降;随接枝率的提高,产物的结晶熔融峰向高温方向移动,结晶性变好;EAA-g-MPEG可有效改善HDPE的表面亲水性能,当其质量分数为10%时,可使改性HDPE薄膜的水接触角由105°降至59°。     

利用薄膜去润湿行为研究线形和环形聚苯乙烯及共混薄膜的黏度

研究了线形聚苯乙烯(LPS)薄膜,环形聚苯乙烯(RPS)薄膜以及不同配比的共混薄膜在聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)高分子刷上的去润湿动力学行为.研究发现,LPS薄膜的去润湿速度要快于RPS薄膜的去润湿速度,共混薄膜的去润湿速度介于LPS薄膜和RPS薄膜之间,且共混薄膜的去润湿速度随着RPS在共混薄膜中含量的增加而降低.利用水和乙二醇在薄膜表面的接触角计算得到LPS薄膜,RPS薄膜及共混薄膜的表面张力.结果发现,共混薄膜的表面张力均小于LPS薄膜和RPS薄膜的表面张力,且当RPS含量为70%时,共混薄膜的表面张力达到最小值.通过对薄膜在去润湿过程中的孔半径、去润湿速度、边宽以及后退接触角的研究,获得了LPS薄膜、RPS薄膜及共混薄膜的黏度.结果表明,LPS薄膜的黏度要低于RPS薄膜的黏度,实验得到的不同比例共混薄膜的黏度介于LPS薄膜和RPS薄膜的黏度之间,且其低于LPS和RPS的质量权重平均值.     

聚酯薄膜表面接枝含硅氧烷共聚物及微生物黏附性研究

通过表面引发原子转移自由基聚合(SI-ATRP)在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜表面接枝聚苯乙烯-聚二甲基硅氧烷嵌段共聚物(PET-g-PS-b-PDMS),制备具有强疏水性表面的聚酯薄膜.利用X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR/ATR),场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对改性前后聚酯薄膜的表面组成、结构和形貌进行分析与表征;利用接触角测试仪和微生物黏附实验对比研究接枝改性前后PET薄膜的润湿性和对微生物黏附性的影响.结果表明,随反应时间延长,聚酯薄膜表面接枝量增加,水接触角增大.当接枝聚合反应时间为12 h,接枝密度可达0.72 mg/cm2,接触角达到126°,薄膜表面细菌黏附量也随之降到最低.     

热处理对HDPE／iPP共混物中附生结晶的影响

木工作用透射电子显微术研究不同热处理温度对HDPE/iPP共混物溶液浇铸薄膜中附生结晶的影响。经热处理的共混物薄膜HDPE片晶尺寸明显增加,但其长轴仍与iPP成约50°夹角。电子衍射和暗场的实验结果及样品倾斜技术的利用证明了在iPP的两种结构区域中HDPE均在iPP上异相附生生长,两者的接触面为iPP的(010)和HDPE的(100)。在194℃热处理20min,然后自然冷却的HDPE/iPP共混物薄膜中的HDPE仍然在iPP上附生生长。     

氟硅改性聚氨酯自组装膜的合成及性能

以甲苯二异氰酸酯、聚酯二元醇、2,2-二羟甲基丙酸和十三氟-1-辛醇等为原料合成了氟醇封端的聚氨酯预聚体(FPU)。 通过FPU侧链含有的羧基官能团与异氰酸酯基硅烷偶联剂(Si-NCO)反应制备了含硅氧烷官能团功能性树脂(FPUSi)。 采用红外光谱(FT-IR) 对产物结构进行了表征,用TGA和水接触角等测试了自组装薄膜的表面性能。 结果表明,在N2气氛围下,FPU和FPUSi的热失重温度（T5％）均为178 ℃;硅基表面经FPUSi自组装膜修饰后,其表面水接触角达到81°。 微摩擦测试结果表明,当载荷为400 mN时,FPUSi自组装薄膜的稳定摩擦系数达到0.09。     

基于热模塑法制备HDPE仿生超疏水表面

研究了热模塑法在制备超疏水高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)膜中的应用。以高岭土增强的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为软模板,采用热模塑技术,将荷叶表面的微结构信息复制到HDPE膜表面。接触角测量结果显示,10%掺杂量的PDMS软模板复制得到的HDPE膜表面,与水的接触角高达156°,呈现超疏水性。扫描电镜照片显示,PDMS软模板具有与荷叶表面互补的"负型结构",而HDPE膜表面则具有与荷叶类似的微米—纳米复合粗糙结构。此法无需溶剂,可推广制备其它热塑性高聚物的超疏水表面。     

电火花引发丙烯酰胺接枝BOPP薄膜的研究

采用FT-IR,ESCA,试样与水接触角和接枝率的测定探索了电火花用于引发丙烯酰胺(AAM)在BOPP薄膜表面接枝聚合反应的方法,研究了接枝BOPP薄膜的表面结构和亲水性能。结果表明,电火花能有效地引发AAM在BOPP薄膜表面的接枝聚合反应,随着电火花处理时间和接枝反应时间的延长,AAM在BOPP薄膜表面的接枝率增大。电火花处理10min,BOPP薄膜在70℃,20%(质量分数)的AAM水溶液中反应1h,接枝率高达2.06%。接枝后BOPP薄膜与水的接触角显著下降,亲水性能得到明显改善。     

HA在PVA/CMC共混膜上的交互沉积及其表征

用溶液浇铸法制备聚乙烯醇/羧甲纤维素钠(PVA/CMC)共混膜,在对其进行交联改性的基础上,通过交互沉积法在膜表面沉积羟基磷灰石(HA),以制备PVA/CMC/HA复合材料。通过SEM、FT-IR、XRD等对其进行表征,探索PVA与CMC共混比例及交互周期对HA矿化速率的影响。结果表明,经过交联后的薄膜,在醇水混合溶液中能够稳定存在,其表面生成的HA含量随着交互周期和CMC含量的增加有明显增加,这种共混薄膜材料有望成为软骨修复材料的有效基体。     

Modification of catalysts for propylene polymerization: Alcohols and lewis bases

A series of compounds were examined as modifiers for the high activity supported catalyst TiCl₄/MgCl₂–AlEt₃ for isospecific propylene polymerization. The list included two aromatic acid esters, 21 various Lewis bases, and 12 alcohols. A convenient graphic method is described for comparing the performance of different modifiers by plotting experimental results in coordinates “relative activity-isotactic index” and a kinetic rationale for this evaluation is presented. Aromatic acid esters exhibit much better performance than the bulk of Lewis bases but some sterically demanding aromatic alcohols show behavior show similar to that of the esters.     

LLDPE/SMA共混膜表面接枝PEG的研究

聚乙烯综合性能优良且价格低廉,但由于较低的表面能和惰性化学结构,其着色性、生物相容性及制品表面涂饰性能差,与各种涂饰剂的粘结强度很低,限制了其用途的拓展,须进行表面改性.聚乙烯制品的表面改性方法已有不少研究报道[1~4],相对而言,采用添加表面改性剂的方法在工艺上仍最     

Efficient transesterification/acylation reactions mediated by N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts

Imidazol-2-ylidenes, a family of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), are efficient catalysts in the transesterification involving numerous esters and alcohols. Low catalyst loadings of aryl- or alkyl-substituted NHC catalysts mediate the acylation of alcohols with enol acetates in short reaction times at room temperature. Commercially available and more difficult to cleave methyl esters react with primary alcohols in the presence of alkyl-substituted NHC to efficiently form the corresponding esters. While primary alcohols are selectively acylated over secondary alcohols with use of enol esters as acylating agents, methyl and ethyl esters can be employed as protective agents for secondary alcohols in the presence of the more active alkyl-substituted NHC catalysts. The NHC-catalyzed transesterification protocol was simplified by generating the imidazol-2-ylidene catalysts in situ.     

用裂解色谱法鉴定羧酸酯的结构

研究了用裂解气相色谱法鉴定羧酸酯结构的方法。对一些一元酸酯和二元酸酯进行了普通裂解和与碱石灰混合后的裂解,依据裂解产物可确定酯的母体酸和母体醇。直接从薄层板上取分离后的组分,不用去除吸附剂就能进行鉴定,可用于常见羧酸酯的剖析工作。     

Alcohol modifiers in MEKC with SDS as surfactant. Study on the influence of the alcohol chain length (C1?C12)

The influence of alcohol modifiers with different chain length on the migration time window in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) has been studied. Highly polar alcohols like methanol and 1-propanol are typical aqueous phase modifiers. Higher alcohols like 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 1-hexanol influence the micellar structure and are considered as micellar phase modifiers. The effect of long chain alcohols is small because of their low applicable concentrations.     

Achieving optimum selectivity in oxygen assisted alcohol cross-coupling on gold

Oxidative coupling of alcohols is of great practical importance due to the wide range of synthetic applications using esters. Controlling the selectivity toward production of specific esters in cross-coupling is a long-sought goal in designing efficient synthetic routes. We report a quantitative study of the factors that determine the esterification selectivity in the oxidative cross-coupling of alcohols mediated by oxygen-covered Au(111). The high reactivity of gold is attributed to the activity of atomic oxygen bound to Au particles in forming surface-bound alkoxy species. The relative surface concentrations of alkoxys and the ease of the β-H elimination play critical roles in determining the product distribution. For a given reactant composition the surface concentration of alkoxys is skewed toward the higher molecular weight alcohol in the mixture exposed to the surface. Vibrational spectroscopic studies reveal that the relative stabilities of alkoxys parallel the gas phase acidities of the corresponding alcohols, in agreement with other coinage metal surfaces. Further, the activation energies for β-H cleavage of alkoxys are found to follow the descending order: E(methoxy) > E(ethoxy) > E(butoxy). The combination of these factors optimizes cross-coupling in a reactant mixture containing an excess of the lower molecular weight alcohol. The excellent match of product distribution between our low-pressure, single-crystal study and that observed for atmospheric pressure, liquid-phase reactions over supported gold catalysts provides strong evidence that the mechanistic insights gained from fundamental surface science study can serve as guiding principles in controlling selectivity under realistic catalytic conditions.     

3-Menthoxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid: a versatile resolving agent and reagent for determination of the absolute configuration of benzylic alcohols

A versatile reagent for the chiral resolution and determination of the absolute configuration of benzylic alcohols, (?)-3-menthoxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, is reported. (?)-3-menthoxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid was condensed with racemic benzylic alcohols to yield diastereomeric 3-menthoxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic esters, which were separated by reversed-phase HPLC. The absolute configurations of the 3-menthoxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic esters were unambiguously determined by exciton-coupled circular dichroism. Hydrolysis of the 3-menthoxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic esters yielded enantiopure alcohols, and their absolute configurations were simultaneously determined.     

Simple method for the preparation of esters from Grignard reagents and alkyl 1-imidazolecarboxylates

The reaction of Grignard reagents with alkyl imidazolecarboxylates, which were prepared from alcohols with carbonyl diimidazole, gave the corresponding esters in good to excellent yields. This method conveniently provides esters from alkyl halides and alcohols by C1-carbon chain extension.     

RNA-Targeting Splicing Modifiers: Drug Development and Screening Assays

RNA splicing is an essential step in producing mature messenger RNA (mRNA) and other RNA species. Harnessing RNA splicing modifiers as a new pharmacological modality is promising for the treatment of diseases caused by aberrant splicing. This drug modality can be used for infectious diseases by disrupting the splicing of essential pathogenic genes. Several antisense oligonucleotide splicing modifiers were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Recently, a small-molecule splicing modifier, risdiplam, was also approved for the treatment of SMA, highlighting small molecules as important warheads in the arsenal for regulating RNA splicing. The cellular targets of these approved drugs are all mRNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) in human cells. The development of novel RNA-targeting splicing modifiers can not only expand the scope of drug targets to include many previously considered “undruggable” genes but also enrich the chemical-genetic toolbox for basic biomedical research. In this review, we summarized known splicing modifiers, screening methods for novel splicing modifiers, and the chemical space occupied by the small-molecule splicing modifiers.     

Quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Simple and rapid quantitative determination of fatty-acid-based biofuels is greatly important for the study of genetic engineering progress for biofuels production by microalgae. Ideal biofuels produced from biological systems should be chemically similar to petroleum, like fatty-acid-based molecules including free fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty alcohols and fatty alkanes. This study founded a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous quantification of seven free fatty acids, nine fatty acid methyl esters, five fatty acid ethyl esters, five fatty alcohols and three fatty alkanes produced by wild-type Synechocystis PCC 6803 and its genetically engineered strain. Data obtained from GC-MS analyses were quantified using internal standard peak area comparisons. The linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and precision (RSD) of the method were evaluated. The results demonstrated that fatty-acid-based biofuels can be directly determined by GC-MS without derivation. Therefore, rapid and reliable quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria can be achieved using the GC-MS method founded in this work.