我国进口铁矿石有害元素含量代表值估计及整体特征分析

对我国进口铁矿石中的环境有害元素As、Cr、Cd、Pb、S的含量进行了总体统计分析,选用了四分位稳健统计分析及内核密度估计分别对铁矿中的有害元素As、Cr、Cd、Pb、S的含量的代表值进行估计,探讨了两种方法在代表值估计方面的特点,并使用主成分分析、因子分析等多元统计分析方法对有害元素的含量特征进行整体分类描述,确定了含量特征整体分类的主要有害元素,全面了解进口铁矿中涉及安全、环保等有害元素的质量状况.     

沱江流域Pb、Cd的环境污染化学行为研究

对沱江流域金堂、简阳、内江三地河流沉积物中重金属Pb和Cd含量及其时空分布特征进行了研究,并结合与沉积物中Fe、Mn和LOI等参数的相关性对河流沉积物中Pb和Cd地球化学性质进行了初步的分析和讨论。结果表明,沱江三地沉积物中Cd、Pb含量不高,平均含量按上、中、下游次序逐渐降低;从垂向分布行为看,Cd在上游金堂地区上部含量高于下部,而中、下游两地则相反,而Pb均随着深度的增加而减少,反映了近年来人类活动所产生Pb污染的加剧;TOC、沉积物性状和上覆水体中的物化性质对于其垂向分布有着较大影响。对于深入揭示水环境中重金属的环境地球化学循环有着重要的指导意义。     

澜沧江中上游流域矿区土壤重金属含量的调查

为了解澜沧江中上游流域矿区的开采和利用对周围生态环境的影响因素,通过选择对该矿区中3种重金属污染物Pb、Cd、Mn进行了调查和实验。确定澜沧江中上游流域的相应采样面,通过湿消化法处理样品,原子吸收光谱法测定了重金属的含量,并作了重金属污染评价。结果表明,澜沧江中上游流域矿区土壤Cd平均值为21.89 mg/kg,超标率为100%,土壤中重金属含量由高到低为Cd,Mn,Pb,重金属之间相关性不显著(P>0.05)。研究区土壤已经被严重污染,单项污染指数由高到低为Cd(21),Pb(0.87),Mn(0.81)。可见澜沧江中上游流域矿区土壤中Pb、Cd、Mn的污染已经呈现出了危害人群健康的趋势,其中Pb、Cd污染最严重,对于重金属污染应采取综合治理措施。     

Research on Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil within the Upper Reaches of Lancang River

为了解澜沧江中上游流域矿区的开采和利用对周围生态环境的影响因素,通过选择对该矿区中3种重金属污染物Pb、Cd、Mn进行了调查和实验.确定澜沧江中上游流域的相应采样面,通过湿消化法处理样品,原子吸收光谱法测定了重金属的含量,并作了重金属污染评价.结果表明,澜沧江中上游流域矿区土壤Cd平均值为21.89 mg/kg,超标率为100％,土壤中重金属含量由高到低为Cd,Mn,Pb,重金属之间相关性不显著(P＞0.05).研究区土壤已经被严重污染,单项污染指数由高到低为Cd(21),Pb(0.87),Mn(0.81).可见澜沧江中上游流域矿区土壤中Pb、Cd、Mn的污染已经呈现出了危害人群健康的趋势,其中Pb、Cd污染最严重,对于重金属污染应采取综合治理措施.     

新疆喀什市农田土壤重金属特征分析

目的对新疆喀什市农田土壤重金属特征进行分析,方法采用火焰原子分光光度计测定土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni。结果农田土壤在不同深度土层的重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量分布规律均为0~20 cm土层20~40 cm土层40~60 cm土层,即在土壤表层聚集。结论棉田土壤的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量均高于小麦土壤,且Cd含量略高于土壤背景值。     

煎煮对几种特色南药中重金属元素含量和形态影响

考察了几种特色南药中重金属(Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Sr,Zn)的含量状况,并采用形态连续萃取法分析重金属在药材中的形态分布,研究了药材煎煮时药材中重金属的释放及煎煮过程对药材中重金属形态分布的影响。结果表明,几种南药中Cr,Pb,Zn的含量较高,且巴戟天中的重金属总量高于限量标准;原药材中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn主要存在于有机态和残留态,Fe和Sr主要存在于残留态。煎煮使南药中大量重金属迁移到药汤中;药汤中Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Zn主要来自于其在药材中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机态,而药汤中Sr,Ni和Fe不仅包含其非残留态,更多来自于它们的残留态。为减少药汤中重金属,对于Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Zn既要控制在药材中的总量,且需降低它们在药材中的非残留态含量;对于Fe,Ni和Sr则主要是控制其在药材中的总量。     

冶炼厂烟囱降尘农田土壤重金属含量及潜在生态风险评价

摘要：为了研究冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘对农田土壤重金属污染影响程度,以济源市某一冶炼厂工业烟囱下风向降尘覆盖农田土壤为研究对象,依次对距离该厂烟囱大约为750m-3000m的7个农田研究区（P1-P7）土壤中重金属（Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、）含量进行污染状况分析,采用了单项潜在生态风险指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法对冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：在3 km2研究区域范围内,距离冶炼厂越近土壤重金属含量越高,Pb、Cd为重度污染,超过了《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB15618-2018）农用地土壤污染风险管制值的1.2倍,距离冶炼厂烟囱下风向P1区土壤中重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险筛选值,Cd 在浓度值均超过农用土壤污染风险管制值1.8倍,As元素平均浓度值超农用土壤污染风险管制值1.7倍,Pb、Cu和Zn污染较严重,Cd、Hg对综合指数（RI）贡献值较大分别为68.63和22.4。单项潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示Cd存在极严重的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cu存在较严重潜在生态风险,冶炼厂下风向土壤中综合潜在生态风险指数评价显示,冶炼厂下风向降尘土壤重金属具有较强的生态风险。     

定南县废弃稀土矿区优势植物中5种重金属元素含量的测定

目的通过对赣南定南县某废弃稀土矿区生长的植物样品中5种重金属元素Cu、Mn、Cd、Pb和Cr的含量进行测定。方法采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中Cu、Mn、Cd含量,采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定了样品中Pb和Cr的含量。结果在植物样品中,Mn含量最高的是芒萁(1 081.305 mg/kg);含Cd最高的是山鸡椒(0.716 mg/kg),Pb、Cu、Cr的含量未超过植物正常值。结论山鸡椒和芒萁可分别作为废弃稀土矿区Mn和Cd元素理想的植物修复备选植物。     

丹-锡高速公路两侧土壤中重金属元素污染的测定与评价（英文）

论文对丹-锡高速公路两旁土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Fe、Ni和Mn元素的含量进行了采样调查。分别用单项污染指数、内梅罗指数和地累积指数对土壤中重金属元素的污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:高速公路两旁栽种防护林对土壤重金属污染起到一定的防护作用。随着距路基中心距离的增加,土壤pH值变化范围不大,土壤略呈弱酸性,土壤中Pb、Zn、Mn、Cd和Cu的含量呈现下降的趋势,Fe、Cr、Ni的含量在距路基10~30m范围内略有增加。公路两侧土壤中Pb含量超过背景值,但没有引起污染,Zn、Cr和Cd含量处于轻度到中度污染。土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn、Fe和Cu来自于同一类污染源。     

冕宁安宁河沉积物重金属元素形态垂向分布特征

研究了冕宁安宁河流域垂向剖面上Cd、Pb两种重金属元素不同赋存形态,采用BCR(3级4步)提取法分析了重金属的赋存形态,探讨了两种重金属元素的分布特征,简要分析了重金属元素的潜在危害性。研究区牦牛坪稀土矿的开采对重金属元素的分布造成了一定的影响。Cd、Pb两种重金属元素酸提取态、可还原态所占比例较大,活性较强,当环境条件发生变化时,容易释放出来对环境造成二次污染,具有潜在环境风险,应当引起重视。     

南药巴戟天中十二种无机元素与药效关系的进一步研究

在初步研究的基础上，进一步研究了不同产地巴戟天的无机元素含量差异，通过对比各元素含量、相关系数及TE图谱，说明地道药材与非地道药材的巴戟天，其特征元素的含量存在非常明显的差异，要使大面积扩种的药材提高药效，建议根据当地土壤含Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni的含量，以旋微量元素肥料的方法来补充这些元素在土壤中的不足。但在微量元素肥料配方中，应注意巴戟天吸收土壤中的元素时的协同作用和拮抗作用。     

巴戟天中一种多糖的分离与结构表征

以巴戟天的根为原料, 经热水浸提、Sevag法除蛋白、乙醇沉淀和DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B离子交换柱层析, 得到一种水溶性的巴戟天多糖(MOPI-3). 通过UV、IR、NMR、GC-MS、高碘酸氧化、Smith降解和甲基化等物理化学方法对MOPI-3的纯度、理化性质和组成结构进行表征. 结果表明, MOPI-3分子量为36061, 是一种由阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成的杂多糖, 以α-1,3-吡喃葡萄糖和α-1,4-吡喃半乳糖为主链, 平均每5个葡萄糖连接一个半乳糖, 每个重复单元具有一个支链, 支链由3个呋喃阿拉伯糖以α-1,3-键型组成, 连接在主链葡萄糖的6位碳上, MOPI-3含有乙酰基, 连接在主链半乳糖的2位碳原子上.     

南药巴戟天中十二种无机元素的初步研究

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了不同产地和生长期的巴戟天中Mn．Fe．Cu．Zn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、Cr、Co、Ni、Pb等十二种无机元素的含量及其灰化率，为研究巴戟天的药效及栽培技术提供了实验数据．     

Determination of Cd and Pb in biological reference materials by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: A comparison of three ultrasonic-based sample treatment procedures

Three different ultrasonic-based sample treatment approaches, the automated ultrasonic slurry sampling, the ultrasonic assisted acid solid-liquid extraction (ASLE) and the enzymatic probe sonication (EPS) were compared and discussed for the determination of Cd and Pb by ET-AAS in biological reference materials. The sample mass chosen to perform the analysis was 10 mg and the liquid volume was 1 ml of nitric acid 1 M. The best results were obtained with the slurry procedure with which it was possible accurate and precise determination of the Cd and Pb content in four of the five reference materials studied. Optimum performance (total metal extraction) of ASLE assisted by ultrasound for Cd was only achieved in two of the four materials assessed whereas total Pb recovery was only possible in three of the five samples. Total extraction with the enzymatic probe sonication was only obtained for Cd in oyster tissue. Neither ASLE nor EPS were able to extract Cd or Pb from spruce needles. Pb concentration obtained after EPS was found to be highly dependent from sample centrifugation speed and time.     

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Evaluation of Element Mobility in Bottom Sediment Collected at Mining and Smelting Pb–Zn Ores Area in Poland

The current BCR procedure for metal fractionation recommended by the Standard Measurement and Testing Programme requires rather time-consuming sample pretreatment. Ultrasonic energy seems to be an attractive alternative for leaching metal from solid samples into a liquid extractant phase. This study aims at optimizing ultrasonic extraction in order to replace the BCR method of leaching using acetic acid and to apply the procedure of assessing element mobility in bottom sediment rich in moderately soluble carbonate minerals. The application of ICP-MS allowed the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Tl and Zn in extracts, in a wide range of concentration without any special treatment. Finally, 40’min extraction in an ultrasonic bath was proposed for evaluation of the mobile fraction of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn as an assessment of environmental risk. The recovery of the ultrasound-assisted extraction in comparison to the shake-filter method, as applied in the common BCR procedure, was slightly higher than 100% for As, Cr and Pb, reasonably high (about 70%) for Cd, Zn and Cd, but did not exceed 21% for Tl. Also, the mobility and extractability (relative mobility) of the studied elements from sediment collected over one year were compares. According to the results obtained after 40’min of ultrasound-assisted extraction it can be concluded that mobility did not change over one year for Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Ni and Tl, but noticeable differences for Zn and Pb were observed. The total content of all studied elements was almost the same in samples taken in the years 2003 and 2004, respectively.     

Evaluation of Ammonium Oxalate for Fractionating Metallic Trace Elements in Soils by Sequential Extraction

Abstract

Ammonium oxalate is largely used to extract the trace elements bound to Mn-oxides, amorphous compounds and crystalline Fe-oxides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity and the efficiency of ammonium oxalate for extracting Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn by sequential extraction of soils. For this purpose, three schemes were selected and applied to three different soil samples of the Swiss Jura. Each extraction scheme consisted of six steps, where different reagents were used to extract Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn bound to the Mn and Fe compounds. The results showed that metallic trace elements extraction with ammonium oxalate are very dependant on the metal studied. The reason could be the capability of oxalate to form stable complexes with the metals considered which sometimes are only slightly soluble.     

A Sequential Extraction Method Measures the Toxic Metal Content in Fly Ash from a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator

The purpose of this research was to develop an optimized pretreatment procedure for toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu) content in fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator. In addition, modified sequential extraction procedures were used to characterize the chemical composition of the fly ash samples. The sequential extraction resolved the fly ash elements into the following chemical forms: soluble, exchangeable, carbonate, oxide, organic, and silicate compounds. Certified reference city waste incineration ash (BCR.176) was used as target ash samples. A H₂O₂+HNO₃+HF mixed acid digestion solution with a low temperature evaporation procedure was selected as optimal for the fly ash digestion. The digested solution was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), which effectively determined the concentrations of the toxic metal elements in BCR.176. Except for Cd, the recovery of Pb, Zn, and Cu under H₂O₂+HNO₃+HF digestion and their sequential extraction procedures were higher than 95%. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for recoveries of the four elements were within 10%. Furthermore, the sequential extraction procedure's results provided information on the potential mobility of the studied elements. Most of the Cd was bound to water‐soluble and carbonate material in the fly ash samples. Most of the Pb, Zn, and Cu was released to carbonates and bound to organic matter in the fly ash samples.     

Influence of the physical properties and handling of silica gel modified carbon paste electrodes on the phase transfer of solved Cu(II) ions

EDTA, a powerful chelating agent, is used extensively in soil sciences to determine the bioavailability of trace metals and their possible decontamination from polluted soils. Because of its non-selective nature, the co-dissolution of major elements also occurs, in addition to the extraction of trace metal ions.In this work, the reactivity of trace and major elements (Pb, Cu, Cd, Al, Fe, Ca and Mg) with different concentrations of EDTA was studied in eight soil samples (Burgundy, France). The limit between lack and excess of EDTA with respect to total metal extracted, determined after 24 h of reaction for different types of soil varied from 0.002 to 0.05 M, respectively.For calcareous samples the amount of Pb, Cu and Cd extracted by EDTA was reduced to 50% of that extracted in non-calcareous soils.From the kinetic point of view, the extraction behavior of major elements seemed to depend heavily on excess or lack of EDTA and the soil Ca content. For a lack of EDTA, different competitive behaviors were revealed for the major elements (Al, Ca, Fe and Mg) towards the reagent, depending on the soil matrix.According to these experimental results, the mass balance between the reagent and cations in any EDTA-soil media is strongly controlled by major metal extraction. When choosing the reagent concentration needed to extract the trace metals efficiently, all the extractable metal present in the concerned sample must be taken into account.     

Influence of land development on heavy metal forms in the Bobrza River ecosystem (Świętokrzyskie Province,Poland)

Metals are perceived as pollutants but they are also natural substances found in the environment. The surface water environment is under the influence of continuing industrial pollution/effluents. Therefore it is necessary to determine various metal forms present in each component of the water ecosystem. The study presents analysis for Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn and Pb content in the Bobrza River bottom deposits and water. The analysis of water and sediment samples from the Bobrza River taken from the littoral zone at three sampling points: the riverhead, i.e. the natural environment; Białogon — the acidic environment; and Sitkówka-Nowiny — the alkaline environment, were analyzed. Sample quality indicators were defined with pH value, conductivity, heavy metal content for water and suspended matter samples. The metal forms in river sediment were also analyzed. The sediment samples were subjected to Tessier’s five-stage sequential extraction procedure assisted by microwave radiation. Analyte concentration in water samples and in the extracts was determined with the use of F-AAS and GF-AAS techniques. The results obtained reveal a relationship between land development, the degree of metal bonding with suspended matter and metal forms found in river sediments.     

Effects of processing on five selected metals in the durum wheat food chain

The concentration levels of five metals, namely Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb, were investigated along the durum wheat processing chain, from grain to the final product. Cadmium and Pb are well-known toxic elements and their levels in wheat grain are regulated by the European legislation. Chromium, Fe and Ni were included in the study as markers of metal release from equipment during processing. Durum wheat grain, semolina and pasta were sampled at an industrial plant for milling and pasta making. Samples were taken at different stages along processing in order to elucidate the influence of each stage on the element content. Samples of the water used for grain tempering and dough preparation were also collected. The whole analytical procedure, from sampling to final analytical determinations, was carried out according to a pre-established quality assurance protocol. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).Milling was the key process influencing the concentrations of the studied elements and reduced the metal levels according to a definite element-specific pattern. Purity of the water used as ingredient, element deposition from plant air and metal release from equipment were identified as critical issues in contamination control during processing. In the conditions of this study, it was found that a simple relationship can be established between the original concentrations in durum wheat grain and those in pasta for Cd and Fe, while for Pb, Cr and Ni, a greater uncertainty in the estimation of the levels in the final product is expected.