数字图像处理技术在等高莫尔法三维形貌测量中的应用

在阐述叠加莫尔方法测量物体三维形貌基本原理的基础上,导出正弦光栅照射法等高莫尔条纹检测的数学模型。并对实测三维物体的等高莫尔图进行了灰度均匀、图像增强、细化处理等一系列处理,得到了物体等高莫尔条纹的轮廓线。     

利用莫尔条纹测量物体三维形貌新方法研究

提出了以计算机控制光栅产生莫尔条纹来测量物体三维形貌的新方法.利用计算机控制空间光调制器（Space Light Modulator,SLM）产生可控制幅度及位相的理想光栅,将平行光波投影到待测物体上,其反射光通过参考光栅形成莫尔条纹,利用CCD接收并进行数字图像处理,恢复出待测物体的三维形貌.对此方法进行了理论分析,推导了变形莫尔条纹与待测物形貌变化的关系式.利用MATLAB对此关系式进行仿真计算,其准确度可达0.011 μm.     

浅议莫尔现象及应用

莫尔(moire)一词来自法文,含义为波动的,或起波纹.在日常生活中,当我们将两块窗纱叠在一起时形成一种不规则明暗相间的花纹,这就是莫尔条纹.现在,莫尔现象已广泛应用于科学研究和工程技术之中,莫尔条纹作为精密计量手段可用于长度,角度、振动等领域的测量.1莫尔条纹的形成将两块参数相近的透射光栅以小角度叠合,将产生放大的光栅.如图1和图2为两块光栅常数相同的光栅A和B,叠合后得到如图3所示的放大光栅即莫尔条纹.     

用连分数定义莫尔条纹"准周期"

由两组平行周期条纹叠加而成的莫尔条纹并非严格的周期结构,其近似的周期性在数学上等价于对任意实数的最佳有理逼近.通过将两条纹周期之比近似为其连分数的各阶渐进分数,可系统性地严格定义莫尔条纹各阶"准周期"并计算其长度;实际观察到的莫尔条纹的周期,是满足非周期程度低于经验阈值的最低阶准周期.基于莫尔条纹与连分数展开之间的对应关系,可以找到一类具有严格周期性的莫尔条纹,以及一类"周期性最差"的黄金比例莫尔条纹.本文建立了莫尔条纹与实数基本性质的联系,对莫尔条纹现象的本质提供了新的理解,对所有周期叠加问题都具有普适意义.     

莫尔条纹法测量微小旋转角度的频域分析

利用菲涅耳衍射的频域分析方法,对莫尔条纹复振幅分布公式进行了理论推导,得到了使用两块相同光栅组成的光栅付测量微小角度的原理公式,与利用几何光学等方法得到的结论一致.模拟结果表明：莫尔条纹是光栅付拍现象的最低频率含量,莫尔条纹内含有大量高次谐波|在探测器光学系统放大率一定的前提下,为通过直接测量莫尔条纹宽度的变化达到测量角度变化的目的,必须根据测角精度、探测器的尺寸和分辨率选择合适的光栅付光栅常数和光栅付初始夹角.     

莫尔条纹法测量微小旋转角度的频域分析

利用菲涅耳衍射的频域分析方法,对莫尔条纹复振幅分布公式进行了理论推导,得到了使用两块相同光栅组成的光栅付测量微小角度的原理公式,与利用几何光学等方法得到的结论一致.模拟结果表明:莫尔条纹是光栅付拍现象的最低频率含量,莫尔条纹内含有大量高次谐波;在探测器光学系统放大率一定的前提下,为通过直接测量莫尔条纹宽度的变化达到测量角度变化的目的,必须根据测角精度、探测器的尺寸和分辨率选择合适的光栅付光栅常数和光栅付初始夹角.     

基于横向莫尔条纹的自准直测角方法

本文提出了基于横向莫尔条纹的自准直测角方法,用遮光原理分析了莫尔条纹的位移放大作用.并基于该方法搭建了原理光路,得到的莫尔条纹信号稳定且能够满足测量需求.在此基础上对系统进行了定量标定,简化了数据处理步骤,实现了动态测量,系统分辨率达到10″,进一步明确将该方法应用到自准直仪中可以有效提高仪器分辨率.     

一种新型莫尔条纹的生成方法及应用

通过对Mach-Zehnder干涉仪光路的改装,得到了一种新型的莫尔条纹生成方法.利用CCD接收并将图像采集到计算机上进行了观测,对莫尔条纹参数和性质作了分析,最后对其应用进行了研究.     

莫尔条纹技术的三维测角方法研究

针对传统莫尔条纹技术在测量物体偏转角度中不能对多维角度变化进行测量的问题,采用了一种分区间设计的组合光栅方法,并结合光学自准直成像方法构建了一种新的实验系统装置,利用该系统通过测量莫尔条纹的变化实现了对被测量物体偏转角度的三维测量,对合作光学反射镜的偏转角度测量精度优于1”,绕轴转动测量精度优于2”。     

莫尔条纹分析在数字全息存储器中的应用

针对像素不匹配的数字全息存储器中出现的莫尔条纹现象,提出了利用莫尔条纹进行全息存储光路精确调整来实现像素匹配的方法.通过对CCD像面图像中莫尔条纹的周期和角度进行分析,得到光学系统需要的精确调整参数.实验中, 实现了空间光调制器和光电耦合器阵列512×512像素的1∶1像素匹配,该方法能提高读取速度并降低误码率.     

Grazing holographic projection of object-adapted fringes for shape measurements with enhanced sensitivity

A new method of fringe projection for shape measurement is presented. We use a combination of object-adapted fringes and holographic grazing projection to determine shape deviations of a turbine blade. If the shape of a test object is correct, a fringe grid with constant period is detected by the camera. The object-adapted fringes are projected coherently onto the master object, and a hologram is taken. If the hologram is reconstructed, grazing incidence of object-adapted fringes can be realized. Grazing holographic projection allows for higher triangulation angles and therefore increased sensitivity. Even small shape deviations can be detected and quantitatively evaluated with fast algorithms. The method can be extended to multiple exposed holograms to examine deep objects.     

A flexible 3D profilometry based on fringe contrast analysis

This paper proposed a flexible 3D profilometry based on fringe contrast analysis. A series of sinusoidal fringes are projected on the surface of the testing object that is laid in front of the imaging plane of the fringes, and captured through a beam splitter by a CCD camera in the same direction as the axis of the projection. After the fringe contrast obtained using phase-shifting technique, the height of the object can be restored through searching the look-up table of the contrast and the height. In the measurement process, we only need to capture fringe patterns in one position, without changing the imaging plane of the fringes, so it is faster and more convenient than the existing method based on fringe contrast analysis. Our system is simple and flexible by reason of no special devices used. In this paper, the principle of this method, the setup of the measurement system and primary experiment results are given. The experimental results prove this method can restore the height of the complex object accurately and effectively.     

Fourier synthesis of a three-dimensional surface by the method of multiangle projection of fringes

A new method is proposed for contactless measurements of the surface shape of diffusely reflecting objects. The method is based on the multiangle projection of fringes and the joint processing of the obtained images by Fourier synthesis. It improves the spatial resolution of the reconstructed surface of an object in all directions and simultaneously decreases the shaded areas on an object.     

A study on spatially extended phase objects using speckle photography

We present an application of an improved speckle photography technique for spatially extended phase objects. A contour mapping of a thin lens displaying its phase variation is presented. A theoretical analysis is investigated followed by the experimental presentation. Reasonable interference fringes are obtained and compared with the fringes obtained for hot air. The phase information of the object is extracted using the point-by-point technique.     

Sinusoidal fringe projection system based on compact and non-mechanical scanning low-coherence Michelson interferometer for three-dimensional shape measurement

We report a sinusoidal fringe projection system based on superluminiscent diode (SLD) as a broad-band light source in conjunction with an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as frequency tuning device for three-dimensional shape measurement. The present system is based on a compact low-coherence Michelson interferometer system. The conventional interferometric system was modified in which one side of the beam splitter was coated with aluminum oxide which is used as reference mirror. With this modified version, interference fringes can easily be obtained by simply placing the external mirror in contact on the other side of beam splitter. Sinusoidal fringes with multiple spatial-carrier frequency can be generated in real-time using the present system by means of changing the radio-frequency signal to AOTF electronically without mechanically moving any component in the system. The present system was tested by projecting the sinusoidal fringes on a step-like object and 3D shape of the object was reconstructed using Fourier transform fringe analysis technique. The main advantages of the proposed system are completely non-mechanical scanning, easy to align, high stability because of its nearly common-path geometry and compactness.     

Measuring velocity of speckle fields with digital speckle pattern interferometry

We investigate a digital method for detecting the velocity of a diffusing object. The technique is based on Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI). A set of reference fringes is generated externally through the reference beam in a digital interferometer. As the object moves, subsequent frames are acquired and subtracted according to the normal DSPI procedure and stored. By means of the theory of first order speckle statistics applied to speckle intensity correlation, we relate the visibility variations in the reference fringes with the object velocity. Thus, by measuring the fringe visibility variation in the resulting DSPI stored frames the mean object velocity can be obtained. The theoretical results are experimentally verified.     

Full field deformation measurement of centimeter sized objects using optical phase retrieval

Most papers in the field of optical phase retrieval either consider only the intensity (or amplitude) profile of the object under inspection (or scatterer location in the X-ray version), or a uniform tilt/rotation of the object beam. However, phase retrieval is able to recover the phase profile of the object (beam) as well, which theoretically makes the observable interference of phase retrieved object waves possible. In this paper we demonstrate this principle experimentally on centimeter sized deformable reflective objects (as large as 40 mm by 40 mm) and corresponding simulations are also presented. When the CCD camera is moved along the optical axis in the Fresnel region, the interference fringes of the displacement field have low contrast. On the other hand, when an imaging setup is built, and the camera moves near the image plane, high fringe contrast can be obtained. These fringes however suffer from some phase error. In our work the iterative modulus projection algorithm was used as a simply implementable phase retrieval method.     

Vibration Analysis by Phase Shifting Digital Holography

Phase-shifting digital holography has been used for the study of vibrating objects. The time-averaged complex amplitude of Fresnel diffracted field due to a vibrating object was obtained by using a three-step phase-shifting algorithm. Taking the inverse Fresnel transform of the complex amplitude resulted in an image of the object superimposed with Bessel fringes. The Bessel fringes are contour map of the vibration amplitude. By sinusoidally modulating the phase of the reference beam at the vibration frequency, the brightest fringe could be shifted to points of interest, thus extending the measurable range of vibration amplitude.     

Optical edge-projection method for three-dimensional profilometry

A novel optical edge-projection method is proposed for surface contouring of an object with low reflectivity. A structured light edge is projected onto a dark surface, and the image is captured by a CCD camera. The object contour is evaluated with an active triangular projection algorithm, and one obtains a whole-field three-dimensional contour of the object by scanning the optical edge over the entire object surface. The proposed method is applied to a black nonreflective object made from woven carbon fiber and is also applied to measure the profile of a small object (a coin). The results show that an accurate profile of the specimen can be obtained.     

X-ray interferometric Fourier holography

An X-ray interferometric Fourier holography was proposed and theoretically investigated. X-ray Interferometric Young fringes and the reconstruction of an object image were investigated by the Fourier transform method. It was shown that on the output surface of the analyzer crystal (the third plate of the interferometer) the interference pattern of two slits gives X-ray interferometric Young fringes. An expression for the period of X-ray interferometric Young fringes was obtained. The subsequent reconstruction of the slit image as an object is conducted by means of the Fourier transform method of intensity distribution on the hologram. Three methods for reconstruction of the function of complex transmission of the object are presented: an analytical one–the approximate method, the iteration method and the step-by-step approach. As examples a recording of X-ray interferometric Fourier hologram and the reconstruction of the function of complex amplitude transmission of a beryllium circular cylinder are given.