Automatic vibration mode tracking using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

Optical measurement techniques are being used more and more for quality control in the production process. An important problem when trying to implement optical measurement systems, and in particular the scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) which is considered in this paper, is that user interaction is always required. The need for user interaction implies an increase in testing time and cost and also brings an additional source of variability of the test results. In this article, a completely autonomous test procedure is developed to track the vibration behavior of a product during the production process (this includes automatic laser focussing, position calibration, object recognition, grid generation and mode estimation). The proposed procedure typically requires a few minutes only to automatically determine a high-resolution model of the vibration behavior. The method will be validated on measurements of an electronic circuit board.     

Acoustic source identification using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

This paper shows how a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), an instrument designed to measure vibrations of structures or objects, can be used in a non-traditional fashion to identify acoustical sources. This is achieved by measuring the changes in the optical path induced by local fluctuation of the air refraction index to which the LDV is sensitive. The acoustical signal used is sinusoidal and may be recovered by scanning at a uniform rate over a subject area (continuous scan) parallel to the source axis and demodulating this signal. Due to the fact that the measured scan area is in fact a line integral over a measurement volume between the laser head and a rigid object needed to reflect the laser beam, multiple view planes around the axis of the acoustic source are usually measured. These are then passed through a tomographic algorithm, thereby reconstructing the full sound field. In this article however, only one view plane is measured, but the acoustic source is placed on a rotating surface with fixed rotational frequency, thereby imposing a modulation on the measured spectrum. Demodulation will allow reconstruction of the three-dimensional sound field.     

Flow characterization using a laser Doppler vibrometer

This paper shows how a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), an instrument designed to measure vibrations of structures or objects, can be used in a non-traditional fashion to measure the flow around a cylinder. In particular the von Karmann vortex street which appears in the cylinder wake will be visualized. This is achieved by measuring the changes in the optical path induced by local fluctuation of air refraction index to which the laser vibrometer is sensitive.The measurements obtained with the LDV will be compared visually to measurements done with particle image velocimetry and also with CFD computations for one test case. The specific frequency of the Von Karmann street predicted by the vibrometer, will be compared numerically to the other techniques for two different sized cylinders at three different velocities.     

Reducing measurement time for a laser Doppler vibrometer using regressive techniques

In the last decade the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) has become a widely spread instrument for measuring vibrations. It often offers accurate measurements with a high spatial resolution. However, the measurement time of the LDV and especially for the scanning LDV is long. Therefore, reducing the measurement time is an attractive objective. A way to achieve this is to use a single sine excitation (on a resonance frequency). However, this technique has two major drawbacks: the inability to provide information on the damping and a operational deflection shape that can differ from the true mode shape. In this article two methods will be introduced to reduce measurement time without these defaults. In the first method introduced in this article a narrow band multisine is used as excitation signal and the measured vibration signal in the time domain is represented by a model using sines and cosines with these fixed narrow band frequencies. The coefficients of those sines and cosines are then estimated on a global scale by means of a least-squares estimator. An important advantage of this particular technique is that one does not have to measure a full period of the signal, reducing time. The second method accelerates the measurement time for scanning LDV measurements. Using the time domain sequence from each previous scan point and a limited number of time samples from the current scan point, the full time domain sequence of the current scan point can be estimated. Both these methods are a key benefit for in-line quality control, which can have upwards of 1000 spatial measurement locations. The proposed techniques will be validated on both simulations and experiments of varying complexity.     

3D model assisted fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer measurements

In this paper, a new fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measurement technique is presented. In contrast to existing scanning LDV techniques which use a 2D camera for the manual selection of sample points, we use a 3D Time-of-Flight camera in combination with a CAD file of the test object to automatically obtain measurements at pre-defined locations. The proposed procedure allows users to test prototypes in a shorter time because physical measurement locations are determined without user interaction. Another benefit from this methodology is that it incorporates automatic mapping between a CAD model and the vibration measurements. This mapping can be used to visualize measurements directly on a 3D CAD model. The proposed method is illustrated with vibration measurements of an unmanned aerial vehicle     

Hilbert transform for processing of laser Doppler vibrometer signals

A first application of the digital Hilbert transform for processing of laser Doppler vibrometer signals is considered. The possibility of vibration amplitude measurement with a relation errors less than 1% in the amplitude interval 0.1-10Λ, where Λ is the fringe spacing, and the linear velocity measurement of the examined object has been proved. The analysis of the amplitude measurement errors is given. The applications of the method under review are discussed.     

Multichannel fiber laser Doppler vibrometer studies of low momentum and hypervelocity impacts

A multichannel optical fiber laser Doppler vibrometer was demonstrated with the capability of making simultaneous non-contact measurements of impacts at 3 different locations. Two sets of measurements were performed, firstly using small ball bearings (1 mm–5.5 mm) falling under gravity and secondly using small projectiles (1 mm) fired from an extremely high velocity light gas gun (LGG) with speeds in the range 1 km/s–8 km/s. Determination of impact damage is important for industries such as aerospace, military and rail, where the effect of an impact on the structure can result in a major structural damage. To our knowledge the research reported here demonstrates the first trials of a multichannel fiber laser Doppler vibrometer being used to detect hypervelocity impacts.     

全光纤激光多普勒测振仪空气耦合振动检测

采用外差探测方式, 建立了全光纤结构的激光多普勒测振仪,用来测量经空气传播耦合引起的散射体振动,以期感知振源振动信息。实验探索了散射体材料、固定方式和相对振源位置等对空气耦合振动的影响,得到了200~2700 Hz频率范围内6种散射体振动响应特性曲线。结果表明:通过空气耦合引起的散射体振动,在相同振源振幅下,散射体振动的振幅一般随频率升高而升高; 在材料、固定方式和相对振源位置等因素中,散射体材料对振动响应特性的影响是主要的,后两者只影响局部细节。     

Directional achromatic heterodyne fiber laser Doppler anemometer

The application of diode-pumped double-clad Nd:glass fiber lasers with high fundamental mode power for laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) will be presented. An acousto-optic modulator (AOM) is used as a diffractive beam splitter, so that the LDA calibration constant is wavelength independent, i.e., achromatic. Hence, broadband emitting powerful fiber lasers can also be employed. The directional discrimination of the LDA velocity measurement was achieved using the heterodyne technique with the frequency shift of the AOM element.     

Global noise characteristics of a laser Doppler vibrometer-II. Experiments using beam dynamics

The use of a laser Doppler vibrometer to obtain velocity information from vibrating structures has gained wide acceptance in recent years. Although use of such an instrument can yield a spatially dense matrix of velocity information, several users have noted ‘noise’ at certain points in the spatial field. The technique by which the SLDV system operates results in occasional velocity ‘drop-outs’ which are unidirectional, always estimating the velocity response closer to zero than reality. These ‘drop-out’ areas occur more predominately at points of maximum velocity response with small rotational components. Alternatively, points exhibiting minimum velocity response with large rotational components are less susceptible to the ‘noise’. In this paper, an experiment to visualize the speckle pattern motions received by the photo-detectors during these vibration conditions is presented. Theories regarding the source(s) of the ‘noise’ are developed.     

Experimental and numerical investigation on structural effects of laser pulses for modal parameter measurement

In this paper it has been described part of the research devoted to the development of a complete non-intrusive experimental modal analysis procedure based on laser techniques both for excitation and for measurement. In particular, attention has been focused on the thermal effects generated by laser pulses on the excited structure. An analytical model of the energy exchange between the light pulse and the target surface is proposed together with a finite element model of thermal and mechanical behaviour of the structure under excitation. Both the models (analytical and numerical) have been experimentally validated by measuring the thermal and the vibration responses induced by the laser pulses. The experimental part of the study has been performed on a cantilever beam excited with laser pulses from an Nd : YAG source (532 nm, 100 mJ/pulse) using an high-speed infrared camera and a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Results from this work can be used to improve understanding concerning the features of laser excitation and to establish a mechanical equivalent system of forces and moments, useful in order to increase the accuracy in the measurements of modal parameters when laser pulses are used as excitation sources.     

Rapid wavelength scanning based on acousto-optically tuned external-cavity laser diode

High-speed, wide-range wavelength scanning is demonstrated using a laser diode with an antireflection coating and an external cavity employing an acousto-optic deflector. The narrow spectral width of 0.2 nm observed in the experiment indicates the availability of a highly coherent laser beam. The scanning range of 15 nm under rapid modulation is confirmed in the prototype system. A tuning rate of more than 100 kHz is achieved without any mode hops. To the best of our knowledge, no such high-speed wavelength tuning based on an acousto-optical configuration has been demonstrated thus far.     

An international review of laser Doppler vibrometry: Making light work of vibration measurement

In 1964, just a few years after the invention of the laser, a fluid velocity measurement based on the frequency shift of scattered light was made and the laser Doppler technique was born. This comprehensive review paper charts advances in the development and applications of laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) since those first pioneering experiments. Consideration is first given to the challenges that continue to be posed by laser speckle. Scanning LDV is introduced and its significant influence in the field of experimental modal analysis described. Applications in structural health monitoring and MEMS serve to demonstrate LDV's applicability on structures of all sizes. Rotor vibrations and hearing are explored as examples of the classic applications. Applications in acoustics recognise the versatility of LDV as demonstrated by visualisation of sound fields. The paper concludes with thoughts on future developments, using examples of new multi-component and multi-channel instruments.     

基于Polytec激光测振仪和第二代小波的齿轮箱故障诊断

齿轮箱是机械设备中一种必不可少的通用零部件,也是故障多发部件,而齿轮失效又是诱发其故障的重要因素。因此发展新型齿轮箱故障诊断技术具有重要意义。搭建了基于Polytec激光测振仪的光学测量系统,拾取齿轮箱振动信号,采用第二代小波提取故障特征,达到了故障诊断的目的,可用于齿轮箱故障预知和智能维修。     

基于Polytec激光测振仪的光存储设备振动测试分析系统

针对光存储设备振动频率高的特点,采用Polytec激光测振仪拾取振动信号,并给出了基于Polytec激光测振仪的光存储设备振动测试分析系统。可用于硬盘盘片、磁头滑块、折臂组件、光盘盘片等振动测试,为光存储设备动态特性的测试和分析建立了良好的实验基础。     

Measurement of resonance frequency and loss factor of a microphone diaphragm using a laser vibrometer

The pressure sensitivity of a laboratory standard microphone is determined using a reciprocity technique that measures the electrical transfer impedance of two microphones connected acoustically by a coupler. The electrical transfer impedance is a function of the coupler volume and the equivalent volumes of the microphones. The equivalent volume given as a function of the frequency can be determined in experiments or can be calculated if the equivalent volume at a low frequency as well as the resonance frequency and loss factor of the microphone diaphragm are known. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the resonance frequency and the loss factor accurately to obtain an accurate reading of the pressure sensitivity.In this paper, a new method to determine the resonance frequency and loss factor of a microphone diaphragm is proposed. The frequency response of the diaphragm displacement is measured by a laser vibrometer and the part of the response near the resonance frequency is used to determine the microphone parameters via least square fitting with the equation of a vibration model with one degree-of-freedom. Since the values measured by this method are close to the nominal values and the repeatability is highly feasible, the proposed method will be useful to determine the resonance frequency and loss factor of a microphone diaphragm.     

A phase-stepped grating technique for frequency shifting in laser Doppler velocimetry

We demonstrate a novel approach to the moving grating technique for removal of velocity ambiguity in a laser Doppler velocimeter. The method replaces the continuous motion of a moving grating with a grating which can be positioned or switched to three distinct phase positions. Advantages of this approach are its potential for compact implementation and high stability of the velocity offset.     

Research on laser Doppler velocimeter for vehicle self-contained inertial navigation system

An idea of using laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to measure the velocity for the vehicle inertial navigation system was put forward. The principle of measuring its own velocity with laser Doppler technique was elaborated and reference-beam LDV was designed. Then Doppler signal was processed by tracking filter, frequency spectrum refinement and frequency spectrum correction algorithm. The result of theory and experiment showed that the reference-beam LDV solved the problem that dual-beam LDV cannot be used for measuring when the system was out of focus. Doppler signal was tracked so that signal-to-noise ratio was improved, and the accuracy of the system was enhanced by the technology of frequency spectrum refinement and correction. The measurement mean error was less than 1.5% in velocity range of 0-30 m/s.     

Research on heterodyne efficiency of laser Doppler velocimeter

Heterodyne efficiency is a very important factor in a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Gaussian-Airy mode is put forward to analyze the heterodyne efficiency. And the calculate formulas and results of simulation of heterodyne efficiency are given. The results of numerical analysis show that heterodyne efficiency of LDV depends on the parameters—x₀, A, θ and x_a. Heterodyne efficiency can reach 81.45%, when x₀ = 3.59, A = 5.04 and θ = x_a = 0. At last, the antenna theorem of LDV is derived, and a defocused telescope system is used to adjust the waist's position and radius of the reference beam to match the signal beam.     

Directional discrimination for fiber-optic non-mechanical scanning laser Doppler velocimeter using single transmission path

We propose a fiber-optic non-mechanical scanning laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) with directional discrimination of the velocity component using a single transmission path. The LDV uses a polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) as the transmission path between the main body and probe. Two beams with different frequencies induced by acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are transmitted to the probe as two orthogonal polarization modes of the PMF. The measurement position is axially scanned using gratings in the probe and the change in wavelength. The functions of the scan and directional discrimination are demonstrated experimentally.