GENERATION OF FREE RADICALS DURING PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF HYPOCRELLIN A AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CARDIAC MEMBRANES

Hypocrellin A (HA), a peryloquinone derivative, has recently been isolated from a fungus Hypocrella bambusae. This lipid soluble pigment, in combination with phototherapy, has been used to treat many skin diseases including the keloids caused by scalding and burns. We have studied the effects of photosensitized HA on biomembranes using pig heart microsomes. Photosensitization of HA was found to peroxidize the membrane lipids in the cardiac microsomes. The photodamage imposed by HA depended not only on the concentration of HA but also on the time of irradiation and pH of the system. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) inhibited the lipid peroxidation approximately 50, approximately 50, approximately 30 and approximately 97%, respectively. Spin trapping in combination with EPR spectroscopic techniques was used to identify the reactive free radicals during the photoreaction. Formation of superoxide anion radical, (O2-.), was identified by the SOD-inhibitable DMPO-O2- EPR spectrum. Both SOD and ascorbic acid inhibited the EPR signal intensity in a dose-dependent manner with rate constants of 6.78 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 and 1.82 x 10(4) M-1 s-1, respectively. The lifetime of O2-., under these conditions, was found to be 1.1 s. Photoirradiation of HA yielded a HA free radical with a g = 2.002 which was not suppressed by SOD but in the presence of reductants such as ascorbic acid and catechol the septum was completely suppressed. The increase of the EPR signal intensity and malondialdehyde formation with increasing pH may be due, in part, to the production of predominant *HA- species at high pH which would be more reactive with oxygen to yield O2-.. These results indicate that the lipid peroxidation of the cardiac membranes observed during photooxidation of HA may arise, in part, from the interaction of membrane lipids with reactive species of oxygen and HA free radical produced during the photo-irradiation.     

DFT study of the active intermediate in the Fenton reaction

Density functional theory has been used to investigate the nature of the oxidizing agent in the Fenton reaction. Starting from the primary intermediate [FeII(H2O)5H2O2]2+, we show that the oxygen-oxygen bond breaking mechanism has a small activation energy and could therefore demonstrate the catalytic effect of the metal complex. The O-O bond cleavage of the coordinated H2O2, however, does not lead to a free hydroxyl radical. Instead, the leaving hydroxyl radical abstracts a hydrogen from an adjacent coordinated water leading to the formation of a second Fe-OH bond and of a water molecule. Along this reaction path the primary intermediate transforms into the [FeIV(H2O)4(OH)2]2+ complex and in a second step into a more stable high valent ferryl-oxo complex [FeIV(H2O)5O]2+. We show that the energy profile along the reaction path is strongly affected by the presence of an extra water molecule located near the iron complex. The alternative intermediate [FeII(H2O)4(OOH-)(H3O+)]2+ suggested in the literature has been also investigated, but it is found to be unstable against the primary intermediate. Our results support a picture in which an FeIV-oxo complex is the most likely candidate as the active intermediate in the Fenton reaction, as indeed first proposed by Bray and Gorin already in 1932.     

Effects of catechins on superoxide and hydroxyl radical

Superoxide (O2-.) was reduced by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD: O2-. scavenger) and catechins. In competitive reactions utilizing different concentrations of spin-trap agent, the IC50 values of each sample were changed. With regard to the Cu2+/H2O2 and Fe2+/H2O2 reaction systems, metal chelater, hydroxyl radical (.OH) scavenger and catechins eliminated the levels of .OH. For the Cu2+/H2O2 reaction systems, the IC50 for .OH scavenger changed, but that for metal chelater and catechins did not. However, for the Fe2+/H2O2 reaction system, the IC50 for .OH scavenger and catechins changed, whereas that for metal chelater did not. The ESR signal for free Cu2+ was changed by addition of metal chelater and catechins. In the spectrophotometer experiments, it was confirmed that the CuCl2 spectrum was changed by addition of metal chelater and catechins but not by .OH scavenger. Conversely, the FeSO4 spectrum was not changed by addition of .OH scavenger or catechins, but was altered by metal chelater. Lipid peroxidation was inhibited by catechins in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, it was suggested that the catechins did not scavenge directly the generated .OH from the Cu2+/H2O2 reaction system, but inhibited the generation of .OH by acting on the Cu2+/H2O2 reaction system. On the other hand, with respect to the .OH generated from the Fe2+/H2O2 reaction system, it was suggested that the catechins had a direct scavenging capacity of the .OH, but had little chelating activity of iron. It was confirmed that catechins have the ability to scavenge for O2-. as well as .OH and to inhibit the generation of .OH by chelation with metal ions.     

Singlet Oxygen–mediated Hydroxyl Radical Production in the Presence of Phenols: Whether DMPO–·OH Formation Really Indicates Production of ·OH?¶

The reaction of singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by ultraviolet-A (UVA)-visible light (lambda > 330 nm) irradiation of air-saturated solutions of hematoporphyrin with phenolic compounds in the presence of a spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), gave an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum characteristic of the DMPO-hydroxyl radical spin adduct (DMPO-*OH). In contrast, the ESR signal of 5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-N-oxyl, an oxidative product of DMPO, was observed in the absence of phenolic compounds. The ESR signal of DMPO-*OH decreased in the presence of either a *OH scavenger or a quencher of *O2 and under anaerobic conditions, whereas it increased depending on the concentration of DMPO. These results indicate both 1O2- and DMPO-mediated formation of free *OH during the reaction. When DMPO was replaced with 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO), no DEPMPO adduct of oxygen radical species was obtained. This suggests that 1O2, as an oxidizing agent, reacts little with DEPMPO, in which a strong electron-withdrawing phosphoryl group increases the oxidation potential of DEPMPO compared with DMPO. A linear correlation between the amounts of DMPO-*OH generated and the oxidation potentials of phenolic compounds was observed, suggesting that the electron-donating properties of phenolic compounds contribute to the appearance of *OH. These observations indicate that 1O2 reacts first with DMPO, and the resulting DMPO-1O2 intermediate is immediately decomposed/reduced to give *OH. Phenolic compounds would participate in this reaction as electron donors but would not contribute to the direct conversion of 1O2 to *OH. Furthermore, DEPMPO did not cause the spin-trapping agent-mediated generation of *OH like DMPO did.     

Preparation and Kinetics of a Novel Glutathione Peroxidase Mimic- Selenium-modified Hyaluronic Acid

A selenium-modified hyaluronic acid（HA） compound（SeHA） was synthesized as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase（GPX）. IR and NMR spectra of SeHA predict that the --CH2OH group of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in HA was modified by group --Sell. There are averagely 152 --Sell groups in one SeHA molecule. The GPX activities are 103.88, 32. 15 and 152. 71 U/μmol, respectively, when the substrates were H2O2, BuOOH and CuOOH. Ping-pong mechanism was observed in the steady-state kinetic studies of the reactive oxygen species（ROS） consuming reaction. Result of reactions of SeHA with free radical capturer 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol（BHT） shows that the catalysis is based on a non-free radical-mechanism and the SeHA can not be inhibited by iodoacetate, an enzyme inhibitor.     

Formation of a Criegee intermediate in the low-temperature oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the major sulfur-containing constituent of the Marine Boundary Layer. It is a significant source of H2SO4 aerosol/particles and methane sulfonic acid via atmospheric oxidation processes, where the mechanism is not established. In this study, several new, low-temperature pathways are revealed in the oxidation of DMSO using CBS-QB3 and G3MP2 multilevel and B3LYP hybrid density functional quantum chemical methods. Unlike analogous hydrocarbon peroxy radicals the chemically activated DMSO peroxy radical, [CH3S(=O)CH2OO*]*, predominantly undergoes simple dissociation to a methylsulfinyl radical CH3S*(=O) and a Criegee intermediate, CH2OO, with the barrier to dissociation 11.3 kcal mol(-1) below the energy of the CH3S(=O)CH2* + O2 reactants. The well depth for addition of O2 to the CH3S(=O)CH2 precursor radical is 29.6 kcal mol(-1) at the CBS-QB3 level of theory. We believe that this reaction may serve an important role in atmospheric photochemical and irradiated biological (oxygen-rich) media where formation of initial radicals is facilitated even at lower temperatures. The Criegee intermediate (carbonyl oxide, peroxymethylene) and sulfinyl radical can further decompose, resulting in additional chain branching. A second reaction channel important for oxidation processes includes formation (via intramolecular H atom transfer) and further decomposition of hydroperoxide methylsulfoxide radical, *CH2S(=O)CH2OOH over a low barrier of activation. The initial H-transfer reaction is similar and common in analogous hydrocarbon radical + O2 reactions; but the subsequent very low (3-6 kcal mol(-1)) barrier (14 kcal mol(-1) below the initial reagents) to beta-scission products is not common in HC systems. The low energy reaction of the hydroperoxide radical is a beta-scission elimination of *CH2S(=O)CH2OOH into the CH2=S=O + CH2O + *OH product set. This beta-scission barrier is low, because of the delocalization of the *CH2 radical center through the -S(=O) group, to the -CH2OOH fragment in the transition state structure. The hydroperoxide methylsulfoxide radical can also decompose via a second reaction channel of intramolecular OH migration, yielding formaldehyde and a sulfur-centered hydroxymethylsulfinyl radical HOCH2S*(=O). The barrier of activation relative to initial reagents is 4.2 kcal mol(-1). Heats of formation for DMSO, DMSO carbon-centered radical and Criegee intermediate are evaluated at 298 K as -35.97 +/- 0.05, 13.0 +/- 0.2 and 25.3 +/- 0.7 kcal mol(-1) respectively using isodesmic reaction analysis. The [CH3S*(=O) + CH2OO] product set is shown to form a van der Waals complex that results in O-atom transfer reaction and the formation of new products CH3SO2* radical and CH2O. Proper orientation of the Criegee intermediate and methylsulfinyl radical, as a pre-stabilized pre-reaction complex, assist the process. The DMSO radical reaction is also compared to that of acetonyl radical.     

Photodynamic action of amino substituted hypocrellins: EPR studies on the photogenerations of active oxygen and free radical species

A novel method has been employed to prepare 2-butylamino-2-demethoxy hypocrellin A (BADMHA) and 2-butylamino-2-demethoxy hypocrellin B (BADMHB). Both compounds exhibit stronger absorption at the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm). The spin trapping and spin counteraction studies have shown that they are both efficient generators of the active oxygen (1O2, O2*-) in the aerobic condition. Under the anaerobic condition they generate non-oxygen free radical (semiquinone radical anion), and the active oxygen mechanism of photosensitization can be converted into non-oxygen free radical mechanism with the depletion of oxygen. The quantum yields of 1O2 generation of BADMHA and BADMHB are 0.46 and 0.44, respectively. Both are lower than those of their parent compounds HA and HB. But the productions of superoxide anion are enhanced significantly compared with HA and HB, indicating they are both favorable Type I phototherapeutic agents.     

NH＋O3→ONH＋O2反应热力学和动力学研究

在量子化学对NH自由基与臭氧O3反应计算的基础上，应用统计热力学方法研究了100～1600 K温度范围内NH和O3反应过程的各热力学量的变化及平衡常数，用经Wigner校正的Eyring过渡态理论计算了不同温度下该反应两不同反应通道的活化热力学量、反应速率常数及频率因子.计算表明，相对于反应通道II，反应通道I不仅有很强的反应自发性，而且在动力学上也是较容易实现的反应.     

Mechanistic studies on oxidation of L-ascorbic acid by an oxo-bridged diiron complex in aqueous acidic media

[Fe2(micro-O)(phen)4(H2O)2]4+ (1) (Fig. 1, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) equilibrates with [Fe2(micro-O)(phen)4(H2O)(OH)]3+ (2) and [Fe2(micro-O)(phen)4(OH)2]2+ (3) in aqueous solution in the presence of excess phen, where no phen-releasing equilibria from 1, 2 and 3 exist. 1 quantitatively oxidizes ascorbic acid (H2A) to dehydroascorbic acid (A) in the pH range 3.00-5.50 in the presence of excess phen, which buffers the reaction within 0.05 pH units and ensures complete formation of end iron product ferroin, [Fe(phen)3]2+. The reactive species are 1, 2 and HA- and the reaction proceeds through an initial 1 : 1 inner-sphere adduct formation between 1 and 2 with HA-, followed by a rate limiting outer-sphere one electron one proton (electroprotic) transfer from a second HA- to the ascorbate-unbound iron(III).     

Kinetics of the reaction between nitroxide and thiyl radicals: nitroxides as antioxidants in the presence of thiols

Cyclic nitroxides effectively protect cells, tissues, isolated organs, and laboratory animals from radical-induced damage. The present study focuses on the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of piperidine and pyrrolidine nitroxides with thiyl radicals, which are involved in free radical "repair" equilibria, but being strong oxidants can also produce cell damage. Thiyl radicals derived from glutathione, cysteine, and penicillamine were generated in water by pulse radiolysis, and the rate constants of their reactions with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TPO), 4-OH-TPO, and 3-carbamoyl-proxyl were determined to be (5-7) x 10 (8) M (-1) s (-1) at pH 5-7, independent of the structure of the nitroxide and the thiyl radical. It is suggested that the reaction of nitroxide (>NO (*)) with thiyl radical (RS (*)) yields an unstable adduct (>NOSR). The deprotonated form of this adduct decomposes via heterolysis of the N-O bond, yielding the respective amine (>NH) and sulfinic acid (RS(O)OH). The protonated form of the adduct decomposes via homolysis of the N-O bond, forming the aminium radical (>NH (*+)) and sulfinyl radical (RSO (*)), which by subsequent reactions involving thiol and nitroxide produce the respective amine and sulfonic acid (RS(O) 2OH). Nitroxides that are oxidized to the respective oxoammonium cations (>N (+)O) are recovered in the presence of NADH but not in the presence of thiols. This suggests that the reaction of >N (+)O with thiols yields the respective amine. Two alternative mechanisms are suggested, where >N (+)O reacts with thiolate (RS (-)) directly generating the adduct >NOSR or indirectly forming >NO (*) and RS (*), which subsequently together yield the adduct >NOSR. Under physiological conditions the adduct is mainly deprotonated, and therefore nitroxides can detoxify thiyl radicals. The proposed mechanism can account for the protective effect of nitroxides against reactive oxygen- and nitrogen-derived species in the presence of thiols.     

腐植酸作用下γ-六氯环己烷在冰相中的光转化

研究了腐植酸(HA)存在下冰相体系中γ-六氯环己烷(γ-HCH)的光转化规律.结果表明,HA浓度对γ-HCH的光转化率呈现低浓度促进而高浓度抑制的现象;盐离子浓度、NO_2~-及NO_3~-对γ-HCH的光转化率均有促进作用;低浓度Fe~(3+)对γ-HCH的光转化率有促进作用,当Fe~(3+)的浓度增大到50μmol/L时,呈现抑制效应;γ-HCH在不同p H值条件下光转化速率的大小顺序为碱性中性酸性.冰相中HA通过产生单线态氧(~1O_2)、羟基自由基(·OH)及三重激发态(HA*)加速γ-HCH的光转化.HA存在下γ-HCH的光转化产物主要是五氯环己烯、邻二氯苯和对二氯苯、一氯苯,光转化过程中~1O_2通过消耗中间产物间接加速了γ-HCH的光转化过程.     

Ab initio study on the decomposition of first excited state HOOO radicals

The HOOO radical plays a crucial role in atmospheric processes involving the OH radical and O(2) molecule. We present an ab initio molecular orbital theory study on the decomposition reaction of the first excited state HOOO((2)A') with respect to OH and O(2). The geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of all stationary points are calculated at the CASSCF and MRCI levels of theory in conjunction with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The potential energy profile of the decomposition reaction is studied at the CASSCF/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory, in which the complete valence orbitals and electrons are included in the active space. The energies of the potential energy profile are further refined at the CASPT2 and MRCI levels of the theory. Additionally, we have determined the interesting reaction process: the HOOO((2)A') radical with C(s) symmetry does not dissociate to OH((2)Pi) and O(2)((3)Sigma(-)(g)) directly as this is forbidden by orbital symmetry, but dissociates to OH((2)Pi) and O(2)((3)Sigma(-)(g)) via the change in symmetry from C(s) to C(infinity v) symmetry with a low barrier.     

The Benzylperoxyl Radical as a Source of Hydroxyl and Phenyl Radicals

The benzyl radical ( 1 ) is a key intermediate in the combustion and tropospheric oxidation of toluene. Because of its relevance, the reaction of 1 with molecular oxygen was investigated by matrix‐isolation IR and EPR spectroscopy as well as computational methods. The primary reaction product of 1 and O₂ is the benzylperoxyl radical ( 2 ), which exists in several conformers that can easily interconvert even at cryogenic temperatures. Photolysis of radical 2 at 365 nm results in a formal [1,3]‐H migration and subsequent cleavage of the O?O bond to produce a hydrogen‐bonded complex between the hydroxyl radical and benzaldehyde ( 4 ). Prolonged photolysis produces the benzoyl radical ( 5 ) and water, which finally yield the phenyl radical ( 7 ), CO, and H₂O. Thus, via a sequence of exothermic reactions 1 is transformed into radicals of even higher reactivity, such as OH and 7 . Our results have implications for the development of models for the highly complicated process of combustion of aromatic compounds.     

甲醛光催化氧化的反应机理

采用程序升温脱附（TPD）, 电子自旋共振（ESR）及自旋捕获 电子自旋共振(ST ESR)等物理方法对甲醛光催化氧化过程中,反应物的吸附状态、自由基中间物种及反应机理 进行了研究.结果表明,在光催化氧化空气中微量甲醛的反应条件下,吸附在催化剂表面的空 气中的氧气被光生电子还原为•O－2,微量水被空穴氧化为•OH.二者为甲醛的深度氧化提供了高活性的氧化剂.甲醛是通过中间产物甲酸而氧化为终点 产物二氧化碳的.     

The reactions of cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine with SO4.- revisited. Pulse radiolysis and product studies

The reactions of SO4.- with 2'-deoxycytidine 1a and cytidine 1b lead to very different intermediates (base radicals with 1a, sugar radicals with 1b). The present study provides spectral and kinetic data for the various intermediates by pulse radiolysis as well as information on final product yields (free cytosine). Taking these and literature data into account allows us to substantiate but also modify in essential aspects the current mechanistic concept (H. Catterall, M. J. Davies and B. C. Gilbert, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1992, 1379). SO4.- radicals have been generated radiolytically in the reaction of peroxodisulfate with the hydrated electron (and the H. atom). In the reaction of SO4.- with 1a (k = 1.6 x 10(9) dm3 mol-1 s-1), a transient (lambda max = 400 nm, shifted to 450 nm at pH 3) is observed. This absorption is due to two intermediates. The major component (lambda max approximately 385 nm) does not react with O2 and has been attributed to an N-centered radical 4a formed upon sulfate release and deprotonation at nitrogen. The minor component, rapidly wiped out by O2, must be due to C-centered OH-adduct radical(s) 6a and/or 7a suggested to be formed by a water-induced nucleophilic replacement. These radicals decay by second-order kinetics. Free cytosine is only formed in low yields (G = 0.14 x 10(-7) mol J-1 upon electron-beam irradiation). In contrast, 1b gives rise to an intermediate absorbing at lambda max = 530 nm (shifted to 600 nm in acid solution) which rapidly decays (k = 6 x 10(4) s-1). In the presence of O2, the decay is much faster (k approximately 1.3 x 10(9) dm3 mol-1 s-1) indicating that this species must be a C-centered radical. This has been attributed to the C(5)-yl radical 8 formed upon the reaction of the C(2')-OH group with the cytidine SO4(.-)-adduct radical 2b. This reaction competes very effectively with the corresponding reaction of water and the release of sulfate and a proton generating the N-centered radical. Upon the decay of 8, sugar radical 11 is formed with the release of cytosine. The latter is formed with a G value of 2.8 x 10(-7) mol J-1 (85% of primary SO4.-) at high dose rates (electron beam irradiation). At low dose rates (gamma-radiolysis) its yield is increased to 7 x 10(-7) mol J-1 due to a chain reaction involving peroxodisulfate and reducing free radicals. Phosphate buffer prevents the formation of the sugar radical at the SO4(.-)-adduct stage by enhancing the rate of sulfate release by deprotonation of 2b and also by speeding up the decay of the C(5)-yl radical into another (base) radical. Cytosine release in cytidine is mechanistically related to strand breakage in poly(C). Literature data on the effect of dioxygen on strand breakage yields in poly(C) induced by SO4.- (suppressed) and upon photoionisation (unaltered) lead us to conclude that in poly(C) and also in the present system free radical cations are not involved to a major extent. This conclusion modifies an essential aspect of the current mechanistic concept.     

Dynamics of OH radical generation in laser-induced photodissociation of tetrahydropyran at 193 nm

Tetrahydropyran (THP) undergoes photodissociation on excitation with ArF laser at 193 nm, generating OH radical as one of the transient photoproducts. Laser-induced fluorescence technique is used to detect the nascent OH radical and measure its energy state distribution. The OH radical is formed mostly in the ground vibrational level (v"=0), with low rotational excitation. The rotational distribution of OH (v"=0,J) is characterized by a temperature of 433+/-31 K, corresponding to a rotational energy of 0.86+/-0.06 kcalmol. Two Lambda-doublet levels, 2Pi+(A') and 2Pi-(A"), and the two spin-orbit states, the 2Pi(3/2) and 2Pi(1/2), of OH are populated statistically for all rotational levels. The relative translational energy associated with the photoproducts in the OH channel is calculated to be 21.9+/-3.2 kcal mol(-1), from the Doppler-broadened linewidth, giving an ft value of approximately 43%, and most of the remaining 57% of the available energy is distributed in the internal modes of the other photofragment, C5H9. The observed distribution of the available energy is explained well, using a hybrid model of energy partitioning, with an exit barrier of 40 kcal mol(-1). The potential-energy surface of the reaction channel was mapped by ab initio molecular-orbital calculations. Based on experimental and theoretical results, a mechanism for OH formation is proposed. Electronically excited THP relaxes to the ground electronic state, and from there, a sequence of reactions takes place, generating OH. The proposed mechanism first involves C-O bond scission, followed by a 1,3 H atom migration to O atom, and finally, the C-OH bond cleavage giving OH.     

Self-sensitized photodegradation of membrane-bound protoporphyrin mediated by chain lipid peroxidation: inhibition by nitric oxide with sustained singlet oxygen damage

In the presence of exciting light, iron and reductants, the singlet oxygen (1O2)-generating sensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) induces free radical lipid peroxidation in membranes, but gradually degrades in the process. We postulated that NO, acting as a chain-breaking antioxidant, would protect PpIX against degradation and consequently prolong its ability to produce 1O2. This idea was tested by irradiating PpIX-containing liposomes (LUVs) in the presence of iron and ascorbate, and monitoring the cholesterol hydroperoxides 5alpha-OOH and 7alpha/beta-OOH as respective 1O2 and free radical reporters. 5alpha-OOH accumulation, initially linear with light fluence, slowed progressively after prolonged irradiation, whereas 7alpha/beta-OOH accumulation only accelerated after an initial lag. The active, but not spent, NO donor spermine NONOate (0.4 mM) virtually abolished 7alpha/beta-OOH buildup as well as 5alpha-OOH slowdown. Increasing membrane phospholipid unsaturation hastened the onset of rapid chain peroxidation and 5alpha-OOH slowdown. Accompanying the 5alpha-OOH effect was a steady decrease in 1O2 quantum yield and PpIX fluorescence at 632 nm, both of which were inhibited by NO. An NO-inhibitable decay of PpIX fluorescence was also observed during dark incubation of 5alpha-OOH-bearing LUVs with iron and ascorbate, confirming a link between chain peroxidation and PpIX loss. By protecting PpIX in irradiated membranes, NO might select for and prolong purely 1O2-mediated damage. Supporting this was our observation that 1O2-mediated photoinactivation of a nonmembrane target, lactate dehydrogenase, slowed concurrently with 5alpha-OOH accumulation and that spermine NONOate prevented this. Thus, NO not only protected membrane lipids against PpIX-sensitized free radical damage, but PpIX itself, thereby extending its 1O2-generating lifetime. Consistent findings were obtained using porphyrin-sensitized COH-BR1 cells. These previously unrecognized effects of NO could have important bearing on 5-aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy in which PpIX is metabolically deposited in tumor cells.     

杨梅酮的抗氧化活性

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法, 研究了杨梅酮的分子结构、电子结构和羟基离解焓, 并探讨了杨梅酮与OOCH₃·自由基发生反应的抗氧化机理. 自由基发生反应的抗氧化机理. 在M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p)的计算水平下, 得到了杨梅酮脱氢后各种自由基的相对能量、羟基离解焓、氢原子提取的活化能垒和速率常数. 计算结果表明杨梅酮的4'-OH位置具有最高的抗氧化活性. 杨梅酮4'-OH位置的高活性, 主要是由于4'位上脱氢后生成的羰基与相邻的羟基之间形成了稳定的氢键. 分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析表明, 这种氢键相互作用能够稳定氢提取过程中产生的自由基. 对杨梅酮抗氧化性机理的理论研究, 可为今后设计合成新型的具有更强活性的抗氧化物提供坚实的理论基础.     

Reaction of methacrolein with the hydroxyl radical in air: incorporation of secondary O2 addition into the MACR + OH master equation

Methacrolein (MACR) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry within the planetary boundary layer, as it is one of the major oxidation products of isoprene and has a short lifetime toward the hydroxyl radical (OH). In this study, quantum chemical techniques and statistical reaction rate theory have been used to simulate the addition of OH to MACR at conditions representative of the troposphere. In this chemically activated reaction, the time scales for product formation versus collisional deactivation of the vibrationally excited adduct are explicitly considered. Furthermore, the subsequent addition of O(2) is also incorporated within a single master equation, so as to investigate doubly activated peroxyl radical formation. The major reaction product of OH addition to MACR is the HOCH(2)C(?)(CH(3))CHO radical formed via addition to the outer (β) carbon. This radical is predominantly in the Z isomer although around a third of the population is quenched as the higher-energy E isomer. Calculated rate constants agree well with experiment when using M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ barrier heights, but are somewhat overpredicted using G3SX energies. The overall rate constant is controlled by competition between dissociation of the MACR···OH van der Waals complex back to reactants and isomerization on to MACR-OH adducts, which takes place on a time scale of several nanoseconds, but collisional deactivation of the MACR-OH adducts occurs on a time scale that is around an order of magnitude longer. When O(2) addition is included in the master equation, we observe that the MACR-OH adducts are removed by reaction with O(2) on a similar time scale to collisional deactivation. Around 50% of the subsequent peroxyl radical population is formed with some identifiable excess vibrational energy above singly activated [MACR-OH-O(2)]*, with around 20% provided with an additional 20 kcal mol(-1) (>40 kcal mol(-1) relative to quenched MACR-OH-O(2)) that can go into further unimolecular reaction. This double activation process is expected to lead to some prompt unimolecular decomposition of excited [MACR-OH-O(2)]** peroxyl radicals to yield products including hydroxyacetone and methylglyoxal, regenerating the initiating OH radical in the process.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the ferroxime(II)-catalysed biomimetic oxidation of 2-aminophenol by dioxygen. A functional phenoxazinone synthase model

[Fe(Hdmg)(2)(MeIm)(2)](1), referred to as ferroxime(II), is the precursor of a selective catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of 2-aminophenol (Hap) to 2-amino-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (apx) by dioxygen under ambient conditions. The superoxoferroxime(III) species has been detected by ES-MS, and a 4-substituted 2-aminophenoxyl free radical by the ESR technique. The kinetics of the reaction was followed spectrophotometrically and by monitoring dioxygen uptake at constant pressure. According to the proposed mechanism, solvolysis of 1 is followed by O(2) binding to afford a superoxoferroxime, which abstracts an H-atom from Hap in the rate-determining step via an H-bonded intermediate, generating the free radical. This is supported by the observed primary deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 2.63. The system studied is a functional phenoxazinone synthase model.