AlN晶体物理气相传输法生长坩埚的热场分析

采用物理气相传输法在钨制坩埚上制备AlN单晶．通过采用COMSOL软件中的固体传热和磁场模块,对AlN晶体生长的坩埚的热场进行仿真,同时针对不同的线圈直径以及不同的线圈位置对坩埚热场的影响进行模拟,提出了相应的处理方式．结果表明:当线圈直径增大,坩埚结晶区和升华区的温度在相同的加热时间下会增加,并且增加的温度存在峰值．当线圈的垂直位置发生变化的时候,结晶区和升华区的温度场也会发生变化,从上向下移动的过程中仍然存在温度的峰值,并且结晶区和升华区的温度关系会发生翻转,导致温度梯度阻碍晶体生长．在晶体生长过程中升华区和结晶区的温度关系依旧会发生翻转．但是通过线圈跟随籽晶表面生长层的变厚而同步移动,可以保持相对稳定的温度关系,维持晶体正常持续生长．     

分离结晶Bridgman法晶体生长过程的影响因素

本文采用全局数值模拟方法探讨了微重力条件下温度梯度对分离结晶Bridgman法晶体生长系统的作用规律。同时,在常重力条件下研究了坩埚半径对晶体生长系统的影响。结果发现,在微重力条件下随着温度梯度的增加,晶体生长系统内部的流动强度随之增加,且由于晶体生长系统低温区温度不断降低,使得结晶界面位置不断上升;在常重力条件下,重力的作用随着坩埚半径的增加而增强,导致晶体生长系统内部的流动强度增加,最大流函数增大。     

镍铁氧体单晶的制备

以前曾报导过以硼砂,PbO和Na_2CO_3作为溶剂生长出镍轶氧体单晶。但是,采用以上物质作为溶剂,其结晶温度较高,一般最高熔融温度均达1350℃,这样就会增加铂坩埚在高温时的挥发量,缩短坩埚使用寿命。而PbO在高温时对坩埚的腐蚀作用也较大。J.W.Nielsen曾采用PbO-PbF_2系,而A.Γ.则应用PbO-B_2O_3系作为溶剂生长出钇铁石榴石型单晶(YIG)。利用这两系溶剂来生长YIG单晶可以降低熔点,有助于晶体生长及改进晶体的质量。以后,Makram等人在1962年亦用PbO-     

弹性表面波用LiTaO3晶体的生长

x-切112°y方向的LiT_2O_3晶体具有优良的SAW性能,特别适用于制作TV-PTF滤波器,是目前最好的基片材料之一.为了提供优质而经济的基片材料,用铂铑坩埚在N_2气氛中成功地生长了直径40—45mm,长度50—60mm的LiTaO_3晶体.D/D≈0.6,得料率达50％以上.本文对大直径LiTaO_3晶体生长的热场及工艺条件进行了探讨,并测试了所生长晶体的压电、介电、弹性常数和表面波性能.     

冷热坩埚中电子枪加热金属熔池的数值分析

利用NavierStokes方程在一定的边界条件下求解了电子枪加热长槽形冷、热坩埚中的二维熔池流场,获得了熔池流场的速度和温度分布,并且详细地对比研究了冷、热坩埚中金属熔池的蒸发量与电子枪功率、束宽以及坩埚尺寸的关系.电子枪功率越高、束宽越小(除非小于05mm)、坩埚尺寸越大,则蒸发量越大,电子枪能量的有效利用率也越高.当电子枪束宽较大时,热坩埚的蒸发量较大,而当束宽较小时,冷坩埚的蒸发量较大.计算中对铁、铜、钆和铝等金属熔池进行了数值分析,获得了相似的结果. 关键词： NavierStokes方程 热毛细流 浮力流 金属熔池     

热效应在电流驱动反铁磁/铁磁交换偏置场翻转中的显著作用

电流驱动的面内交换偏置场翻转具有无需外磁场辅助、抗磁场干扰以及强磁各向异性等优势,受到广泛关注.然而,在纳米级厚度薄膜系统中,反铁磁/铁磁异质结的阻塞温度较低,同时电流脉冲会产生大量的焦耳热,理论上电流热效应对于交换偏置场翻转有着显著作用,但是其作用机制缺乏相关研究和验证.我们制备了一系列反铁磁IrMn厚度不同的Pt/IrMn/Py异质结,系统性地研究了热效应在电流翻转交换偏置场中的作用机制.结果表明,在毫秒级电流脉冲下,焦耳热能够使得器件升温至阻塞温度以上,解除反铁磁/铁磁界面的交换耦合,同时电流产生的奥斯特场和自旋轨道矩能够翻转铁磁磁矩,在降温过程中完成交换偏置场的翻转.并且,在翻转过程中,反铁磁/铁磁异质结的各向异性磁阻曲线呈现与温度相关的两步磁化翻转现象,分析表明该现象起源于交换偏置耦合与铁磁直接交换作用之间的竞争关系.本文的研究结果厘清了热效应在电流驱动交换偏置场翻转过程中的重要作用,有助于推动基于电控交换偏置场的自旋电子器件发展.     

感应加热提拉法生长YAG单晶的温度控制

为了得到结构完整、内部光学均匀的高质量晶体,在生长过程中除了寻找一个合适的化学组分和适宜的结晶条件外,对热场温度的高精度控制是重要条件之一、热场温度波动大致可以分为两种类型:一种是由于所使用的各种元件的老化,温漂等原因形成的对给定值的缓慢漂移;另一种是各种外界干扰因素造成的温度瞬时波动.实践证明,对晶体质量影响最大的是温度的突变.以YAG晶体为例,在生长过程中温度突变较大的时候,在晶体相同的部位上外形直径会有变化,内部质量变坏.然而,缓慢的外形变化,则不易带来太大的影响.因此,对单晶炉热场温度控制,应该着重于防止…     

直拉硅单晶生长过程中工艺参数对相变界面形态的影响

为改善晶体相变界面形态,提高晶体品质,提出了一种融合浸入边界法（immersed boundary method,IBM）和格子Boltzmann法（lattice Boltzmann method,LBM）的二维轴对称浸入边界热格子Boltzmann模型来研究直拉法硅单晶生长中的相变问题.将相变界面视为浸没边界,用拉格朗日节点显式追踪相变界面;用LBM求解熔体中的流场和温度分布;用有限差分法求解晶体中的温度分布.实现了基于IB-LBM的动边界晶体生长过程研究.得到了不同晶体生长工艺参数作用下的相变界面,并用相变界面位置偏差绝对值的均值和偏差的标准差来衡量界面的平坦度,得到平坦相变界面对应工艺参数的调整方法.研究表明,相变过程与晶体提拉速度、晶体旋转参数和坩埚旋转参数的相互作用有关,合理地配置晶体旋转参数和坩埚旋转参数的比值,能够得到平坦的相变界面.     

微重力下温差对液桥自由界面变形的影响

浮区法是一种无坩埚容器接触、生长高质量单晶的重要晶体生长技术。微重力环境下,热毛细对流成为熔体中的主要对流,因此,研究浮区法晶体生长中热毛细对流的不稳定性具有重要意义。本文利用VOF自由表面追踪模型来捕捉自由界面的运动,数值研究了微重力下动态自由界面液桥内热毛细对流特性及温差(△T)对自由界面变形的影响。结果显示,在较强的温差作用下,整个熔区出现三维不稳性的热毛细对流振荡,并且随着温差的增加,振荡强度增强,振荡波数也随之增加;自由界面呈现出冷、热壁面膨胀而中间收缩的"瓶颈"状分布。自由界面变形率随温差先增长较快,后增长较慢。     

空间相机热光学分析与试验验证

为了对空间高分辨率相机热设计提出准确的技术要求,基于光学波像差的基本理论,对某高分辨率空间相机的温度场进行热光学分析.在此基础上确定了热控指标,并在真空罐中进行热真空成像试验,验证了热光学分析的正确性和热控指标的合理性.结果表明:最佳焦面位置与相机温度水平的关系近似成线性关系,最佳焦面位置变化量约0.08～0.1mm.℃-1;当温度水平在(20±1)℃之间变化时,像面处在系统焦深范围内,系统传递函数变化量在0.02左右;当径向温差和轴向温差会大于2℃引起最佳焦面位置发生移动,若不调焦,传函会明显下降.     

Model experiments for the Czochralski crystal growth technique

A lot of the physical and the numerical modeling of Czochralski crystal growth is done on the generic Rayleigh-Bénard system. To better approximate the conditions in a Czochralski puller, the influences of a rounded crucible bottom, deviations of the thermal boundary conditions from the generic case, crucible and/or crystal rotation, and the influence of magnetic fields are often studied separately. The present contribution reviews some of these topics while concentrating on studies of the flow and related temperature fluctuations in systems where a rotating magnetic field (RMF) was applied. The three-dimensional convective patterns and the resulting temperature fluctuations will be discussed both for the mere buoyant case and for the application of an RMF. It is shown that a system between a Rayleigh-Bénard and a more realistic configuration, which is still cylindrical but whose surface is partially covered by a crystal model, behaves much the same as a Rayleigh-Bénard system. An RMF can be used to damp the temperature fluctuations. Secondly, a more Czochralski-like system is examined. It turns out that the RMF does not provide the desired damping of the temperature fluctutions in the parameter range considered.     

Effect of Crucibles on Qualities of Self-Seeded Aluminium Nitride Crystals Grown by Sublimation

Self-seeded aluminium nitride （AlN） crystals are grown in tungsten and hot pressed boron nitride （HPBN） crucibles with different shapes by a sublimation method. The qualities of the AlN crystals are characterized by high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy （HRTEM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Micro-Rarnan spectroscopy. The results indicate that the better quality crystals can be collected in conical tungsten crucible.     

Linear and non-linear stability of melt flows in magnetic fields

This review considers the stability of melt motion in two simplified models of semiconductor crystal growth by either vertical gradient freeze (VGF) or Czochralski (Cz) processes under the influence of various magnetic fields. In VGF the crystal is grown at the bottom of the crucible, resulting in a stable thermal stratification of the melt. The presence of a stabilizing temperature gradient surprisingly decreases the stability of the flow driven by a rotating magnetic field (RMF). The instability of the travelling magnetic field (TMF)-driven flow, in contrast, is significantly delayed by thermal stratification in VGF. The TMF may, thus, be used in VGF to control the shape of the solidification interface or the radial dopant distribution without causing undesirable flow oscillations. The crystal is pulled out from the melt in the Cz process, producing an unstable temperature gradient below the crystal. The RMF is able to force the resulting unstable buoyant flow into a state of small-scale, high-frequency turbulence that may be regarded as stable for practical purposes. This effect is experimentally observed over a wide range of Grashof numbers, up to 10⁹, characteristic for a large Cz system.     

半导体激光泵浦复合晶体固体激光器的热效应

为了验证复合晶体使用到半导体泵浦的固体激光器中与非复合晶体的区别,提高半导体泵浦的固体激光器的工作效率,开展了半导体激光泵浦YAP/Tm∶YAP复合晶体固体激光器的热效应的验证实验。采用有限元分析法,模拟了晶体温度及热应力的分布,并分析了热透镜长度的变化情况。结果发现,与非复合晶体相比,复合晶体的温度和热应力均有不同程度的下降,复合晶体工作时的最高温度降至其80%,热应力降至其70%。同时也验证了热透镜焦距不随非掺杂晶体长度的增大而改变,这也意味着复合晶体不能有效提高复合激光的光束质量,但是可以确保输出激光光束质量的稳定性。因此可以证实,使用复合晶体能够有效改善激光器的温度和力学特性,但不能优化固体激光器的光束质量。     

The effect of ultrasonic processing on solidification microstructure and heat transfer in stainless steel melt

The heat transfer in the ultrasonic processing of stainless steel melt is studied in this thesis. The temperature field is simulated when the metal melt is treated with and without ultrasound. In order to avoid the erosion of high temperature melt, ultrasound was introduced from the bottom of melt. It is found that the temperature of melt apparently increases when processed with ultrasound, and the greater the ultrasonic power is, the higher the melt temperature will be; ultrasonic processing can reduce the temperature gradient, leading to more uniform temperature distribution in the melt. The solidification speed is obviously brought down due to the introduction of ultrasound during solidification, with the increasing of ultrasonic power, the melt temperature rises and the solidification speed decreases; as without ultrasound, the interface of solid and mushy zone is arc-shaped, so is the interface of liquid and mushy zone, with ultrasound, the interface of solid and mushy zone is still arc-shaped, but the interface of liquid and mushy zone is almost flat. The simulation results of temperature field are verified in experiment, which also indicates that the dendrite growth direction is in accord with thermal flux direction. The effect of ultrasonic treatment, which improves with the increase of treating power, is in a limited area due to the attenuation of ultrasound.     

First principles prediction of the gas-phase precursors for AlN sublimation growth

Using a new, parameter-free first principles strategy for modeling sublimation growth, we show that while Al and N2 dominate gas concentrations in AlN sublimation growth chambers under typical growth conditions, N2 is undersaturated with respect to the crystal and therefore cannot be a growth precursor. Instead, our calculations predict that the nitrogen-containing precursors are Al(n)N (n=2,3,4), in stark contrast to assumptions used in all previous modeling studies of this system.     

Magnetic crystallization waves in He

The melting and growth of ³He crystals spin-polarized by an external magnetic field at temperatures below the Neel temperature are accompanied by spin supercurrents in addition to mass flows. In fields weak in comparison with exchange fields, the crystallization waves change in nature, because the spin currents begin to play a dominent role. The wave spectrum becomes linear with a velocity inversely proportional to the magnetic field. The attenuation of the waves at low enough temperatures is mainly due to the interaction of the moving crystal-liquid interface with thermal spin waves in the crystal. The waves could be weakly damped at temperatures below a few hundred microkelvins.     

直拉法晶体生长过程非稳态流体热流耦合

为了改善复杂对流形态下的晶体生长品质, 提出了一种改进的格子Boltzmann方法研究非稳态熔体流动和传热的耦合性质. 该方法基于不可压缩轴对称D2Q9模型, 构建了包含旋转惯性力和热浮力等外力项的演化关系, 实现了对轴对称旋转流体的速度、温度和旋转角速度的计算与分析. 结果表明, 非稳态熔体中的流、热耦合性质与格拉斯霍夫数和雷诺数的相互作用有关; 通过调节高雷诺数, 可有效抑制熔体中的自然对流, 改善温度分布, 有助于提高单晶的品质. 数值计算结果与实际硅单晶生长试验均证明了所提方法的正确性及有效性.     

Magnetic field controlled floating-zone single crystal growth of intermetallic compounds

Radio-frequency (RF) floating zone single crystal growth is an important technique for the preparation of single bulk crystals. The advantage of the floating-zone method is the crucible-free growth of single crystals of reactive materials with high melting points. The strong heat diffusion on the surface, as well as the melt convection in the molten zone due to induction heating, often leads to an undesired solid-liquid interface geometry with a concave (towards the solid phase) outer rim. These concave parts aggravate the single crystal growth over the full cross-section. A two-phase stirrer was developed at IFW Dresden in order to avoid the problems connected with these concave parts. It acts as a magnetic field pump and changes the typical double vortex structure to a single roll structure, thus pushing hot melt into the regions where the concave parts may arise. The current in the secondary coil is induced by the primary coil, and the capacitor and the resistance of the secondary circuit are adjusted to get a stable 90 degree phase-shift between the coil currents. Single crystal growth of industrial relevant RuAl and TiAl intermetallic compounds was performed based on the material parameters and using the adjusted two-phase stirrer. Very recently, the magnetic system was applied to the crystal growth of biocompatible TiNb alloys and antiferromagnetic Heusler MnSi compounds.