Approximation by Linear Fractional Transformations of Simple Partial Fractions and Their Differences

Let f be a function and ρ be a simple partial fraction of degree at most n. Under linear-fractional transformations, the difference f ? ρ becomes the difference of another function and a certain simple partial fraction of degree at most n with a quadratic weight. We study applications of this important property. We prove a theorem on uniqueness of interpolating simple partial fraction, generalizing known results, and obtain estimates for the best uniform approximation of certain functions on the real semi-axis ?⁺. For continuous functions of rather common type we first obtain estimates of the best approximation by differences of simple partial fractions on ?⁺. For odd functions we obtain such estimates on the whole axis ?.     

A discrete algorithm for localizing the discontinuity lines of a function of two variables

We consider an ill-posed problem of localizing the discontinuity lines of a function of two variables. It is assumed that, instead of a precisely given function f, the values are available of the averages on the square of the perturbed function f^δ at the points of a uniform grid as well as the error level δ so that \({\left\| {f - {f^\delta }} \right\|_{{L_2}}}{(_\mathbb{R}}^2)\) ≤ δ. An algorithm is constructed for localizing the discontinuity lines, its convergence is proved with the estimates of the approximation accuracy, which coincide in the order of magnitude with the estimates obtained earlier by the authors for the case when, instead of the average values of the function f^δ, the function itself is given. Also, we substantiate the estimates for an important characteristic of localization methods, i.e. separability threshold.     

Stability of spline approximation and the restoration of grid functions

For a functionf(x) ∈ H _ω ^r , defined on a uniform grid approximately, we propose a stable method for approximately restoring the function with the aid of polynomial splines. We derive uniform estimates for the deviations of the spline and its derivatives from the function and its derivatives.     

Strong approximation by Marcinkiewicz means of two-dimensional Walsh–Kaczmarz–Fourier series

In this paper we study the exponential uniform strong approximation of Marcinkiewicz type of two-dimensional Walsh–Kaczmarz–Fourier series. In particular, it is proved that the Marcinkiewicz type of two-dimensional Walsh–Kaczmarz–Fourier series of every continuous function f is uniformly strong summable to the function f exponentially in the power 1/2. Moreover, it is proved that this result is the best possible.     

Asymptotic behavior of solutions to scalar conservation laws and optimal convergence orders to N-waves

The goal of this article is to develop a new technique to obtain better asymptotic estimates for scalar conservation laws. General convex flux, f″(u)?0, is considered with an assumption . We show that, under suitable conditions on the initial value, its solution converges to an N-wave in L¹ norm with the optimal convergence order of O(1/t). The technique we use in this article is to enclose the solution with two rarefaction waves. We also show a uniform convergence order in the sense of graphs. A numerical example of this phenomenon is included.     

On the best approximations and rate of convergence of decompositions in the root vectors of an operator

We establish upper bounds of the best approximations of elements of a Banach space B by the root vectors of an operator A that acts in B. The corresponding estimates of the best approximations are expressed in terms of a K-functional associated with the operator A. For the operator of differentiation with periodic boundary conditions, these estimates coincide with the classical Jackson inequalities for the best approximations of functions by trigonometric polynomials. In terms of K-functionals, we also prove the abstract Dini-Lipschitz criterion of convergence of partial sums of the decomposition of f from B in the root vectors of the operator A to f     

Devaney’s chaos on uniform limit maps

Let (X, d) be a compact metric space and f_n : X → X a sequence of continuous maps such that (f_n) converges uniformly to a map f. The purpose of this paper is to study the Devaney’s chaos on the uniform limit f. On the one hand, we show that f is not necessarily transitive even if all f_n mixing, and the sensitive dependence on initial conditions may not been inherited to f even if the iterates of the sequence have some uniform convergence, which correct two wrong claims in [1]. On the other hand, we give some equivalence conditions for the uniform limit f to be transitive and to have sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Moreover, we present an example to show that a non-transitive sequence may converge uniformly to a transitive map.     

Asymptotic regularity and attractors of the reaction-diffusion equation with nonlinear boundary condition

We consider the dynamical behavior of the reaction-diffusion equation with nonlinear boundary condition for both autonomous and non-autonomous cases. For the autonomous case, under the assumption that the internal nonlinear term f is dissipative and the boundary nonlinear term g is non-dissipative, the asymptotic regularity of solutions is proved. For the non-autonomous case, we obtain the existence of a compact uniform attractor in H¹(Ω) with dissipative internal and boundary nonlinearities.     

Cubic spline interpolation of functions with high gradients in boundary layers

The cubic spline interpolation of grid functions with high-gradient regions is considered. Uniform meshes are proved to be inefficient for this purpose. In the case of widely applied piecewise uniform Shishkin meshes, asymptotically sharp two-sided error estimates are obtained in the class of functions with an exponential boundary layer. It is proved that the error estimates of traditional spline interpolation are not uniform with respect to a small parameter, and the error can increase indefinitely as the small parameter tends to zero, while the number of nodes N is fixed. A modified cubic interpolation spline is proposed, for which O((ln N/N)⁴) error estimates that are uniform with respect to the small parameter are obtained.     

Lagrangian mean curvature flow for entire Lipschitz graphs

We consider the mean curvature flow of entire Lagrangian graphs with Lipschitz continuous initial data. Assuming only a certain bound on the Lipschitz norm of an initial entire Lagrangian graph in ${{\mathbb R}^{2n}}$ , we show that the parabolic Eq. 1.1 has a longtime solution which is smooth for all positive time and satisfies uniform estimates away from time t?=?0. In particular, under the mean curvature flow (1.2) the graph immediately becomes smooth and the solution exists for all time such that the second fundamental form decays uniformly to 0 on the graph as t → ∞. Our assumption on the Lipschitz norm is equivalent to the underlying Lagrangian potential u being uniformly convex with its Hessian bounded in L ^∞. As an application of this result we provide conditions under which an entire Lipschitz Lagrangian graph converges after rescaling to a self-expanding solution to the mean curvature flow.     

Multivariate discriminant and iterated resultant

In this paper,we study the relationship between iterated resultant and multivariate discriminant.We show that,for generic form f(x_n) with even degree d,if the polynomial is squarefreed after each iteration,the multivariate discriminant △(f) is a factor of the squarefreed iterated resultant.In fact,we find a factor Hp(f,[x_1,...,x_n]) of the squarefreed iterated resultant,and prove that the multivariate discriminant △(f) is a factor of Hp(f,[x_1,...,x_n]).Moreover,we conjecture that Hp(f,[x_1,...,x_n]) = △(f) holds for generic form/,and show that it is true for generic trivariate form f(x,y,z).     

Optimal embedding and sharp estimates of the continuity envelope for generalized Bessel potentials

In the theory of function spaces it is an important problem to describe the differential properties for the convolution u = G * f in terms of the behavior of kernel near the origin, and at the infinity. In our paper the differential properties of convolution are characterized by their modulus of continuity of order k ∈ N in the uniform norm. The kernels of convolution generalize the classical kernels determining the Bessel and Riesz potential. They admit non-power behavior near the origin. The order-sharp estimates are obtained for moduli of continuity of the convolution in the uniform norm as well as for continuity envelope function of generalized Bessel potentials. Such estimates admit sharp embedding theorems into a Calderon space and imply estimates for the approximation numbers of the embedding operator.     

Rapid decrease of entire functions along the real axis and the uniqueness of the Fourier-transform pair

We study integral classes of entire functions rapidly decreasing along the real axis, i.e., classes of entire functions whose rapid decrease along the real axis is brought about by the existence of definite weighted integrals. We establish a relationship between these classes and some classes known earlier, in which the decrease of functions along the real axis is given by uniform estimates. As an application, we obtain a concrete realization (also in the integral sense) of the well-known Wiener thesis that the “pair f and $\hat f$ cannot be very small at infinity”.     

Positive solutions for a system of generalized Lidstone problems

In this paper, we study the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for the system of the generalized Lidstone problems We use fixed point index theory to establish our main results based on a priori estimates achieved by utilizing some properties of concave functions, so that the nonlinearities f and g are allowed to grow in distinct manners, with one of them growing superlinearly and the other growing sublinearly.     

Error Estimates for Two Filters Based on Polynomial Interpolation for Recovering a Function from Its Fourier Coefficients

In this paper we derive error estimates for two filters based on piecewise polynomial interpolations of zeroth and first degrees. For a piecewise smooth function f(x) in [0,1], we show that, if all the discontinuity points of f(x) are nodes then, using these filters, we can reconstruct point values of f(x) accurately even near discontinuity points. If f(x) is a piecewise constant or a linear function, the reconstruction formulas are exact. We also propose reconstruction formulas such that we can compute the (approximate ) point values of f(x) using the fast Fourier transform, even when using non-uniform meshes. Several numerical experiments are also provided to illustrate the results.     

Stable manifolds for nonautonomous equations without exponential dichotomy

We consider nonautonomous ordinary differential equations v^′=A(t)v in Banach spaces and, under fairly general assumptions, we show that for any sufficiently small perturbation f there exists a stable invariant manifold for the perturbed equation v^′=A(t)v+f(t,v), which corresponds to the set of negative Lyapunov exponents of the original linear equation. The main assumption is the existence of a nonuniform exponential dichotomy with a small nonuniformity, i.e., a small deviation from the classical notion of (uniform) exponential dichotomy. In fact, we showed that essentially any linear equation v^′=A(t)v admits a nonuniform exponential dichotomy and thus, the above assumption only concerns the smallness of the nonuniformity of the dichotomy. This smallness is a rather common phenomenon at least from the point of view of ergodic theory: almost all linear variational equations obtained from a measure-preserving flow admit a nonuniform exponential dichotomy with arbitrarily small nonuniformity. We emphasize that we do not need to assume the existence of a uniform exponential dichotomy and that we never require the nonuniformity to be arbitrarily small, only sufficiently small. Our approach is related to the notion of Lyapunov regularity, which goes back to Lyapunov himself although it is apparently somewhat forgotten today in the theory of differential equations.     

Well-posedness of the global entropy solution to the Cauchy problem of a hyperbolic conservation laws with relaxation

In this paper, we prove that the Cauchy problem to a hyperbolic conservation laws with relaxation with singular initial data admits a unique global entropy solution in the sense of Definition 1.1. Compared with former results in this direction, the main ingredient of this paper lies in the fact that it contains a uniqueness result and we do not ask f(u) to satisfy any convex, monotonic conditions and the regularity assumption we imposed on f(u) is weaker.     

Invariant scale matrix hypothesis tests under elliptical symmetry

The usual assumption in multivariate hypothesis testing is that the sample consists of n independent, identically distributed Gaussian m-vectors. In this paper this assumption is weakened by considering a class of distributions for which the vector observations are not necessarily either Gaussian or independent. This class contains the elliptically symmetric laws with densities of the form f(X(n × m)) = ψ[tr(X ? M)′ (X ? M)Σ^?1]. For testing the equality of k scale matrices and for the sphericity hypothesis it is shown, by using the structure of the underlying distribution rather than any specific form of the density, that the usual invariant normal-theory tests are exactly robust, for both the null and non-null cases, under this wider class.     

Uniform and Pointwise Quantitative Approximation by Kantorovich–Choquet Type Integral Operators with Respect to Monotone and Submodular Set Functions

In this paper, for the univariate Bernstein–Kantorovich, Szász–Mirakjan–Kantorovich and Baskakov–Kantorovich operators written in terms of the Choquet integral with respect to a monotone and submodular set function, we obtain quantitative approximation estimates, uniform and pointwise in terms of the modulus of continuity. In addition, we show that for large classes of functions, the Kantorovich–Choquet type operators approximate better than their classical correspondents. Also, we construct new Szász–Mirakjan–Kantorovich–Choquet and Baskakov–Kantorovich–Choquet operators, which approximate uniformly f in each compact subinterval of \([0, +\infty )\) with the order \(\omega _{1}(f; \sqrt{\lambda _{n}})\), where \(\lambda _{n}\searrow 0\) arbitrary fast.     

Concentration at a radius for Hardy class functions

In this paper we establish the fundamental properties of concentration at a radius for functions in the classical Hardy space on the unit disk. For f(z) which is not identically zero and given r, 0<r<1, the concentration is defined via the ratio of the norm of f(rz) to the norm of f(z). Using the Mahler measure of f(z), we obtain information on the distribution of the zeros of f(z) in terms of the concentration ratio. In the last section of the paper, we examine the sharpness of concentration estimates for the Blaschke factor.