Ab Initio versus CNDO barrier calculations

Energy barrier curves to internal rotation in P₂H₄ and P₂F₄ have been studied by the ab initio SCF-LCAO-MO method in the gaussian approximation and by the CNDO method. For P₂H₄, two stable rotamers at 75 and 180 of equal energy and separated by a barrier of only 500 cal/mole are predicted, and the cis barrier computes to be 4.1 kcal/mole. A trans-only form of P₂F₄ is the theoretical structure with only an arrest in the barrier curve at the gauche position. The CNDO method does not produce reliable information concerning the number of stable rotamers, their precise configurations, or the heights of the barriers.

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Zusammenfassung Die Kurven der Energiebarriere bei der inneren Rotation von P₂H₄ und P₂F₄ wurden nach der ab initio SCF-LCAO-MO-Methode mit einer Basis von Gaussfunktionen sowie nach der CNDO-Methode untersucht. Beim P₂H₄ ergeben sich zwei stabile Rotamere von gleicher Energie bei 75 und 180 und getrennt durch eine Barriere von nur 500 cal/mol; die cis-Barriere berechnet sich zu 4.1 kcal/mol. Eine reine trans-Form von P₂F₄ ist die theoretische Struktur mit nur einem Sattelpunkt in der Energiekurve bei der gauche-Position. Die CNDO-Methode liefert keine genügend genauen Anhaltspunkte zur Zahl der stabilen Rotameren, ihren genauen Konfigurationen oder zu den Höhen der Barrieren.

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Résumé Les courbes d'énergie donnant les barrières de rotation interne ont été étudiées pour P₂H₄ et P₂F₄ par la méthode ab-initio SCF LCAO MO en base gaussienne et par la méthode CNDO. Pour P₂H₄ on prévoit deux rotamères stables de mÊme énergie à 75 et 180 séparés par une barrière de 500 cal/mole seulement, la barrière cis calculée étant de 4,1 kcal/mole. La structure théorique de P₂F₄ est la forme «tout-trans» avec seulement un arrÊt sur la courbe dans la position gauche. La méthode CNDO ne produit pas d'informations sûres en ce qui concerne les rotamères stables tant du point de vue de leurs configurations que de celui des barrières.

     

Ab initio valence-bond calculations of H2O

The first and second bond dissociation energies for H₂O have been calculated in anab initio manner using a multistructure valence-bond scheme. The basis set consisted of a minimal number of non-orthogonal atomic orbitals expressed in terms of gaussian-lobe functions. The valence-bond structures considered properly described the change in the molecular system as the hydrogen atoms were individually removed to infinity. The calculated equilibrium geometry for the H₂O molecule has an O-H bond length of 1.83 Bohrs and an HOH bond angle of 106.5°. With 49 valence-bond structures the energy of H₂O at this geometry was ?76.0202 Hartrees. The calculated equilibrium bond length for the OH radical was 1.86 Bohrs and the energy, using the same basis set, was ?75.3875 Hartrees. After correction for zero point energies the calculated bond dissociation energies are: H₂O → OH + H, D₁=75.38 kcal/mole and OH → O+H, D₂=54.79 kcal/mole.     

Ab initio and analytical intermolecular potential for ClO-H2O

In recent years, the ClO free radical has been found to play an important role in the ozone removal processes in the atmosphere. In this work, the authors present a potential energy surface scan of the ClO.H2O system with high-level ab initio methods. Because of the existence of low-lying excited states of the ClO.H2O complex and their potential impact on the chemical behavior of the ClO radical in the atmosphere, the authors perform the potential energy surface scan at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory of both the first excited and ground states. Analytical potentials for both ground and excited states, with the ClO and H2O units held fixed at their optimized geometries and with anisotropic atomic polarizabilities modeling the physics of the unpaired electron in the ClO radical, were built based on a Thole-type model. The two minima of the ClO.H2O complex are recovered by the analytical potential.     

水分子垂直电离能的从头计算

分子的芯电子和价电子电离能可用XPS和UPS测得,并可作理论上的近似计算,其中ab initio Hartree-Fock SCF LCAO-MO法是目前广泛采用的一种方法.它所作的三个近似(非相对论近似、Born-Oppenheimer近似和单电子近似)很明确.除了几个基本物理常数外,不再引进任何参数.但是计算中选用的基函数对所得结果的精确度有较大影响.因此,常常需要以扩大的Slater型函数(STF)或Gaussian型函数(GTF)为基函数.由于所需计算的双电子积分的数目正比于基函数数目的四次方,这样就会使计算化费的计算机时间大大增     

Ab initio prediction of the potential energy surface and vibrational-rotational energy levels of dialuminum monoxide, Al2O

The equilibrium structure and potential energy surface of dialuminum monoxide, Al(2)O, have been determined from large-scale ab initio calculations using the coupled-cluster method, CCSD(T), in conjunction with basis sets of triple- through quintuple-zeta quality. The effects of core-electron correlation on the calculated molecular parameters were investigated. The vibrational-rotational energy levels of the Al(2) (16)O and Al(2) (18)O isotopic species were calculated by a variational approach. The predicted energy levels are in remarkably good agreement with the available experimental spectroscopic data (from laser-induced fluorescence), demonstrating that the Al(2)O molecule is linear at equilibrium in its ground electronic state. The reported theoretical data settle controversies between the experimental studies about the equilibrium structure and assignment of vibrational fundamentals of the Al(2)O molecule.     

Ab initio calculations for ground states of CH2Li− and CH2Be

The ground state of CH₂Li^? and CH₂Be molecules has been investigated by an SCF calculation using a contracted Gaussian basis set. Only for the second system a bound state with respect to the ground states of the molecular fragments has been found.     

Ab initio potential energy surface and excited vibrational states for the electronic ground state of Li2H

A 285-point multi-reference configuration-interaction involving single and double excitations (MRS-DCI) potential energy surface for the electronic ground state of Li₂H is determined by using 6-311G (2df, 2pd) basis set. A Simons-Parr-Finlan polynomial expansion is used to fit the discrete surface with a X² of 4.64 × 10^-6. The equilibrium geometry occurs at R_e =0.172 nm and <LiHLi =94.10. The dissociation energy for reaction Li₂H(²A)⇑ Li₂(¹⌆_g)+H(²S) is 243.910 kJ/mol. and that for reaction Li₂H(²A)⇑HLi(¹be)+Li(²S) is 106.445 kJ/mol. The inversion barrier height is 50.388 kJ/mol. The vibrational energy levels are calculated using the discrete variable representation (DVR) method. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 29673029) and by the Special Doctoral Research Foundation of the State Education Commission of China.     

Ab initio cluster calculations of silica surface sites

Silica surface sites, which can be formed in cleavage processes, and their hydrolyzed counterparts are investigated with ab initio cluster calculations. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) theory is used to characterize bonding around silica surface sites. Higher energy lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atoms either hyperconjugate to vicinal silanol/siloxane antibonding orbitals or backdonate electron density via donor–acceptor π-type bonding with participation of pd or p hybrids on silicon atoms. Upon substitution of hydroxyl groups of orthosilicic acid with silica monomers the strength of siloxane and silanol Si–O bonding increases as energies of bonding orbitals and contributions from p-orbitals decrease. Silanone sites and a complementary pair of silyl/siloxy radical sites are found to be the most stable geminal and single non-hydrolyzed sites, respectively. Atomic charges based on natural wavefunctions and on fitting to electrostatic potential, and characteristic bands of IR spectra associated with siloxane and silanol stretching vibrations of silica surface sites are reported.     

Ab initio molecular calculations with pseudopotentials: Higher quality calculations on Li2, LiH,and BeH2

New psudopotentials of higher quality have been used in ab initio molecular calculations. Simple molecular systems like Li₂, LiH, and BeH₂ have been investigated with varying basis sets. Energy, geometrical parameters, and dipole moments have been determined. The convergence properties of the various quantities have been investigated. They show characteristic behavior, e.g., stationary value for the energy where such behavior may be expected.     

Ab initio potential energy surface for Ar 3 +

The potential energy surface (PES) of linear Ar ₃ ⁺ is calculated at the MP4/6-31G* level including all single, double, triple and quadruple excitations. The results show that the PES of the linear Ar ₃ ⁺ has a very flat valley along the asymmetric stretching vibration normal mode, ν₃. A higher level quadratic configuration interaction calculation including single, double and triple substitutions QCISD (T) along this flat valley suggests that an asymmetric geometry energy minimum reported earlier based on MP2 [1] is due to symmetry breaking in UHF. The global minimum of the PES is found to be for the symmetric geometry atR _ab =R _bc =2.66±0.01 Å, which is in good agreement with the MRD-CI calculation [2] and expectations from our earlier photodissociation experiments [3]. The calculational results are compared with other theoretical calculations, and are discussed in the context of the photodissociation and dynamics of dissociation experiments conducted on Ar ₃ ⁺ .     

Full-dimensional vibrational calculations for H5O2+ using an ab initio potential energy surface

We report quantum diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) and variational calculations in full dimensionality for selected vibrational states of H(5)O(2) (+) using a new ab initio potential energy surface [X. Huang, B. Braams, and J. M. Bowman, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 044308 (2005)]. The energy and properties of the zero-point state are focused on in the rigorous DMC calculations. OH-stretch fundamentals are also calculated using "fixed-node" DMC calculations and variationally using two versions of the code MULTIMODE. These results are compared with infrared multiphoton dissociation measurements of Yeh et al. [L. I. Yeh, M. Okumura, J. D. Myers, J. M. Price, and Y. T. Lee, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 7319 (1989)]. Some preliminary results for the energies of several modes of the shared hydrogen are also reported.     

Ab initio calculations of the rotational potential functions for propylamine and ethylmethylamine

Calculations at the STO-3G and 4–31G levels have been carried out on propylamine and ethylmethylamine, using geometries determined by molecular mechanics by allowing complete molecular relaxation in all degrees of freedom except for torsion about the central bond, and at 30° increments for the latter. It was found that a butanelike potential exists in each case. From 0° (cis) to 360° in order, the 4–31G values for the energy extrema are 5.92, 0.12, 3.88, 0.00, 3.94, and 0.51 kcal/mole for propylamine (with the nitrogen lone pair gauche to carbon), and 7.06, 1.45, 3.44, 0.0, 2.87, and 1.44 kcal/mole for ethylmethylamine.     

Conformational equilibrium and potential energy surface of 1-fluorobutane by microwave spectroscopy and Ab initio calculations

The rotational spectra of four (GT, TT, TG, and GG) of the five possible conformers of 1-fluorobutane have been assigned by combining free jet and conventional microwave spectroscopy. The geometry optimization was performed at the MP2 (full) level of theory with the 6-31G (d) and 6-311G (d, p) basis sets and by using the B3LYP (3df, 3pd) density functional method. The relative stability of the five rotamers is calculated at the QCISD (T)/6-311G (d, p) level of theory. In spite of the fact that ab initio calculations indicated the unobserved GG' conformer to be more stable than at least one of the observed conformers it was not possible to detect its rotational spectrum. GT and TG are the most and the least stable species, respectively. The rotational spectra of several vibrational satellites of the four conformers have been studied by conventional microwave spectroscopy. The overall conformational equilibrium is governed by the two-dimensional potential energy surface of the skeletal torsions MeC-CC and FC-CC, which have been evaluated by a flexible model analysis, based on the experimental values of the relative conformational and vibrational energy spacings, and on the shifts of second moments of inertia upon conformational change and vibrational excitation. The relative energy of the fifth stable conformer (GG') was determined to be 333 cm(-1) from flexible model calculations, and to be 271 cm(-1) from the most accurate ab initio calculations.     

Benzooxirene. Ab initio calculations

Ab initio calculations have been performed on benzooxirene, the corresponding oxo carbene (“ketocarbene”), and the transition state linking the two. At the highest level used, QCISD(T)/6-31G^*//MP2(FULL)/6-1G^* with MP2(FULL)/ 6-31G^* zero point energy corrections, the relative energies of the oxirene, the transition state and the carbene are 0, 24.6, and −17.8 kJ mol⁻¹. Correlation energy effects are very important in this system: at the QCISD(T) level the oxirene lies above the carbene, as at the MP4 and HF levels, but at the MP2 level the ordering is reversed. Benzooxirene is probably slightly nonplanar: the HF/6-31G^* geometry is C_2v but the MP2(Fermi contact)/6-31G^* geometry is C_s with a 6-/3-ring coplanarity deviation of about 6.9 °, although in the MP2(FULL)/6-31G^* geometry this is reduced to about 3.1 °.     

Ab initio calculations of surface electronic states in indium oxide

A slab approach in the framework of ab initio calculations was applied to study surface electronic states in In₂O₃ crystal. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out employing the WIEN 2k code and using the full potential method with Augmented Plane Waves + local orbitals (APW+lo) formalism. Total and partial DOS (Density of States) were calculated for In and O atoms in two upper (110) surface layers. Comparison of total and partial DOS allowed determining a contribution of electronic states of different In and O surface atoms into formation of surface electronic spectra and corresponding chemical bonds. A dominant ionic character of chemical bonds in In₂O₃ is found. Calculations were performed for three slab models with different geometry parameters. It was shown that an optimal ratio between the whole vertical size of a supercell and the vertical size of atomic cluster has to be chosen. The size of vacuum region in the slab model influences significantly on the reliability of calculated characteristics of the surface electronic structure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Ab initio potential energy and dipole moment surfaces for H5O2 +

Full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface (PES) and dipole moment surface (DMS) are reported for H(5)O(2) (+). Tens of thousands of coupled-cluster [CCSD(T)] and second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) calculations of electronic energies, using aug-cc-pVTZ basis, were done. The energies were fit very precisely in terms of all the internuclear distances, using standard least-square procedures, however, with a fitting basis that satisfies permutational symmetry with respect to like atoms. The H(5)O(2) (+) PES is a fit to 48 189 CCSD(T) energies, containing 7962 polynomial coefficients. The PES has a rms fitting error of 34.9 cm(-1) for the entire data set up to 110 000 cm(-1). This surface can describe various internal floppy motions, including the H atom exchanges, monomer inversions, and monomer torsions. First- and higher-order saddle points have been located on the surface and compared with available previous theoretical work. In addition, the PES dissociates correctly (and symmetrically) to H(2)O+H(3)O(+), with D(e)=11 923.8 cm(-1). Geometrical and vibrational properties of the monomer fragments are presented. The corresponding global DMS fit (MP2 based) involves 3844 polynomial coefficients and also dissociates correctly.     

Ab initio calculations on urea

Multiconfiguration wave functions constructed from contracted Gaussian-lobe functions have been found for the ground and valence-excited states of urea. ICSCF molecular orbitals of the excited states were used as the parent configurations for the CI calculations except for the ¹A₁(π → π*) state. The ¹A₁(π → π*) state used as its parent configuration an orthogonal linear combination of natural orbitals obtained from the second root of a three-configuration SCF calculation. The lowest excited states are predicted to be the n π → π* and π → π* triplet states. The lowest singlet state is predicted to be the n π → π* state with an energy in good agreement with the one known UV band at 7.2 eV. The π → π* singlet state is predicted to be about 1.9 eV higher, contrary to several previous assignments which assumed the lowest band was a π → π* amide resonance band. The predicted ionization energy of 9.0 eV makes this and higher states autoionizing.     

Ab initio potential energy surface for HeF2 in its ground electronic state

The ground state potential energy surface for He–F₂ has been generated using the coupled-cluster singles and doubles excitation approach with perturbative treatment of triple excitations [CCSD(T)] and multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) methodologies, with augmented correlation consistent quadruple zeta basis set and diffused functions. Both the CCSD(T) and MRCI surfaces are compared and the results analyzed. The CCSD(T) surface exhibits van der Waals minima at different distances for different orientations of He approaching F₂ and is adequate to describe accurately only in the region around the equilibrium bond distance of F₂. The MRCI surface, on the other hand, yields reliable results for a wider range of F–F bond distances leading to the correct asymptote. Davidson correction to the MRCI surface makes it purely repulsive over the regions investigated.     

Ab initio calculations of electron-spin magnetic moments for Li,Be and B hydrides inX 2∑+ states

Electron-spin magnetic moments, in the form ofg-shifts, have been computed at the ROHF level for theX ²∑⁺ states of LiH⁺, BeH²⁺, LiH^?, BeH and BH⁺. A perturbative approach, complete to second-order in appropriate Breit-Pauli operators, has been used. Retention of two-centre integrals has proven vital. First-order terms are important, especially in describing the negativeg _∥ shifts observed experimentally in²∑⁺ molecules. The relativistic mass correction dominates in first-order, except for LiH^? where the two-electron spin-Zeeman gauge correction supersedes. Second-order terms contribute negatively, and only to the Δg _⊥ component. Along the isoelectronic series LiH^? → BeH → BH⁺, the magnitude of Δg _⊥ increases due to the dependence of spin-orbit coupling on nuclear charge. The relation ofg-shifts to electronic structure and bonding is explored.