Electronic absorption spectroscopy probed side-chain movement in chromic transitions of polydiacetylene vesicles

Thermochromism, solvatochromism, and alkalinochromism of a poly-10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (poly(PCDA)) vesicle solution are studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy. The spectroscopic profiles reveal different sequences of side-chain movement during the chromic transitions. The gradual hypsochromic shift and reversibility of the purple solution at low temperature in the thermochromic transition indicates that the transition starts with reversible conformational alteration of methylene side chains leading to metastable purple vesicles. Further heating to 80 degrees C or higher eventually causes the hydrogen bonds at the carboxylic head groups to break and turns the vesicle solution to red. The irreversibility of the red vesicles indicates that it is the most thermodynamically stable form. In the ethanolochromism and alkalinochromism, the processes are however induced at the vesicle-media interface, directly bringing about the hydrogen bond breaking. The purple solutions observed in the ethanolochromism and alkalinochromism cannot reverse back to the blue one. The absorption spectra clearly demonstrate that they are mixtures of the blue and red vesicles.     

Methylene blue as an electrochemical discriminator of single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides immobilised on gold substrates.

Self-assembly of thiol-terminated oligonucleotides on gold substrates provides a convenient and versatile route to DNA-functionalised surfaces. Here we show that the square-wave voltammetric peak position of methylene blue complexed to thiol-terminated single-stranded oligonucleotides immobilised on gold electrodes differs from that of methylene blue complexed to thiol-terminated double-stranded oligonucleotides immobilised on gold electrodes. The peak potential of methylene blue at the single-stranded oligonucleotide array was consistently found to occur at potentials ca. 10-15 mV more positive than that at double-stranded oligonucleotide arrays, the precise difference being dependent on the direction of the voltammetry. This voltammetric behaviour mirrors that found for methylene blue bound to freely diffusing single- and double-stranded calf thymus DNA and suggests that the immobilised oligonucleotides retain the methylene blue binding properties of their freely diffusing counterparts. Thus methylene blue provides a simple electrochemical indicator for the status of oligonucleotide-functionalised gold surfaces.     

氧化石墨烯吸附亚甲基蓝的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法研究了亚甲基蓝在不同氧化度的氧化石墨烯表面的吸附行为及其动力学性质, 从微观角度讨论了亚甲基蓝由体相到氧化石墨烯表面的吸附过程及主要作用机制, 并通过亚甲基蓝分子动力学性质解释了氧化石墨烯的氧化度和含氧官能团类型对吸附行为的影响. 结果表明, 吸附过程中, 亚甲基蓝主要受氧化石墨烯表面含氧官能团的静电作用, 以近似垂直氧化石墨烯表面的方向进入, 并以平行的方式吸附于氧化石墨烯表面; 亚甲基蓝不易脱离高氧化度氧化石墨烯的吸附位点; 吸附平衡过程中, 相对于低氧化度的氧化石墨烯, 高氧化度氧化石墨烯对亚甲基蓝的束缚性更强, 同时与亚甲基蓝间相互作用更强; 含氧官能团中的环氧基与亚甲基蓝间的作用势能更强, 且羟基能够与亚甲基蓝间形成氢键结构, 共同保障了亚甲基蓝吸附层的稳定性.     

Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Dry Gelatin Containing Bound Methylene Blue

Excited states of methylene blue bound to dry gelatin undergo electron-transfer quenching reactions with neighboring amino acid residues to give reduced, methylene blue-free radicals. At the low loadings of methylene blue bound to gelatin used in this work, the absorption spectra indicated that the methylene blue existed principally in its monomeric form. The rates of methylene blue fluorescence quenching depended on the temperature at which the gelatin was dried. There was no detectable fluorescence characteristic of the localized excited singlet state of methylene blue when the dye is bound to gelatin dried at 15°C, where a significant proportion of the protein exists in its a -helical form. Instead, weak emission with a maximum at 645 nm is observed. It is inferred from this that the rate of quenching of any localized excited singlet states of the dye bound to a -helical gelatin is very fast thereby competing efficiently with radiative relaxation. The weak emission at 645 nm is ascribed to a fluorescent exciplex formed between bound methylene blue and a neighboring electron/proton donor residue of the gelatin. While fluorescence characteristic of the localized methylene blue singlet state was observed from dyed gelatin dried at 50°C, i.e. in its random coil form, the triplet state is subject to rapid quenching by electron/proton transfer with protein moieties.     

PHOTOREDUCTION OF METHYLENE BLUE BY WATER*

Abstract— The photoreduction of methylene blue in acid solution has been studied electrochemically. It has been found that methylene blue photoreduction proceeds in red light, with only water available as reducing agent. Reaction energy considerations require two photons to reduce each methylene blue molecule. A two-photon mechanism involving a long-lived dimer intermediate is proposed, and is shown to lead to the observed kinetics, including the dependence of rate on light intensity and methylene blue concentration.     

金纳米微粒作探针共振瑞利散射光谱法测定亚甲蓝

在pH为6.5~9.5的中性或弱碱性介质中, 金纳米微粒可与亚甲蓝(MB)阳离子靠静电引力及疏水作用力结合, 形成粒径较大的聚集体(平均粒径从12 nm增至20 nm), 这种聚集体的形成导致共振瑞利散射(RRS)强度显著增强, 最大散射峰位于371 nm. 在适当条件下, 散射强度(ΔI)与亚甲蓝浓度成正比. 该法具有高灵敏度, 将金纳米微粒作为测定亚甲蓝的高灵敏RRS探针, 对亚甲蓝的检出限为21.17 ng/mL, 该法简便, 快速, 且有较好的选择性, 可用于血液中亚甲蓝的测定.     

New Methylene Blue (NMB) Encapsulated in Mesoporous AlMCM‐41 Material and Its Application for Amperometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Real Samples

New methylene blue (NMB) dye incorporated into AlMCM‐41 surfactant‐free and hybrid surfactant‐AlMCM‐41 mesophase. UV‐vis evidence shows that new methylene blue dye protonated in both cases of zeolites. New methylene blue is electroactive in zeolites and their electrochemical activity has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and compared to that of NMB in aqueous solutions. New methylene blue molecules are not released to the solution during CV measurements and are accessible to H₃O⁺ ions. The presence of surfactant affects the kinetics of the redox process through proton ions diffusion. The midpoint potentials (E_m) values show that new methylene blue dye incorporated into AlMCM‐41 can be reduced easily with respect to solution new methylene blue. New methylene blue interacting with surfactant polar heads and residual Br^? ions as a results, it shows a couple of peaks in high potential with respect to new methylene blue solution. The electrode made with methylene blue‐AlMCM‐41 without surfactant was used for the mediated oxidation of ascorbic acid. The anodic peak current observed in cyclic voltammetry was linearly dependent on the ascorbic acid concentration. The calibration plot was linear over the ascorbic acid concentration range 1.0×10^?5 to 5.0×10^?4 M. The detection limit of the method is 1.0×10^?5 M, low enough for trace ascorbic acid determination in various real samples.     

反胶束笼对纳米氯化银反应性能的微环境限定

研究了反映束中直径为１０￣１７ｎｍ的ＡｇＣｌ微料与亚甲基蓝之间的作用，比较了阴离子型和非离子型表面活性剂组成的反胶束微环境的影响，讨论了亚甲基蓝在粒子上的吸附，二聚体形成的钠米ＡｇＣｌ粒子对亚甲基蓝荧光猝灭机制。     

Intercalation of Methylene Blue into Mordenites: Role of Zeolite Acidity

The intercalation of methylene blue into mordenite zeolite was studied by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Methylene blue was incorporated into mordenite by ion exchange in the aqueous phase. Samples of sodium, calcium and protonated mordenite were subjected to methylene blue loading. The DR spectra observed shortly after mixing the dye with sodium mordenite are those of aggregated species adsorbed on the surface. The period of intercalation is very short (1 h) for protonated mordenite and is too long for calcium mordenite (7 days). The hydrated mordenite samples containing intercalated methylene blue show two 660 and 610 nm bands which are assigned to monomeric and dimeric species of methylene blue, respectively. Upon dehydration a new band at 745 nm is observed which corresponds to the protonated dye molecule. The intensity of this band increases with severity of dehydration. Those dehydrated samples containing merely aggregated dye molecules adsorbed on the surface do not show the 745 nm band. The protonation of methylene blue is reversible by the dehydration-hydration process.     

反射薄层光谱电化学方法的应用

用自行设计的反射光谱薄层电解池测定了二茂铁在NaClO_1/CH_3CN中的E~O′和n值、铁氰化钾在KCl底液中和亚甲蓝在KNO_3/DMSO中的扩散系数。对亚甲蓝在二甲亚砜介质中的还原过程进行了研究,证明有一电子还原产物存在。     

In vitro photodynamic activity of a series of methylene blue analogues

We have synthesized a series of symmetrical phenothiazines in which the methyl groups of methylene blue have been substituted by longer alkyl chains. Intrinsic photosensitizing ability was not altered by increasing the chain length. However, in vitro phototoxicity after 2 h incubation of RIF-1 murine fibrosarcoma cells followed the order n-propyl > n-pentyl > n-butyl > n-hexyl > ethyl > methyl, with ethyl and n-propyl analogues being 14- and 130-fold more phototoxic than methylene blue, respectively. All analogues also had an improved ratio of phototoxicity: dark toxicity (4:1 to 27:1) compared with methylene blue (3:1). Phototoxicity did not correlate with cellular phenothiazine levels, suggesting that the site of subcellular localization may be more important. After 2 h incubation of RIF-1 cells with the phototoxicity LD50 concentration, methylene blue and all analogues were observed to be localized in the lysosomes by fluorescence microscopy. On exposure to light, methylene blue relocalized to the nucleus, the ethyl analogue did not relocalize, whereas the more phototoxic n-propyl - n-hexyl analogues relocalized to the mitochondria. Relocalization to the mitochondria was associated with an octanol: buffer partition coefficient > or = 1. Therefore, the longer-chain analogues of methylene blue show significantly improved phototoxicity in vitro and, in addition, are expected to avoid the problems of mutagenicity associated with the nuclear localization of methylene blue.     

pH-dependent phase behavior of carbohydrate-based gemini surfactants. Effect of the length of the hydrophobic spacer

The phase behavior of a series of carbohydrate-based gemini surfactants with varying spacer lengths was studied using static and dynamic light scattering between pH 2 and 12. Cryo-electron microscopy pictures provide evidence for the different morphologies present in solution. The spacer length of the gemini surfactants was varied from two to 12 methylene units. At near neutral pH, spherical vesicles were obtained for gemini surfactants with a spacer shorter than 10 methylene units, whereas nonspherical vesicles were obtained for spacer lengths of 10 and 12. Upon decreasing the pH, the vesicles underwent transitions toward worm-like micelles and spherical micelles for a spacer length of six and larger, whereas for shorter spacers, these transitions are not observed. For the shortest spacer at low pH, perforated vesicles are observed, and vesicles built from the gemini surfactant with a spacer of four methylene units only underwent a transition toward worm-like micelles. Upon increasing the pH to slightly basic values, flocculation followed by redispersion upon charge reversal was observed up to a spacer length of eight methylene units. The redispersal is explained by hydroxide-ion binding to the uncharged vesicular surface. By contrast, vesicles formed from the gemini surfactants with 10 and 12 methylene units only undergo a transition toward inverted phases. The observations can be understood in terms of the packing parameter.     

新型杂多酸盐光催化降解亚甲基蓝染料废水

以水热自组装法合成的新型杂多酸盐[PMo₈V₆O₄₂][Co(Phen)₂][Him]₂·2H₃O·3H₂O(1),通过红外光谱、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见光谱、光电子能谱和X粉末衍射等技术手段进行表征。 以此物质为催化剂光催化降解亚甲基蓝染料废水。 分别讨论催化剂投加量、亚甲基蓝废水初始浓度、废水溶液酸度(pH)对亚甲基蓝降解率的影响。 实验结果表明:催化剂投加量为50 mg/L、亚甲基蓝初始浓度为4 mg/L、模拟废水溶液的初始pH=1、降解时间220 min时,废水降解率可达到99.2%。 光催化动力学分析显示,以合成杂多酸盐为催化剂光催化降解亚甲基蓝废水降解过程满足一级动力学方程,该一级方程反应速率常数为0.0144 min^-1,拟合常数为0.9918。 另外,此催化剂还表现出较好的重复使用性能,连续使用5 次后降解率仍为92.4%。     

Investigation on the iodination reaction of methylene blue by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with ionspray ionisation.

Radioactive iodine (131I and 123I) labelled methylene blue is used for the early diagnosis of melanoma metastases. We studied the iodination reaction of methylene blue (using "cold" iodine) in order to characterise the iodination product(s) as far as number and position of iodine atoms introduced on the aromatic ring(s) is concerned. The reaction was carried out under the same experimental conditions used for the radioactive one, that is in a large excess of methylene blue. The ionspray HPLC-MS analysis of the reaction mixture showed that the iodinated methylene blue was present only in a very small amount and the main iodinated product was a demethylated one, coming out from the iodination of an impurity azure B. We also studied the iodination reaction of azure B in order to better explain the reaction pathway. Commercial azure B contains impurities of methylene blue and all the possible demethylated derivatives. HPLC-MS analysis of the reaction mixture allowed a complete characterisation of the iodinated and bis-iodinated products.     

光谱电化学法研究亚甲基蓝的电还原反应

用极谱法研究亚甲基蓝(MB)的电极吸附过程早有报道.近几年,用光谱电化学法研究其电化学行为又引起了许多人的兴趣.但在光透薄层电极上,由于光程太短,测试溶液浓度较高,导致亚甲基蓝发生聚合,影响实验结果的准确测定.为此本文利用特制的比色皿型长光程薄层光谱电化学池,在低浓度条件下研究其在SnO_2镀膜玻璃电极上的电还原反应.     

Methylene blue derivatization then LC–MS analysis for measurement of trace levels of sulfide in aquatic samples

The methylene blue method has been widely used for analysis of sulfide for more than 100 years. Direct measurement of methylene blue at nanomolar concentrations is impossible without a preconcentration step, however. In this study the response of LC–MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) to methylene blue was evaluated. HPLC with simple isocratic elution was followed by ESI-MS quantification, which was compared with traditional UV–visible detection. The limit of detection for sulfide was approximately 50 ng L⁻¹, or 1.5 nmol L⁻¹. Analysis time was substantially reduced by use of isocratic elution. Interfering compounds produced by side reactions can be eliminated by use of the mass filter. A polysulfide sample was also analyzed to determine which products are formed and whether or not polysulfides react stoichiometrically with methylene blue reagent. It seems that polysulfides do not react quantitatively with methylene blue and so cannot be quantified reliably by use of this method.     

改性埃洛石材料的制备及其对亚甲基蓝吸附行为的研究

使用硅烷偶联剂KH550改性埃洛石纳米管获得改性材料HNTs-APTS,并对其吸附亚甲基蓝的行为进行研究。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X-衍射仪(XRD)对改性前后的埃洛石进行表征。考察了吸附时间和温度对吸附过程的影响,并采用Lagrange准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程及Freundlich等温线方程对实验数据进行拟合。结果表明,KH550成功负载到埃洛石表面;改性后材料的吸附能力大大提高。改性埃洛石对亚甲基蓝的吸附约在60 min达平衡,最大吸附容量为21.66 mg/g。其吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,热力学较好地符合Langmuir等温线方程,且吸附过程为自发吸热,升高温度有利于吸附的进行。改性材料可重复再生6次,具有良好的再生性能,可在工业处理亚甲基蓝废水中使用。     

Potentiometric determination of the stability constants of the fluoroborate-dye complexes used in colorimetric analysis for boron

An extensive bibliography on the determination of boron by means of tetrafluoroborate-dye complexes is given. The stability constants of the fluoroborate—dye complexes are calculated from potentiometric measurements with an Orion fluoroborate ion-selective electrode, for the following nineteen dyes: methylene blue, methylene green, new methylene blue N, thionine, toluidine blue O, malachite green, brilliant green, crystal violet, fuchsine, methyl green, methyl violet, Victoria blue B, brilliant cresyl blue, Nile blue A, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, pyronine Y, safranine T and Janus green B. The solubilities of these dyes have been determined by spectrophotometry.     

聚次甲基蓝膜的生长及性质

在铂电极和金电极上,次甲基蓝在低电位 0～－ 0.5 V范围内的氧化还原已有报导,它在 － 0.2 V处有可逆的氧化还原峰 [1,2].近来,已将次甲基蓝的氧化升高至 1.2 V（ vs Ag/AgCl参比电极）, 在玻炭电极上形成一层聚合物膜 [3],这种聚合物可被用来固定葡萄糖氧化酶制成葡萄糖生物传感器 [3].在扫描电位为－ 0.6～ 1.0 V（ vs SCE）范围内, 聚次甲基蓝膜的生长已通过电化学石英晶体微天平技术得到了证实,同时证实了,在氧化还原过程中阴离子能够在聚次甲基蓝膜中掺杂和去掺杂 [4].聚次甲基蓝在 pH为 2.0至 8.0范围内具有很好的电化学…     

铜/石墨烯复合材料的制备及催化性能

采用水热法制备铜/石墨烯(Cu/RGO)复合材料,通过XRD、FTIR、SEM和TEM对材料的结构和形貌进行表征,并考察了复合材料在H₂O₂辅助作用下对次甲基蓝(MB)的催化作用。结果表明,该复合材料中石墨烯所负载的铜颗粒尺寸较小且分布均一,对MB的催化效果良好,0.18 g·L^-1复合催化剂在300 min内对MB的脱色效果可达90.7%,经过5次循环仍有88.0%以上。