利用X射线衍射技术分析黄藤材微纤丝角、结晶度及γ射线的影响

为了解棕榈藤材基本材性、提高我国棕榈藤资源高附加值加工利用水平,以我国特有的黄藤为研究对象,应用X射线衍射法测定黄藤材微纤丝角、结晶度,并就γ射线辐照处理对微纤丝角、结晶度有何影响进行了分析。结果表明:纤维微纤丝角在33.4°～38.7°范围内,平均为36.1°;藤皮处微纤丝角不比藤芯处的大。当标准剂量率为2.5×103Gy.h-1、辐射剂量分别为3,9和15kGy三个水平时,辐照处理前后对应微纤丝角分别为36.2°和35.8°,35.9°和35.4°,36.2°和35.4°,较处理前分别减小了1.10%,1.39%和2.21%。纤维素结晶度在24.8%～32.0%范围内,平均为28.6%,藤皮处结晶度均比藤芯处高。辐照处理前后对应结晶度分别为28.1%和26.0%,28.1%和26.9%,28.5%和27.1%,较处理前分别减小了7.58%,4.34%和4.70%,其中当辐射剂量为3kGy时,辐照导致结晶度差异在0.001水平上极显著。     

利用近红外光谱和X射线衍射技术分析木材微纤丝角

利用近红外光谱和X射线衍射法对木材的微纤丝角进行了快速预测。微纤丝角是影响木材性质的最重要的物理量之一,木材资源利用和林木品质改良都要求能快速、方便地测定木材的微纤丝角。 该实验首先利用X射线衍射仪,快速测量和计算出154个杉木木材样品的微纤丝角。然后,依据木材不同成分在近红外区的不同吸收特性,在近红外光谱数据与X射线衍射仪测定的微纤丝角之间建立相关模型。结果表明,二者之间具有很好的相关性,其校正模型和预测模型的相关系数(r2)分别达到0.867和0.816。     

木材微纤丝角四种测试方法对比研究

分别采用X射线衍射法、偏振光显微镜法、纹孔观察法和近红外光谱预测法对杉木木材的微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明：对于同一株杉木,纹孔观察法测得的微纤丝角平均值最大,X射线衍射法次之,偏振光显微镜法最小,三种方法得到的微纤丝角差异不显著;对于不同年轮的微纤丝角,X射线衍射法测定值于第20年轮以后变得最大,纹孔观察法测定值上下浮动最大,偏振光显微镜法测定值相对最为集中,越远离髓心三种方法的测定值曲线吻合得越好,同一年轮微纤丝角采用不同方法测定时差异不显著;对于同一年轮的微纤丝角,偏振光显微镜法得到的最大值与最小值相差不大于4°,而纹孔观察法相差达到21.53°,其标准偏差也达到4.75。近红外光谱预测法和X射线衍射法均属于无损检测法,它们两个联立建立的模型精度高,预测性和重现性好、便于实现在线分析,其校正模型和验证模型的相关系数R2分别达到了0.81和0.75,校正标准误差和预测标准误差分别为1.79和2.02。另外,其他三种方法均可以与近红外光谱技术联用来预测该木材的微纤丝角,显示了近红外光谱技术无与伦比的优越性。同时,文章分析了这四种方法的优缺点,探讨了产生这种结果的原因,以便为广大研究者提供参考。     

梁山慈竹微纤丝角的X射线衍射技术解析及对拉伸力学的影响

采用X射线衍射技术对梁山慈竹微纤丝角(MFA)的变异特性进行了研究,并就微纤丝角对拉伸力学的影响进行了分析。结果表明,梁山慈竹微纤丝角随竹龄增加的变化较小,三年生竹的微纤丝角最大,为8.521°,二、三年生竹微纤丝角的平均值明显大于四、五年生竹,差异绝对值小于0.1°。竹秆基部、中部和上部微纤丝角的平均值分别为8.499°,8.497°和8.483°,变异系数在5%左右。微纤丝角从竹青到竹黄呈增大的趋势。方差分析表明,径向部位对微纤丝角有显著性影响,竹龄和纵向部位对微纤丝角无显著影响。顺纹拉伸强度和杨氏模量呈线性相关(r=0.57)。微纤丝角对力学性能有一定影响,拉伸强度和杨氏模量中分别有35%和43%的变异由微纤丝角引起。     

快速测定水化硅酸钙结晶度的XRD方法

本文根据水化硅酸钙的特征衍射谱形,提出了一个快速测定其结晶度的方法,并达到了预期的效果。     

BP神经网络与近红外光谱定量预测杉木中的综纤维素、木质素、微纤丝角

利用近红外光谱(NIR)技术结合BP神经网络定量预测了杉木中的综纤维素、木质素和微纤丝角。首先对杉木的原始近红外光谱数据进行卷积(Savitzky-Golay)平滑和二阶导数处理,然后利用小波变换压缩,将由171个数据点组成的近红外光谱压缩为86个数据点,最后用BP神经网络建模,采用Leave-n-out交叉验证法对模型进行验证,并讨论了隐含层神经元个数、学习速率、动量因子和学习次数对所建BP网络的影响。用所建的网络模型预测了测试集中杉木样本的综纤维素、木质素和微纤丝角 ,预测的相关系数R2值分别为0.91, 0.90, 0.87,预测均方根误差RMSEP分别为：0.86%, 0.33%, 4.99%。结果表明该方法快速,无损,基本能满足定量分析的要求。     

基于近红外光谱技术预测径/弦切面粗皮桉木材微纤丝角

采用近红外光谱分析技术,对不同切面粗皮桉木材的微纤丝角进行快速预测研究.使用X射线衍射仪测定了粗皮桉木材生长锥尤疵小试样的微纤丝角,并用近红外光谱仪采集试样的近红外漫反射光谱,对粗皮桉木材径切面和弦切面原始光谱进行二阶导数预处理并选择一定光谱段建立回归模型.以至少159个试样作为校正集建立木材微纤丝角的偏最小二乘法校正模型,使用交互验证法进行验证.结果表明,两个切面粗皮按木材的微纤丝角与近红外光谱之间有较好的相关性.利用近红外光谱分析方法可以实现不同切面粗皮桉木材无疵小试样微纤丝角的快速预测.     

黄藤细胞壁微纤丝取向偏振光拉曼光谱研究

采用532 nm共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术原位状态下研究了黄藤藤茎纤维及导管细胞壁中纤维素微纤丝空间取向差异。在高数值孔径（NA=1.25）物镜测试条件下,C-H伸缩振动（2 771~3 000 cm-1）特征峰峰面积拉曼成像成功的区分出细胞角隅、复合胞间层以及次生壁。进一步发现纤维细胞次生壁呈宽窄交替的同心层状结构,而导管次生壁无明显的分层结构。采用平行于细胞径向壁的拉曼偏振激光进行光谱成像发现纤维细胞次生壁窄层纤维素C-O-C（1 097 cm-1）拉曼信号强度明显高于宽层,即窄层中微纤丝取向更加平行于入射激光偏振方向,与细胞轴夹角更大,而导管次生壁中微纤丝取向较为均一。细胞壁不同形态区域拉曼光谱分析发现纤维素C-O-C特征峰以及CH和CH₂特征峰的拉曼信号强度与入射激光的偏振方向存在明显的相关性。当入射偏振激光的电矢量方向从平行变化到垂直于微纤丝方向时,其糖苷键C-O-C非对称伸缩振动信号减弱,而CH和CH₂的取向在与入射偏振激光的电矢量方向垂直时,其拉曼信号强度相较于平行状态略微降低,表明纤维素特征峰中的糖苷键C-O-C的非对称伸缩振动比CH和CH₂伸缩振动对拉曼偏振光的方向改变更为敏感。比较纤维细胞宽层与窄层的拉曼光谱发现径向次生壁窄层1 097 cm-1处拉曼信号强度明显高于弦向次生壁窄层,而径向次生壁宽层的2 897 cm-1处拉曼信号强度低于弦向次生壁宽层。拉曼特征峰比值（I_{1 095}/I_{2 897}）可用来定性研究细胞壁微纤丝角,结果发现这一比值在导管次生壁、纤维细胞窄层和纤维细胞宽层中分别为1.32~1.10,0.92~0.55和0.42~0.33,表明导管次生壁具有最大的微纤丝角,纤维细胞窄层次之,宽层最小。该研究为解析藤材细胞壁骨架空间结构、化学成分分布以及微力学特性提供了新型的分析手段和重要的理论指导。     

近红外光谱法在慈竹微纤丝角和纤维长度分析中的应用

应用近红外光谱法对慈竹微纤丝角和纤维长度进行快速预测研究.采用X射线衍射法和显微镜法分别测定慈竹微纤丝角和纤维长度,并用光纤漫反射模式采集近红外光谱,对原始光谱分别进行消噪和消噪与正交信号校正相结合预处理,建立偏最小二乘(PLS)数学模型,对比分析模型预测能力.结果表明,慈竹微纤丝角和纤维长度原始光谱经消噪和正交信号校...     

近红外光谱分析技术在木材材性分析中的研究进展

树木基因工程研究在改变木材材性等方面取得了较大的进展,且发挥着重要的作用。为了选育优良品种,需要测试大量的试样。但传统的木材性质测试方法成本高、效率低,而且需要破坏树木本身,这种方法已经无法满足现代林木培育和木材加工利用的需要。为了更高效地控制和检测转基因产品的各种性质,必须有快速而又方便的测定技术。近红外光谱分析技术是一项新的木材无损评价方法,能够迅速、准确地对木材性质进行全面无损评价,目前已经在很多领域得到广泛应用。文章详细地介绍了近红外光谱技术在木材化学组成分析和木材微观结构预测中的研究进展。     

双散射角光学粒子计数器测量气溶胶折射率的新方法研究

根据米氏(Mie)散射理论,通过数值模拟分析了气溶胶折射率虚部n_i在不同散射角度上对双散射角激光光学粒子计数器(L-OPC)响应曲线的影响,定义了敏感函数。根据分析,散射角应该在小于20°和40°～60°之间选取。以散射角系统ψ=9°,β=5°,λ=0．65μm和ψ=50°,β=20°,λ=0．65μm为例,其中一个散射角受折射率虚部n_i的影响较小,另一个较大。在测量粒子谱分布的同时,利用n_i对不同散射角度响应曲线的影响差异,来确定n_i值,并提出确定n_i的方法。还给出了双散射角激光光学粒子计数器的模拟测量结果。     

Angles, Scales and Parametric Renormalization

We discuss the structure of renormalized Feynman rules. Regarding them as maps from the Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs to ${\mathbb{C}}$ originating from the evaluation of graphs by Feynman rules, they are elements of a group ${G=\mathrm{Spec}_{\mathrm{Feyn}}(H)}$ . We study the kinematics of scale and angle-dependence to decompose G into subgroups ${G_{\mathrm{\makebox{1-s}}}}$ and ${G_{\mathrm{fin}}}$ . Using parametric representations of Feynman integrals, renormalizability and the renormalization group underlying the scale dependence of Feynman amplitudes are derived and proven in the context of algebraic geometry.     

入射角度对高反膜及干涉滤光片的影响

利用周期性多层介质膜的特征矩阵方法,采用MATLAB模拟计算了当入射光波并非垂直入射膜系时,高反膜反射率和法布里-珀罗干涉滤光片透过率的变化。结果表明,随着入射角度的增加,多层介质膜的工作波长向短波方向移动。并利用光程差的原理对这一现象进行了分析。     

Forbidden Radiation Angles of Quantum Antennas

Journal of Applied Spectroscopy - A quantum antenna consisting of a set of two-level atoms situated on a straight line and prepared in different initial states is investigated. It is shown that...     

Crystallinity and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co nanowires in porous alumina

Crystalline Co nanowires were pulse electrodeposited into nanoporous aluminum oxide template having an ultra-thinned barrier layer. The effects of off-time between pulses and electrolyte acidity on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the nanowires were investigated. Increasing the off time between pulses increased the crystallinity and the alignment of easy axis with the wire axis. The rate of these increments was seen to depend on the electrolyte acidity and reached its maximum at pH=5.25 electrolyte acidity. Optimizing the crystallinity and crystal orientation, a coercivity value of 3320 Oe and a squareness of>90% were obtained for pure Co nanowires. A 10% increase in coercivity was found after annealing the samples.     

内外锥折射锥顶角的研究

利用光波面和光波法线面的曲线方程,得出了光波面上光轴角和光线轴角的表达式。以此为基础,借助内锥折射和外锥折射的性质及对应光波面上的位置关系,推导了内锥折射锥顶角和外锥折射锥顶角的表达式。并以堇青石和黄玉为例给出了具体的锥顶角数值大小,分析了锥顶角很小的原因。     

Crystallinity effect in the textural properties of titania-TPA catalysts

Catalysts based in titania mixed with tungstophosphoric acid (TPA), H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, in various proportions (1, 15, 25 and 50 wt%) were obtained by the sol-gel method. The gels were prepared by hydrolysis and gellation of titanium n-butoxide with a TPA solution, using HNO₃ as a catalyst to obtain a pH 3. Fresh samples were thermally treated from 100 to 800 °C, in a stepwise increment of 100 °C during 20 h per step. Specific surface areas were calculated by the BET method from the nitrogen adsorption isotherms; it was found that the surface area increased with TPA content. The crystallization behavior was followed by powder X-ray diffraction. Crystallite size measurements showed that anatase remains nanocrystalline in the studied temperature range. From the X-ray data, it was clear that below 700 °C TPA is highly dispersed in an amorphous state.     

Crystallinity of pure silica glass studied by positron annihilation

The crystallinity of silica glass fused from Brasilian quartz is demonstrated by positron annihilation lineshape measurements using a high resolution Ge(Li)-detector as well as by positron lifetime measurement.     

Characterization of commercial polybutylenes. part II. Crystallinity and tensile properties

A series of previously characterized polybutylenes were compression molded using various cooling conditions. Crystallinity decreased as cooling rate increased. The samples exhibited three types of tensile behavior. The crystallinity of samples containing around 5% ethylene was about 40%. These behaved as elastomers, exhibiting typical entropic elasticity. For the remaining samples, crystallinities between 55% and 70% were observed, depending on grade, and more particularly on cooling conditions. For these, lower crystallinity levels favor sample necking and stress-induced orientation, producing high elongation at break and high tensile strength values, while the higher crystallinity samples show high moduli and elasticity values coupled with uniform deformation. In the former case, significant crystalline deformation—causing alignment of the c axes of the crystallites towards the stretching direction, and thereby reinforcing the sample—is responsible for the high elongations and tensile strength encountered. In the higher-crystallinity case much of the deformation is taken up by interlamellar void generation, with little or no c-axis alignment, this elastic mechanism having been termed “hard elasticity.”     

Crystallinity,relaxational transitions,and free volume in high-density polyethylene

Most of the procedures employed so far in the literature for obtaining the amorphous volume of a polymer below its melting point have been based upon some kind of ad hoc assumptions. In this paper the principle of corresponding states, whose validity has been established for a number of polymers, is applied for obtaining the amorphous volume of polyethylene in the experimentally inaccessible region. The degree of crystallinity as a function of temperature is then calculated in a typical case using the actual sample volume data of Quinn and Mandelkern and the ideal crystal volume values obtained from X-ray measurements. Our results indicate the onset of a prominent relaxational transition at T₁ = 152°K. A careful analysis of the volume-temperature relationship indicates a much weaker transition at T₂ = 233°K. By making use of the isoprene volume concept, it is shown that the Simha-Boyer relation is valid in a more general form.