海参胶原蛋白的提取及其基本成分的分析

提取海参中胶原蛋白并分析其基本成分.分别用碱解、酶解法提取胶原蛋白,Folin-酚试剂法测定多糖含量、蛋白含量,运用GC分析单糖成分.海参中多糖含量为14.35％,蛋白含量为0.989％.多糖的成分包括岩藻糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖,其中岩藻糖为主要单糖成分.本法简单,操作方便,实验灵敏,多糖得率高.     

超高压处理对海参自溶酶活性影响的研究

 海参的超高压处理与传统的处理方法相比有许多优越性,具有十分广阔的应用前景。研究了超高压处理过程中压力（0.1~550 MPa）、保压时间（0~30 min）、温度（24~62 ℃）及保压方式对海参自溶酶活性的影响。在室温、保压20 min的条件下,200 MPa左右较低压力下酶活性降低,相对残存活性为88.25%;250 MPa较高压力下自溶酶被激活,酶活性为106.77%;550 MPa高压下酶活性最低为29.81%。自溶酶活性随保压时间和温度的增加先上升后下降;保压方式对自溶酶活性的影响不大。同时利用误差反向传播神经网络（Back Propagation Neural Network,BP人工神经网络）,模拟了超高压钝酶效果,与实验结果比较,平均相对误差为0.9%,可以获得较好的预测结果。研究结果表明,在一定的压力、保压时间和温度下,酶被激活,其活性上升;而在一定的压力、保压时间和温度下,酶被钝化,活性降低。对优化海参超高压钝酶工艺具有一定的参考价值。     

3种铝分析方法在定量测定海参产品的比较

建立了海参产品中铝残留量的3种定量分析方法,即紫外分光光度法、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体-质谱法.在各自优化的条件下将3种方法用于铝的检测,比较结果表明:ICP-MS除具有线性范围宽(1-200μg/L),灵敏度高的特点外,还具有简单、快速、体系稳定性好等优点.     

酶解法提取香菇多糖的探讨

用酶解法提取香菇多糖,研究了酶解浓度、酶解时间、温度、pH等因素对多糖提取率的影响。结果表明,酶解法提取香菇多糖的最佳工艺为纤维素酶0.5%,果胶酶0.5%,木瓜蛋白酶1.0%,pH4.5,温度50℃,反应时间为80min,用酶水解后其多糖的提取率可达0.4588%。     

基于高光谱图像的即食海参新鲜度无损检测

新鲜度是即食海参加工品质调控和贮藏品质监控的关键指标。针对感官评定和现有理化检测无法满足即食海参产品大批量、标准化、工业化生产问题,提出了一种基于高光谱图像的即食海参新鲜度快速无损检测方法,通过图像主成分分析和波段比运算相结合,优选特征波长和图像;依据海参腐败机理,建立图像纹理特征与即食海参新鲜度等级间的关联模型,实现即食海参新鲜度无损、快速评价。首先针对高光谱图像巨大的数据量展开降维研究。根据即食海参体壁光谱吸收特性,以具有明显化学吸收特征的波长(474和985 nm)为分界点,获得包括全检测波段(400～1 000 nm)在内的六个待处理波段,通过分段图像主成分分析实现待测波段的优选,利用权重系数和波段比图像运算,最终将686和985 nm波段比图像确定为特征图像。面向特征图像的感兴趣区域(ROI),构建灰度共生矩阵(gray-level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM)、灰度梯度共生矩阵(gray-gradient co-occurrence matrix, GGCM)、改进的局部二元模式纹理描述子(local binary pattern,LBP),分别提取纹理参数作为输入,以挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)检测为标准,建立经粒子群优化的BP 神经网络(back propagation,BP)即食海参新鲜度判别模型,新鲜度等级判别准确率分别为90%,95%和80%。结果表明,即食海参高光谱图像灰度梯度共生矩阵的纹理特征用于新鲜度判别效果较好。为即食海参新鲜度快速无损检测方法研究和仪器开发提供了理论基础和数据支持。     

南瓜多糖的性质及光谱分析

采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取南瓜多糖,Sevage法除蛋白,活性炭脱色,对南瓜多糖的理化性质、提取率、含量、组成和结构进行了研究,南瓜多糖呈灰白色粉末,溶于水,不溶于有机溶剂。碘-碘化钾反应呈阴性,说明提取物为非淀粉性多糖。提取率5.34%,总糖含量为97.93%,紫外光谱扫描结果表明南瓜多糖几乎不含核酸和蛋白质;红外吸收光谱检测表明,在3433、2949、1749、1612、1416、1333、1238、1147、1101、1018、833、763、637、536、427cm^-1处表现为典型的多糖特征吸收峰;南瓜多糖是一种酸性多糖,同时存在呋喃环和吡喃环,该多糖是以α型糖苷键相连结的杂多糖。     

微波消解ICP-MS对海参中多种微量元素的分析

采用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对市内部分水产品企业送检的海参中砷、铅、铜、镉、汞、铝、铁、锌、硒多种微量元素的测定方法进行分析研究,在电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪上,采用内标法直接定量测定.方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确.     

鲍鱼、海参中微量元素的分析研究

采用高压密封硝化罐消解样品,应用ICP-AES法测定鲍鱼、海参中Fe,Ca,Mg,Zn,Sr,Se,Hg,Cd等15种微量元素的含量,以正交实验设计方案,通过方差分析选择最佳的实验操作条件,将数理统计与化学方法相结合,以极少的实验次数获得更多的信息。该方法简单、快速、灵敏度高,准确性好, 且能多元素同时测定,另外对环境污染小。此方法回收率在91.0%～110.0%之间,相对标准偏差小于3.55%。实验结果表明：鲍鱼、海参中均含有丰富的Fe,Ca,Mg,Zn,更含有Se, Ge, Sr, Cu等对人体有益的微量元素,是营养价值极高的海产品,但同时由于目前环境污染较严重,环境对海水的污染也不容忽视。当海域受到污染时,有害物质沉积于鲍鱼、海参体内,使其有害重金属含量偏高,人们食用时需要慎重。     

苯酚-硫酸法测定北芪菇多糖的含量

采用水提醇沉法从北芪菇中提取水溶性多糖,用Sevage法除蛋白,通过苯酚-硫酸比色法在490nm波长处测定多糖含量.在10-80μg·mL-1范围内,葡萄糖质量浓度与吸光度线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.9985,平均回收率为97.74％,相对标准偏差为2.36％（n=6）,北芪菇中多糖含量为5.45％％.方法快速、简单,稳定性好,可作为北芪菇多糖的常规检测方法.     

不同方法提取的锁阳多糖光谱分析

以锁阳为原料,分别采用酶解法、热水法、超声法、冷水法和碱提法五种方法制备锁阳多糖,研究不同提取方法对锁阳多糖得率、多糖含量、蛋白含量的区别,并利用红外光谱、二阶导数红外光谱结合紫外光谱对五种锁阳多糖进行对比分析。结果表明:酶解法制备的多糖得率最高,达21.45%;红外光谱中均有糖类复合物官能团的特征吸收峰;冷水法制备的多糖与药材成份相似度最高;二阶导数红外光谱中出现1 157,1 080,1 023,995cm-1等表征锁阳多糖的特征吸收峰,可对锁阳多糖结构分析、活性研究及产品的开发和应用提供基础。     

海刺参及其产品红外光谱的分析与鉴定

作为高档的保健品,深加工的海刺参产品如海刺参注射液、海刺参胶囊等,有着广阔的市场前景,但是目前还没有统一有效的品质鉴定手段和标准。作者采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)和二维相关红外光谱技术(2DIR)对海刺参粉末进行分析,得到了自制海刺参粉的谱图,然后以此为标准对五个不同厂家的海刺参胶囊进行相关性比较,结果显示大连海晏堂的海刺参胶囊与作者自制的鲜活冻干样品最为相符,这表明它基本上是纯的冷冻干燥海刺参粉;实验还表明通过建立标准红外谱图库来监控海刺参产品质量、制定统一标准是完全可能的。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characteristics of maize polysaccharides from different sites

Antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties are all exhibited by maize polysaccharides. With the increasing sophistication of maize polysaccharide extraction methods, enzymatic method is no longer limited to a single enzyme to extract polysaccharides, and is more often used in combination with ultrasound or microwave, or combination with different enzymes. Ultrasound has a good cell wall-breaking effect, making it easier to dislodge lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose surface of the maize husk. The “water extraction and alcohol precipitation” method is the simplest but most resource- and time-consuming process. However, the “ultrasound-assisted extraction” and “microwave-assisted extraction” methods not only compensate for the shortcoming, but also increase the extraction rate. Herein, the preparation, structural analysis, and activities of maize polysaccharides were analyzed and discussed.     

Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of sulfated polysaccharide from Skipjack tuna by-products

The effect of ultrasound pretreatment on extraction efficiency of sulfate polysaccharides (SPs) using alcalase from different by-products of Skipjack tuna including head, bone and skin was evaluated. Structural, functional, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the recovered SPs using the ultrasound-enzyme and enzymatic method were also investigated. Ultrasound pretreatment significantly increased the extraction yield of SPs from all the three by-products compared with the conventional enzymatic method. All extracted SPs showed high antioxidant potential in terms of ABTS, DPPH and ferrous chelating activities where the ultrasound treatment enhanced antioxidant activities of the SPs. The SPs exerted strong inhibiting activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The ultrasound treatment remarkably increased antibacterial activity of the SPs against L. monocytogenes but its effect on other bacteria was dependent on the source of the SPs. Altogether, the results suggest that ultrasound pretreatment during enzymatic extraction of SPs from tuna by-products can be a promising approach to improve extraction yield but also bioactivity of the extracted polysaccharides.     

分光光度法测定黄瓜籽粉中盐酸小檗碱的含量

采用超声波法在2种条件下即(1)先超声处理,后放置过夜;(2)先放置过夜,后超声处理,对黄瓜籽粉中盐酸小檗碱进行提取,利用分光光度法测定盐酸小檗碱的含量,检测波长为426nm。回归方程y=0.00393+1.28929x(mg/10mL),r=0.9999;盐酸小檗碱浓度在0.099—0.796mg/10mL范围内与吸光度呈线性关系。2种方法的平均含量分别为2.4043、1.4797mg/g。平均回收率分别为94.96%、107.32%。实验结果表明,方法(1)较方法(2)提取率高。分光光度法用于黄瓜籽粉中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定,简便,可靠,快捷。     

Ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Cercis chinensis and properites,antioxidant activity of polysaccharide

The purpose of the study was to improve the extraction of polysaccharide from the leaves of Cercis chinensis Bunge using ultrasound, and compare the difference between boiling and ultrasound extraction in terms of polysaccharide content, monosaccharide compounds, and evaluate how the factors affected the bioactivity. The best conditions, according to the single factor experiments and the Box-Bohnken design (BBD), were an intensity of ultrasound of 180 W, duration of extraction of 40 min, proportion of water to material of 15:1 (g/g), and a higher polysaccharide yield of 20.02 ± 0.55 (mg/g) than in boiling extraction (16.09 ± 0.82 mg/g). The antioxidative experiment suggested the polysaccharide by ultrasound exhibited higher DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities, and reducing power at 1.2–1.4 mg/mL, which was superior to the boiling polysaccharide. Further analysis showed that the ultrasonic purified polysaccharides like Gla, N-Glu, and GluA contained more total sugar and uronic acids than the boiling method did. This may indicate that the ultrasonic isolation of the polysaccharides increase the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides.     

Design a new photocatalyst of sea sediment/titanate to remove cephalexin antibiotic from aqueous media in the presence of sonication/ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide: Pathway and mechanism for degradation

The aim of the current study was directed to develop a new sea sediment/titanate photocatalyst to remove cephalexin from aqueous media in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and ultrasonic waves. The influence of furnace temperature (300, 350, 400, and 500 °C), furnace residence time (1, 2, 3, and 4 h), and ratio of sea sediment: titanium (0–6 v: w) on the physicochemical properties and the cephalexin removal by the sea sediment/titanate photocatalyst was explored. The technique of FTIR, SEM/EDX, XRD, BET, BJH, and Mapping was used to determine the physicochemical properties of the generated photocatalyst. The maximum cephalexin removal (94.71%) was obtained at the furnace temperature of 500 °C, the furnace residence time of 2 h, and the sea sediment: titanium ratio of 1:6 (=12 mL TiO₂/2 g sea sediment). According to the acquired results, the surface area of the optimized catalyst, namely Cat-500-2-12, was computed to be 52.29 m²/g. The crystallite size of titanium oxide on the optimum photocatalyst was calculated ~17.68 nm. The FTIR test confirmed the presence of C=C, O-H, C=O, C-S, and C-H functional groups in the photocatalyst. The transformation pathway for the degradation of cephalexin by the developed system was drawn. The present investigation showed that the developed technique (sea sediment/titanate-UV-H₂O₂-ultrasonic) could be used as a promising alternative for attenuating cephalexin from aqueous solutions.     

均匀设计法优化超声波辅助提取枸杞多糖的工艺

实验采用超声波辅助技术提取枸杞多糖,并通过均匀设计法研究了液料比、提取时间、提取温度和超声功率对枸杞多糖提取的影响.枸杞多糖超声提取的最佳工艺为:液料比21mL/g,提取时间27min,提取温度63℃,超声功率200W,在该条件下枸杞多糖得率为5.16％,且表现稳定.均匀设计法在优化枸杞多糖提取条件中应用效果良好.     

超声波强化提取对茯苓水溶性多糖结构影响的研究

以茯苓菌核为原料,采用正交实验法确定超声波辅助热水浸提茯苓水溶性多糖的最佳提取条件,并对超声波辅助提取中药多糖的机理进行初步研究。用苯酚硫酸法测定糖含量,傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团,气相色谱法测定单糖组成,原子力显微镜观察多糖结构,并将测定结果与传统热水法浸提所得茯苓多糖进行对比。实验结果表明:采用超声波辅助热水浸提可以使水溶性茯苓多糖的提取率达到2.71%(传统热水浸提法提取率为1.49%),传统热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPTH)与超声波辅助热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPUH)具有相同的单糖组成,都包含核糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,二者的红外吸收谱也基本相同,原子力显微镜扫描分析显示,PPTH整体呈现网状结构,而PPUH主要以长短不一的近棒状结构存在。     

基于叶绿素荧光光谱分析的黄瓜霜霉病害预测模型

为了实现对黄瓜病害的快速无损准确预测,基于激光诱导叶绿素荧光光谱分析技术,建立了温室黄瓜霜霉病害的预测模型.通过测定健康叶片、病菌接种3d叶片和接种6d叶片的光谱曲线,采用一阶导数光谱预处理方法,结合主成分分析数据降维方法对三组光谱数据进行特征信息提取后,建立主成分得分散点图,依据累积贡献率选取10个主成分代替导数光谱...