电纺ZnO纳米纤维电子传输层提高倒置PTB7∶PC70BM电池效率

研究利用静电纺丝制备的不同直径ZnO纳米纤维作为倒置结构有机太阳能电池的电子传输层对器件转化效率的影响。首先通过静电纺丝技术成功制备了半径在43～110 nm之间的ZnO纳米纤维,然后将ZnO纳米纤维作为电子传输层加入到倒置结构有机太阳能电池（ITO/ZnO∶ZnO nanofiber/PTB7∶PC₇₀BM/MoO₃/Al）。与平面结构的ZnO电子传输层相比,ZnO纳米纤维具有比表面积大等优点,增加了电子传输和抽取能力,提高了器件的光电转化效率。实验发现ZnO纳米纤维的直径越小,电池效率越大。当ZnO纳米纤维直径为(46±5)nm,接收时间为30 s时,作为电子传输层的电池效率提高了8%。     

直接沉淀法制备纳米ZnO及表征

以硫酸锌和碳酸铵为原料,采用直接沉淀法制备了纳米ZnO,并探讨了浓度、温度、时间、洗涤液及操作方式等因素对样品的影响;采用GT-DTA、FT-IR、XRD、BET等对前驱物和纳米ZnO粉体结构和形貌进行了表征,结果表明:前驱物是[Zn5(OH)6(Co3)2],前驱物在300C培烧2h得到的纳米ZnO的粒径为15-22nm左右,分布较均匀、纯度高,并发现纳米晶须形状ZnO.     

ZnO:Er3+纳米晶的制备和室温发射

文章采用化学沉淀法制备纳米晶ZnO：Er^3＋粉体,所制备的纳米晶ZnO：Er^3＋粉体具有稀土离子特征强室温可见发射和近红外发射现象,且首次观测到纳米晶ZnO基质和稀土Er离子之间有有效的能晕传递。     

高稳定性Mn:ZnO/Mn2O3纳米复合光催化剂的制备及光催化特性

采用修饰的高分子网络凝胶法成功制备了Mn₂O₃复合Mn掺杂ZnO纳米复合光催化剂(Mn:ZnO/Mn₂O₃)，并基于模拟太阳光照射下罗丹明B(RhB)及亚甲基蓝(MB)染料的光降解研究了催化剂光催化降解有机染料的特性。X射线衍射，扫描电子显微镜及BET比表面积测试结果显示，微量(0.1 mol%)Mn掺杂再复合微量(0.2 mol%)Mn₂O₃后，Mn:ZnO/Mn₂O₃的颗粒尺寸减小且分散性提高，有效比表面积增大。紫外-可见光吸收光谱表明，相对于纯ZnO,Mn:ZnO/Mn₂O₃在可见光区域的光吸收能力明显提高。光致发光光谱表明微量Mn掺杂和微量Mn₂O₃复合促进了光生电子-空穴对的分离。结合X射线光电子能谱，发现可见光吸收能力和光生电子-空穴对分离率的提高源于催化剂表面氧空位的增加以及Mn:ZnO和Mn₂     

超声喷雾共沉淀法制备Eu3+掺杂纳米ZnO粉体

采用超声喷雾共沉淀法技术,以Zn(NO3)23·6H2O和(NH4)CO3,为前驱体制备了ZnO纳米粉体以及ZnO:Eu粉体.研究了超声喷雾条件、反应时间以及化学组分对ZnO纳米粉体的形貌和尺寸的影响,着重研究了氢氧化锌脱水生成ZnO纳米粉体的化学处理条件.在ZnO中掺入Eu3+离子,研究了不同Eu3+掺杂量对纳米Zn...     

微波吸收法研究ZnO光电子衰减过程

微波吸收无接触测量技术可以用于半导体粉体材料、微晶材料等研究光生载流子衰减过程。本文采用微波吸收法在室温下分别测量了ZnO纳米材料和微晶材料的光电子衰减过程。发现在紫外激光短脉冲激发下,两种材料的导带光电子寿命有很大的差异,ZnO微晶粉体材料的光电子寿命为50ns,而ZnO纳米材料的光电子寿命仅为10ns。分析认为纳米ZnO的光电子寿命缩短是由于纳米ZnO晶体的表面积远远大于体材料的表面积,纳米材料的表面形成了大量的缺陷能级,加速了光电子的表面复合,缩短了光电子的寿命。纳米材料内部缺陷增多和量子限域效应同样会缩短光电子的寿命。     

CdS/ZnO纳米复合结构的制备、表征及其光催化活性的改善

利用简单的水热法在ZnO纳米棒表面合成CdS纳米粒子.用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对CdS/ZnO异质结构进行表征.实验结果表明,在生长CdS的过程中ZnO被逐渐地腐蚀.选择CdS/ZnO纳米复合材料作为光催化剂在紫外光和绿光照射的条件下降解甲基橙(MO).CdS/ZnO纳米复合材料纳米棒作为光催化剂降解...     

电沉积掺铝氧化锌纳米柱的光学带隙蓝移与斯托克斯位移

使用电沉积方法在溶解有Zn(NO3)2、NH4NO3、Al(NO3)3的水溶液中制备出Al掺杂的ZnO纳米柱阵列。电解液中添加的NH4NO3抑制了添加Al(NO3)3导致的层状纳米结构的生长,可得到高质量的ZnO纳米柱阵列。通过控制电解液中Al(NO3)3的浓度可操控所制备的ZnO纳米柱阵列的直径、密度、间距和Al/Zn的重量比。Al掺杂引起ZnO纳米柱内部载流子浓度增加,在布尔斯坦-莫斯效应作用下,纳米柱的光学带隙蓝移至3.64~3.65 eV。ZnO纳米柱内部的非辐射复合导致其近带边发射产生215~225 meV的斯托克斯位移。     

水热反应中籽晶层对ZnO纳米棒的影响

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O/HMT为反应物,通过低温水热反应过程,在籽晶衬底上制备了ZnO纳米棒,分别用场发射扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对ZnO纳米棒形貌与晶体结构进行了表征,并研究了不同方法制备的ZnO籽晶层以及籽晶层厚度对ZnO纳米棒形貌及结晶质量的影响.结果表明磁控溅射籽晶衬底上生长的ZnO纳米棒结晶质量最好,而籽晶层的厚度对ZnO纳米棒的垂直取向性有一定的影响.     

ZnO纳米线紫外探测器的制备和快速响应性能的研究

一维ZnO纳米结构由于具有比表面积大、室温下具有大激子结合能等特点而受到广泛关注. 但是如何实现纳米结构的器件一直是目前研究的一个挑战. 文章通过水热方法, 在玻璃衬底上实现了ZnO纳米线横向生长, 并制备出基于ZnO纳米线的金属-半导体-金属紫外探测器. 测量结果显示器件在365 nm处探测器的响应度达到5 A/W, 并且制备的探测器在空气中对紫外光照具有快速的响应, 其上升时间约4 s, 下降时间约5 s, 这与ZnO纳米线中的氧空位吸附和脱附水分子相关.     

Effect of drying technique on the physicochemical properties of sodium silicate-based mesoporous precipitated silica

The conventional drying (oven drying) method used for the preparation of precipitated mesoporous silica with low surface area (>300 m²/g) and small pore volume is often associated with a high production cost and a time consuming process. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to develop a cost-effective and fast drying process for the production of precipitated mesoporous silica using inexpensive industrial grade sodium silicate and spray drying of the precipitated wet-gel silica slurry. The precipitated wet-gel silica slurry was prepared from an aqueous sodium silicate solution through the drop-wise addition of sulfuric acid. Mesoporous precipitated silica powder was prepared by drying the wet-gel slurry with different drying techniques. The effects of the oven drying (OD), microwave drying (MD), and spray drying (SD) techniques on the physical (oil, water absorption, and tapping density), and textural properties (specific BET surface area, pore volume, pore size, and % porosity) of the precipitated mesoporous silica powder were studied. The dried precipitated mesoporous silica powders were characterized with field-emission scanning electron microscopy; Brunauer, Emmett and Teller and BJH nitrogen gas adsorption/desorption methods; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; thermogravimetric and differential analysis; N₂ physisorption isotherm; pore size distribution and particle size analysis. There was a significant effect of drying technique on the textural properties, such as specific surface area, pore size distribution and cumulative pore volume of the mesoporous silica powder. Additionally, the effect of the microwave-drying period on the physicochemical properties of the precipitated mesoporous silica powder was investigated and discussed.     

加热方式对真空冷冻干燥过程的影响

以平板状饱和牛肉为对象，对不同供热方法下冷冻干燥过程的传热传质进行了数值计算与实验研究，分析比较了表面加热与微波加热两种供热方式对冻干过程的影响，为冻干过程中供热方式的选择提供了理论依据及分析方法。     

不同干燥法制备纳米TiO2光催化剂的光谱研究

本文分别用常态、超临界乙醇和超临界CO2干燥法干燥钛酸正丁酯的醇凝胶，制备纳米TiO2光催化剂。应用XRD，FTIR，FT－Raman和Fluorescent spectrum(FS)等光谱技术对催化剂进行了表征。以光催化降解罗丹明B为模型反应，比较所得样品光催化活性。实验结果表明，不同干燥方法对催化剂的晶相结构、半导体能带结构、光吸收性能、表面性质及光催化活性均产生显著的影响，用超临界CO2干燥法制备的TiO2光催化剂具有较好的光催化活性。     

Ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method of preparation of TiO2 nano-particles: characterization, properties and 4-chlorophenol removal application

Nano-size TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel and ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel methods using two different sources of ultrasonicator, i.e., a bath type and tip type. The physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts were investigated by BET, XRD and TEM analyses and the photocatalytic properties of the TiO2 catalysts prepared by three different methods were compared. The intrinsic and extrinsic properties of TiO2, such as the particle size, surface area, pore-volume, pore-diameter, crystallinity as well as anatase, rutile and brookite phase ratios, could be controlled by the ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method. During this preparation method, the effect of such important operating variables as the ultrasonic irradiation time, power density, the ultrasonic sources (bath-type and tip-type), magnetic stirring during synthesis, initial temperatures and size of the reactors are discussed here. It was found that each of the parameters played a significant role in controlling the properties of the TiO2 nano-particles. Among the three different methods, TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by ultrasonic (tip-US) assisted sol-gel possessed the smallest particle size, highest surface area and highest pore-volume than the catalysts prepared by the other two methods. 4-Chlorophenol was used as a pollutant to observe the photocatalytic degradation ability of the prepared photocatalysts and the TiO2 catalysts prepared by the bath-US ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method were shown to be the most highly active. This is due to their high surface area and high pore-diameter. This study clearly demonstrates the importance and advantages of ultrasonication in the modification and improvement of the photocatalytic properties of mesoporous nano-size TiO2 particles.     

Surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticle by PMAA and its dispersion in aqueous system

Commercial zinc oxide nanoparticles were modified by polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) in aqueous system. The hydroxyl groups of nano-ZnO particle surface can interact with carboxyl groups (COO-) of PMAA and form poly(zinc methacrylate) complex on the surface of nano-ZnO. The formation of poly(zinc methacrylate) complex was testified by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that PMAA molecules were absorbed or anchored on the surface of nano-ZnO particle, which facilitated to hinder the aggregation of nano-ZnO particles. Through particle size analysis and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) observation, it was found that PMAA enhanced the dispersibility of nano-ZnO particles in water. The dispersion stabilization of modified ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous system was significantly improved due to the introduction of grafted polymer on the surface of nanoparticles. The modification did not alter the crystalline structure of the ZnO nanoparticles according to the X-ray diffraction patterns.     

Polymer surface patterning by laser scanning

Proposed work develops method of polymer surface patterning, suggested in our laboratory. Surface structures with different symmetry and shape are prepared on PMMA and photoresist (Su-8) surface. For surface modification, periodic laser scanning from confocal microscope was used. For optical response improvement meso tetraphenylporphyrine was added either in the polymer bulk or on the top of pristine polymer by vacuum evaporation method. Applications of vacuum deposition methods allow increasing applicability of the technique and preparation of more complex structure. Parameters of the created structures were studied with the aim to better understand the driving forces of the surface modification. Application of prepared structures in photonics as diffraction grating or light coupling elements is also given.     

冷冻干燥法制备Li2O氚增殖剂陶瓷小球

以Li₂CO₃粉末为原料,采用一种冷冻干燥湿法工艺,制备出综合性能较好的Li₂O陶瓷小球。通过研究冷冻成形、煅烧、分解和烧结等工艺过程,优化了Li₂O陶瓷小球的制备工艺,并对获得的Li₂O陶瓷小球进行了性能表征。结果表明:冷冻成形制备的凝胶小球在650 ℃煅烧后可得到纯净的Li₂CO₃小球,再于真空条件下多步程序升温至720 ℃可制得主要相为Li₂O的小球,小球尺寸分布均匀,直径约为0.8 mm,平均晶粒尺寸为9 μm,于900 ℃高温烧结后小球的密度可达理论密度的69.5%。     

Structural Relaxation of Polystyrene Glasses with Dis‐interpenetrated Chains Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The polystyrene (PS) samples were prepared by freeze‐drying solutions with different concentrations. The structural relaxation behaviors and the chain conformation were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and nonradiative energy transfer, respectively. The results showed that PS prepared by freeze‐drying from very dilute solution was in a disinterpenetrated state, and the structural relaxation was faster than that for interpenetrated coils and the cross‐linked samples.     

间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶及其碳气凝胶的制备与表征

 以间苯三酚(P)和甲醛(F)为原料，经溶胶-凝胶、溶剂交换、超临界干燥和碳化等过程制备出了间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶(PF)及其碳气凝胶(CPF)。测试结果表明气凝胶具有比较高的比表面积、是一种连续nm级3维网络结构的多孔材料；碳化后密度和平均孔径增大，比表面积基本无变化，且仍然维持气凝胶的网络结构。催化剂摩尔比决定气凝胶的微观结构，反应物质量分数控制着气凝胶密度。通过优化制备条件，可以制备出能满足惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶需要的不同结构和不同密度的气凝胶。