高工作温度碲镉汞p-on-n中波1024×768焦平面探测器

提高红外探测器的工作温度对于减小红外系统的尺寸、重量和功耗至关重要,进而实现结构紧凑和成本低廉的红外系统。昆明物理研究所多年来对掺铟和砷离子注入技术的HgCdTe p-on-n技术进行了优化,实现了性能优异的中波红外探测器的研制。本文报道了高工作温度中波1024×768@10 μm红外焦平面阵列探测器的最新结果,并介绍了在150 K工作温度下的器件性能。结果标明,器件在150 K下截止波长为4.97 μm,并测得了不同工作温度下的NETD、暗电流和有效像元率。此外,还展示了在150 K的工作温度下焦平面器件的红外图像,并呈现了99.4%的有效像元率。     

高工作温度p-on-n中波碲镉汞红外焦平面器件研究

As注入掺杂的p-on-n结构碲镉汞红外探测器件具有少子寿命长、暗电流低、R₀A值高等优点,是高温器件研究的重要技术路线之一。针对阵列规模640×512、像元中心距15 μm 的As掺杂工艺制备的p-on-n中波碲镉汞焦平面器件,测试了不同工作温度下的性能和暗电流。研究结果表明,在80 K工作温度下,器件响应表现出高响应均匀性,有效像元率达99.98%;随着工作温度升高,器件盲元增多,当工作温度为150 K和180 K时,有效像元率降低至99.92%和99.32%。由于对器件扩散电流更好的抑制,器件在160~200 K温度范围内的暗电流低于Rule-07。并且当工作温度在150~180 K时（300 K的背景下）,器件具有较好的信噪比,极大程度地体现了高温工作的可行性。     

高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器杜瓦结构研究

随着第三代红外探测器技术的快速发展,高工作温度红外探测器成为重要的发展方向。本文报道了在高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器杜瓦结构小型化、低功耗、高可靠性方面的研究进展。通过杜瓦结构的优化设计,搭配旋转整体式低温制冷机K562Sshort,制备出组件体积为80mm×61mm×39mm,重量为212 g,启动时间为25min,工作温度达到150K的高工作温度中波碲镉汞红外探测器,并初步完成了组件可靠性试验验证,为高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器的工程化应用奠定了一定的基础,对高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器的小型化、低功耗、高可靠性研究具有一定的指导意义。     

碲镉汞高工作温度红外探测器

基于当前红外探测器技术的发展方向,从高工作温度红外探测器应用需求的角度分析了碲镉汞高工作温度红外探测器在组件重量、外形尺寸、功耗、环境适应性及可靠性方面的优势。总结了欧美等发达国家在碲镉汞高工作温度红外探测器研究方面的技术路线及研究现状。从器件暗电流和噪声机制的角度分析了碲镉汞光电器件在不同工作温度下的暗电流和噪声变化情况及其对器件性能的影响;总结了包括基于工艺优化的Hg空位p型n-on-p结构碲镉汞器件、基于In掺杂p-on-n结构和Au掺杂n-on-p结构的非本征掺杂碲镉汞高工作温度器件、基于nBn势垒阻挡结构的碲镉汞高工作温度器件及基于吸收层热激发载流子俄歇抑制的非平衡模式碲镉汞高工作温度器件在内的不同技术路线碲镉汞高工作温度器件的基本原理,对比分析了不同技术路线碲镉汞高工作温度器件的性能及探测器制备的技术难点。在综合分析不同技术路线高温器件性能与技术实现难度的基础上展望了碲镉汞高工作温度器件技术未来的发展方向,认为基于低浓度掺杂吸收层的全耗尽结构器件具备更好的发展潜力。     

论高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器（下）

与用其他材料制备的红外光子探测器相比,碲镉汞红外探测器具有带隙灵活可调、量子效率较高以及R_oA接近理论值等优点。碲镉汞探测器的主要缺点是需要低温制冷,以抑制引起噪声的热生自由载流子。期望碲镉汞探测器在具有高工作温度(High Opeating Temperature,HOT)的同时而又无需牺牲性能。HOT碲镉汞探测器的设计目标主要是抑制俄歇过程,从而降低探测器噪声和低温制冷需求。从相关基本概念出发,讨论了对HOT碲镉汞物理机制的理解以及近年来HOT碲镉汞技术的发展状况。     

论高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器（上）

与用其他材料制备的红外光子探测器相比,碲镉汞红外探测器具有带隙灵活可调、量子效率较高以及R_0A接近理论值等优点。碲镉汞探测器的主要缺点是需要低温制冷,以抑制引起噪声的热生自由载流子。期望碲镉汞探测器在具有高工作温度(High Operating Temperature,HOT)的同时而又无需牺牲性能。HOT碲镉汞探测器的设计目标主要是抑制俄歇过程,从而降低探测器噪声和低温制冷需求。从相关基本概念出发,讨论了对HOT碲镉汞物理机制的理解以及近年来HOT碲镉汞技术的发展状况。     

短/中波双色碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器研究

报道了基于分子束外延碲镉汞短/中波双色材料、器件的最新研究进展。采用分子束外延方法制备出了高质量的短/中波双色碲镉汞材料,并优化了材料的质量,材料表面缺陷密度控制在500个/cm-2以内,通过扫描电子显微镜可以看出各层之间界面陡峭,使用傅里叶红外变换光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对材料进行了表征,基于此材料制备出了短/中波碲镉汞双色器件,器件测试性能良好。     

高温碲镉汞中波红外探测器的国内外进展

介绍了欧美发达国家在高工作温度碲镉汞中波红外探测器上的工艺技术路线及典型产品技术指标.对昆明物理研究所研制的基于标准n-on-p(Hg空位掺杂)工艺的中波640×512(15 μm)探测器进行了高工作温度性能测试,测试结果显示器件性能基本达到国外产品的同期研制水平.     

高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器研究进展

高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器作为最近来发展起来的新型探测器,在保证性能不变的基础上,实现了尺寸小、重量轻、功耗低等功能,成为军事侦察、无人机、无人平台的重要探测器件。本文阐述了高工作温度碲镉汞红外探测器的基本原理,重点介绍了碲镉汞P-on-N红外探测器的器件结构设计,并且对美国Raytheon、法国Sofradir、德国AIM、美国Teledyne、美国DRS等公司的研究进展进行了综述性介绍。     

小像元碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器的研究进展

随着红外技术的发展,探测器的尺寸、重量和功耗(SWaP)的减小已成为研究热点。像元尺寸的减小,一方面可以提高器件的分辨率,另一方面可以减小整个探测器系统的体积、重量和功耗,进而大大节约成本。因此,像元尺寸的减小成了研究的重点。本文介绍了小像元红外焦平面器件的技术难点,分别从系统的调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function,MTF)、噪声等效温差(Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference,NETD)、像元结构和像元集成互连方面进行了讨论。此外,介绍了国外像元中心距为12?m、10?m、8?m和5?m的HgCdTe红外焦平面探测器的研究进展。     

Arsenic-doped mid-wavelength infrared HgCdTe photodiodes

The recently developed Te-rich, liquid-phase-epitaxy growth technology for low arsenic-doped mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe with p-type doping concentrations <10¹⁵ cm⁻³ has enabled the fabrication of n⁺/p photodiodes using the damage associated with a boron ion implantation. The diode properties are presented and compared to similar diodes fabricated in p-HgCdTe doped with Group IBs. The attraction of the arsenic-doped diode technology is associated with the fact that the arsenic resides on the Te sublattice and is immune to the Hg interstitial fluxes that are present in the diode-formation process. This leads to minimal diode spread, limited primarily to the n⁺ region and, hence, a potential for use in really high-density infrared focal planes. At the same time, the Hg interstitials generated in the diode-formation process should purge the photodiode volume of fast diffusing species, resulting in a high-quality, diode-depletion region devoid of many Shockley-Read recombination centers. These aspects of diode formation in this material are discussed.     

Small two-dimensional arrays of mid-wavelength infrared HgCdTe diodes fabricated by reactive ion etching-induced p-to-n-type conversion

The reactive ion etching (RIE) technique has been shown to produce high-performance n-on-p junctions by localized-type conversion of p-type mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe material. This paper presents variable area analysis of n-on-p HgCdTe test diodes and data on two-dimensional (2-D) arrays fabricated by RIE. All devices were fabricated on x = 0.30 to 0.31 liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) grown p-type (p = ∼1 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³) HgCdTe wafers obtained from Fermionics Corp. The diameter of the circular test diodes varied from 50 μm to 600 μm. The 8 × 8 arrays comprised of 50 μm × 50 μm devices on a 100-μm pitch, and all devices were passivated with 5000 ? of thermally deposited CdTe. At temperatures >145 K, all devices are diffusion limited; at lower temperatures, generation-recombination (G-R) current dominates. At the lowest measurement temperature (77 K), the onset of tunneling can be observed. At 77 K, the value of 1/R₀A for large devices shows quadratic dependence on the junction perimeter/area ratio (P/A), indicating the effect of surface leakage current at the junction perimeter, and gives an extracted bulk value for R₀A of 2.8 × 10⁷ Ω cm². The 1/R₀A versus P/A at 195 K exhibits the well-known linear dependence that extrapolates to a bulk value for R₀A of 17.5 Ω cm². Measurements at 77 K on the small 8 × 8 test arrays were found to demonstrate very good uniformity with an average R₀A = 1.9 × 10⁶ Ω cm² with 0° field of view and D* = 2.7 × 10¹¹cm Hz^1/2/W with 60° field of view looking at 300 K background.     

A novel simultaneous unipolar multispectral integrated technology approach for HgCdTe IR detectors and focal plane arrays

In the last few years Rockwell has developed a novel simultaneous unipolar multispectral integrated HgCdTe detector and focal plane array technology that is a natural and relatively straightforward derivative of our baseline double layer planar heterostructure (DLPH) molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) technology. Recently this technology was awarded a U.S. patent. This simultaneous unipolar multispectral integrated technology (SUMIT) shares the high performance characteristics of its DLPH antecedent. Two color focal plane arrays with low-10¹³ cm⁻²s⁻¹ background limited detectivity performance (BLIP D^*) have been obtained for mid-wave infrared (MWIR, 3–5 m) devices at T>130 K and for long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8–10 m) devices at T∼80 K.     

Recent developments of high-complexity HgCdTe focal plane arrays at leti infrared laboratory

In this article, we present recent developments of the research in France at LETI infrared laboratory in the field of complex third-generation HgCdTe IRCMOS focal plane arrays (FPAs). We illustrate this with three prototypes of FPAs made at LETI, which have involved some technological improvements from the standard process today in production at Sofradir. We present, using molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) growth, a 128 × 128 dual-band infrared (photodetector)-complementary metal oxide semiconductor (IRCMOS) with a pitch of 50 μm operating within 2–5 μm. Using the more conventional liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) growth, we show a new generation of high-performance long linear arrays (1500 × 2; pitch, 30 μm) operating in medium-wavelength infrared (MWIR) or long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) bands based on a modular architecture of butted HgCdTe detection circuit and SiCMOS multiplexers. Finally, we present for the first time a megapixel (1000 × 1000) FPA with a pitch of 15 μm operating in the MWIR band that exhibits a very high performance and pixel operability.     

MBE growth of HgCdTe on silicon substrates for large format MWIR focal plane arrays

HgCdTe p-on-n double layer heterojunctions (DLHJs) for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) detector applications have been grown on 100 mm (4 inch) diameter (211) silicon substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The structural quality of these films is excellent, as demonstrated by x-ray rocking curves with full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of 80–100 arcsec, and etch pit densities from 1 10⁶ to 7 10⁶ cm⁻². Morphological defect densities for these layers are generally less than 1000 cm⁻². Improving Hg flux coverage of the wafer during growth can reduce void defects near the edges of the wafers. Improved tellurium source designs have resulted in better temporal flux stability and a reduction of the center to edge x-value variation from 9% to only 2%. Photovoltaic MWIR detectors have been fabricated from some of these 100mm wafers, and the devices show performance at 140 K which is comparable to other MWIR detectors grown on bulk CdZnTe substrates by MBE and by liquid phase epitaxy.     

InAs/GaAsSb带间级联中波红外焦平面研究

针对高工作温度红外探测器的迫切需求,设计并利用分子束外延技术制备了高晶格质量的2级带间级联中波红外探测材料,带间级联单元器件在最高323 K下可以测试到清晰的响应光谱,140 K下暗电流密度达到4×10~(-5)A/cm~(-2).并在此基础上利用干法刻蚀技术实现了320×256规模的台面型带间级联红外焦平面原型器件.焦平面测试结果表明其在80-120K范围内量子效率达到30%,127 K下噪声等效温差为55.1 mK,盲元率为2.3%.采用该焦平面器件在127 K下获得了较为清晰的演示性室温目标红外热成像.     

p-on-n长波、甚长波碲镉汞红外焦平面器件技术研究

As注入掺杂的p-on-n结构具有暗电流小、R₀A值高、少子寿命长等优点,是长波、甚长波碲镉汞红外焦平面器件发展的重要趋势。介绍了由昆明物理研究所研究制备的77 K温度下截止波长为9.5 μm、10.1 μm和71 K下14.97 μm 的p-on-n长波、甚长波碲镉汞红外焦平面器件,对器件的响应率、NETD、暗电流及R₀A等性能参数进行测试分析。测试结果表明,器件的有效像元率在99.78%~99.9%之间,器件的NETD均小于21 mK。实现了p-on-n长波、甚长波碲镉汞红外焦平面器件的有效制备。     

HgCdTe focal plane arrays for dual-color mid- and long-wavelength infrared detection

Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS, Goleta, CA) in collaboration with HRL Laboratories (Malibu, CA) is contributing to the maturation and manufacturing readiness of third-generation, dual-color, HgCdTe infrared staring focal plane arrays (FPAs). This paper will highlight data from the routine growth and fabrication of 256×256 30-μm unit-cell staring FPAs that provide dual-color detection in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectral regions. The FPAs configured for MWIR/MWIR, MWIR/LWIR, and LWIR/LWIR detection are used for target identification, signature recognition, and clutter rejection in a wide variety of space and ground-based applications. Optimized triple-layer heterojunction (TLHJ) device designs and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth using in-situ controls has contributed to individual bands in all dual-color FPA configurations exhibiting high operability (>99%) and both performance and FPA functionality comparable to state-of-the-art, single-color technology. The measured spectral cross talk from out-of-band radiation for either band is also typically less than 10%. An FPA architecture based on a single-mesa, single-indium bump, and sequential-mode operation leverages current single-color processes in production while also providing compatibility with existing second-generation technologies.     

双色红外焦平面研究进展

介绍了叠层双色红外焦平面的发展背景和适用的材料体系,及其在国际上的发展现状,重点论述了叠层双色探测器结构类型及其探测特点,最后介绍了国内碲镉汞叠层双色焦平面的研究进展。报道了基于n⁺_-p-P-P-N多层异质结Hg_1-xCd_xTe材料的叠层中波/短波（256×1）×2红外双色焦平面器件研制及性能。在77 K液氮温度下,红外焦平面探测器的两个波段的截止波长λ_c分别为2.8 μm和3.9 μm,中波/短波焦平面的平均单色探测率D*_λp分别为1.8×10¹¹ cmHz^1/2/W和9.6×10¹⁰ cmHz^1/2/W。     

Advanced thermoelectrically cooled midwave HgCdTe focal plane arrays

Midwave HgCdTe diodes and arrays for a 200–230 K operation using thermoelectric (TE) coolers have been fabricated and characterized. The quality of ZnCdTe substrates for the epitaxial growth of HgCdTe layers plays a significant role in determining the performance of the devices. The best diode RoAs at 200 K and 230 K are 1.1×10³ Ω·cm² and 1.6×10² Ω·cm², respectively. Fitting the diode RoAs to analytical equations, the hole lifetime between 230 K and 300 K is found to be on the order of 50 μsec. Arrays in a format of 320×256 have been produced on the HgCdTe layers and imaging pictures have been obtained.