Nonlinear optical and optical limiting studies of alkoxy phthalocyanines in solutions studied at 532 nm with nanosecond pulse excitation

We report our results on the nonlinear optical and optical limiting properties of two alkoxy phthalocyanines namely 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis-(heptyloxy) phthalocyanine and 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis-(heptyloxy) phthalocyanine zinc(II) studied at a wavelength of 532 nm using 6 ns pulses. Using the standard Z-scan technique we observed that both the phthalocyanines exhibited negative nonlinearity as revealed by the signature of closed aperture data. The magnitude of the nonlinear refractive index n₂ evaluated from the closed aperture data was ∼ 1.61×10^-11 cm²/W for the free-base phthalocyanine and ∼ 1.56×10^-11 cm²/W for the metallic phthalocyanine. Open aperture Z-scan data indicates strong nonlinear absorption in both the phthalocyanines with measured nonlinear coefficients of ∼ 1650 cm/GW and ∼ 1850 cm/GW respectively. We also report optical limiting properties of these phthalocyanines with limiting thresholds (I_1/2) of ∼ 0.5 J/cm². Our studies suggest that these phthalocyanines are one of the best molecules for nonlinear optical applications studied recently. PACS 42.65.-k; 42.70.Jk, 42.65.Jx     

Nonlinear optical absorption and refraction of epitaxial Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films on (001) MgO substrates

Highly epitaxial Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ (BST) ferroelectric thin films were fabricated on (001) MgOsubstrates by pulsed laser deposition. The nonlinear optical absorption coefficients (β) and refraction indices (γ) of the BST thin films on (001) MgO substrates were investigated using the single beam Z-scan technique with femtosecond laser pulses at the wavelengths of 790 nm and 395 nm, respectively, at room temperature. The nonlinear absorption coefficients of BST thin films were measured to be ∼0.087 cm/GW and ∼0.77 cm/GW at 790 nm and 395 nm, respectively. The nonlinear refraction indices of BST thin films exhibit a strong dispersion from a positive value of 6.1×10^-5 cm²/GW at 790 nm to a negative value of -4.0×10^-5 cm²/GW at 395 nm near band gap. The dispersion of γ is roughly consistent with Sheik-Bahae’s theory for the bound electronic nonlinear refraction resulting from the two-photon resonance. These results show that the BST film is a promising material as a candidate for nonlinear optical applications. PACS 42.70.Mp; 78.20.-e; 81.05.-t     

Two-photon absorption of high-power picosecond pulses in PbWO<Subscript>4</Subscript>, ZnWO<Subscript>4</Subscript>, PbMoO<Subscript>4</Subscript>, and CaMoO<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals

The nonlinear process of two-photon interband absorption is studied in tungstate and molybdate oxide crystals excited by a sequence of high-power picosecond pulses with a wavelength of 523.5 nm. The transmission of the crystals is measured for the excitation pulse intensity up to 100 GW/cm². The pulse intensity in the crystals initially transparent at a wavelength of 523.5 nm is strongly limited due to two-photon absorption (TPA), and the reciprocal transmission in PbWO₄ and ZnWO₄ crystals reaches 50–60. In all crystals, TPA induces long-lived one-photon absorption, which affects the nonlinear process dynamics and leads to a hysteresis in the dependence of the transmission on the laser excitation intensity. Absorption dichroism manifests itself in a significant difference in the transmission intensities when the principal orthogonal optical axes of the crystals are excited. The TPA coefficients are determined during the excitation of two optical axes of the crystals. TPA coefficients β for the crystals vary over a wide range, namely, from β = 2.4 cm/GW for PbMoO₄ to β = 0.14 cm/GW for CaMoO₄, and the values of β can differ almost threefold when different optical axes of a crystal are excited. Good agreement is achieved between the measured intensities limited by TPA and the estimates calculated from the measured nonlinear coefficients. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) upon excitation at a wavelength of 523.5 nm is only detected in two of the four crystals under study. The experimental results make it possible to explain the suppression of SRS by its competition with TPA, and the measured nonlinear coefficients are used to estimate this suppression.     

Structure and NLO property relationship in a novel chalcone co-crystal

Single crystals of a chalcone co-crystal (C₁₈H₁₉NO₄/C₁₇H₁₆NO₃Br; 0.972/0.028) have been grown by slow evaporation from solution. The powder second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of this chalcone co-crystal is 7 times that of urea. The dependence of second harmonic (SH) intensity on particle size revealed the existence of phase matching direction in this crystal. The large SHG efficiency observed is mainly due to the unidirectional alignment of molecular dipoles, in which the dipole moment of each molecule adds to establish a net polarization. The weak N–H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen-bond interactions help to stabilize the noncentrosymmetric crystal packing and also contribute partly to the SHG. The better thermal stability, transparency and high laser damage resistance (>1.5 GW cm⁻² at 532 nm, 8 ns) of this chalcone co-crystal indicate that it is a promising material for frequency doubling of diode lasers down to 470 nm. This molecule also shows a third-order NLO response and good optical limiting property of 8 ns laser pulses at 532 nm. The mechanism for optical limiting in this chalcone was attributed to two-photon induced excited state absorption that leads to reverse saturable absorption. The structure–property relationship in this chalcone and related compounds is discussed based on the experimental results and semiempherical hyperpolarizability calculations.     

Saturable and reverse saturable absorption of a linear polymer in dimethylformamide

An all-optical tunable narrow-band filter with an ultrafast response time of 10 ps is realized in a two-dimensional nonlinear polystyrene photonic crystal. The pump and probe scheme is adopted to measure tunability based on the picosecond optical Kerr effect. The passband of the photonic crystal filter shifts about 4 nm under excitation of 14.7 GW/cm² pump intensity, which is in agreement with the theoretical prediction. PACS 42.70.Qs; 61.46.+w; 81.15.-z     

Carrier concentration dependence of optical Kerr nonlinearity in indium tin oxide films

Optical Kerr nonlinearity (n₂) in n-type indium tin oxide (ITO) films coated on glass substrates has been measured using Z-scans with 200-fs laser pulses at wavelengths ranging from 720 to 780 nm. The magnitudes of the measured nonlinearity in the ITO films were found to be dependent on the carrier concentration with a maximum n₂-value of 4.1×10^-5 cm²/GW at 720-nm wavelength and an electron density of N_d=5.8×10²⁰ cm^-3. The Kerr nonlinearity was also observed to be varied with the laser wavelength. By employing a femtosecond time-resolved optical Kerr effect (OKE) technique, the relaxation time of OKE in the ITO films is determined to be ∼1 ps. These findings suggest that the Kerr nonlinearity in ITO can be tailored by controlling the carrier concentration, which should be highly desirable in optoelectronic devices for ultrafast all-optical switching. PACS 42.65.An; 42.65.Hw; 78.40.Fy     

Nonlinear optical characterization of LaEr(MoO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript> thin films using the <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Z</Emphasis> -scan technique

The nonlinear optical properties of thin films of LaEr(MoO₄)₃ were studied using a ∼30 ps Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm with a repetition rate of 250 Hz. Closed aperture Z-scan measurement revealed a negative nonlinearity in the LaEr(MoO₄)₃. The nonlinear refractive index γ=1.38×10^-10 cm²/W and nonlinear absorption coefficient β=16.8×10^-6 cm/W were calculated from the Z-scan data. The fluorescent upconversion spectra were recorded with 980 nm excitation. An optical switching mechanism based on nonlinear absorption is also presented experimentally. PACS 81.15.Fg; 77.84.Bw; 33.50.Dq; 42.70.Mp     

Nonlinear optical responses of Sudan IV doped liquid crystal by z-scan and moiré deflectometry techniques

The nonlinear optical properties of a nematic liquid crystal doped with an azo dye were investigated. The magnitude and the sign of the third-order nonlinear refractive index, n₂, were measured using both single-beam z-scan and moiré deflectometry techniques. The measurements were performed at 532 nm using a Nd:Yag CW laser. The positive sign showed that sample which was studied possess a self-focusing optical nonlinearity. Rather close agreement was found between the values for n₂ obtained by z-scan and by moiré deflectometry. The nonlinear refractive index was found to be in the order of 10^− 6 (cm²/W) and the nonlinear absorption coefficient to be β = 0.171 (cm/W).     

Investigation of third-order nonlinear optical properties of conjugated benzodioxal derivatives

An investigation of third-order nonlinear optical characterization of newly synthesized conjugated benzodioxal derivatives has been done by using nanosecond Z-scan technique at 532 nm. The molecules demonstrate self-defocusing effect with intensity dependent refractive index (n₂) of the order of 10⁻¹⁴ cm²/W. The measured molecular TPA cross-section is ranging from 2.47 ×10⁻⁴⁷ cm⁴ s/photon to 6.00 cm⁴ s/photon. Their input-output curves indicate that there is a clear optical power limiting behavior with the limiting threshold in the range 125-181 μJ. The main factor to exhibit the observed nonlinearity in these molecules is the presence of charge donor and acceptor groups. The increased conjugation length increases the nonlinear refraction and increased electron density enhances the nonlinear absorption. The molecules exhibit good nonlinear optical properties, comparable to those of regular azoaromatic compounds. Therefore, the molecules investigated here are promising candidates for optical power limiting devices.     

Laser-Induced Diffraction Rings from an Absorbing Solution

We observed multiple diffraction rings of a cw Ar⁺ laser beam from a nitrobenzene solution of saturable absorber BDN (bis-(4-dimethylaminodithiobenzil)-nickel) caused by the spatial self-phase modulation at low incident optical intensities. We obtained 37 rings for a 200-μm thick sample at an optical intensity of 38 W/mm². The refractive-index change Δ;n and effective nonlinear refractive index n₂ were determined from the number of observed rings and by the z-scan technique. We obtained large values of Δ;n∼0.1 and n₂ = -2.9×;10^-5 cm²/W. This large nonlinearity is attributed to a thermal effect resulting from linear absorption.     

Nonlinear optical study of palladium Schiff base complex using femtosecond differential optical Kerr gate and Z-scan techniques

A femtosecond differential optical Kerr gate (DOKG) and Z-scan techniques, have been applied to investigate the third-order optical nonlinearity of composite film of the coordination complex [PdLPPh₃] (L=N-(2-pyridyl)-N′-(salicylidene)hydrazine, PPh₃=triphenylphosphine). Film exhibits superior nonlinear optical properties in the near-infrared spectral region. The nonlinear response time and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of complex were found to be≤90 fs and 3.9×10^?10 esu, respectively. The Z-scan result shows that saturable absorption property of the film and its nonlinear absorption coefficient of the sample was found to be ?23 cm/GW.     

Nonlinear optical studies of 1-3-diaryl-propenones containing 4-methylthiophenyl moieties

The third-order nonlinear optical properties of chalcone derivatives have been studied using the single beam Z-scan technique. The dependence of χ⁽³⁾ on different donor and acceptor type substituents demonstrates the electronic nonlinearity of compounds. The largest value of nonlinear refractive index, n₂, measured for a high electron donor substituted molecule is −2.033 × 10⁻¹¹ esu. These molecules exhibit a strong two-photon absorption and interesting optical limiting of nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm.     

Defects related emission and nanosecond optical power limiting in CuS quantum dots

We report optical and nonlinear optical properties of CuS quantum dots and nanoparticles prepared through a nontoxic, green, one-pot synthesis method. The presence of surface states and defects in the quantum dots are evident from the luminescent behavior and enhanced nonlinear optical properties measured using the open aperture Z-scan, employing 5 ns laser pulses at 532 nm. The quantum dots exhibit large effective third order nonlinear optical coefficients with a relatively lower optical limiting threshold of 2.3 J cm⁻², and the optical nonlinearity arises largely from absorption saturation and excited state absorption. Results suggest that these materials are potential candidates for designing efficient optical limiters with applications in laser safety devices.     

多壁碳纳米管光限幅特性的研究

用化学气相沉积法制备了多壁碳纳米管,并将其溶解在甲苯溶液中.用波长为1064nm的皮秒脉冲激光测量该样品的透过率,发现了非常明显的光限幅特性.当入射光强较小时,透射光强度随入射光强度的增大而增大,输出与输入为线性关系;随着入射光强的增大,透射光强增长的速度明显变慢,并逐渐趋于饱和.当入射光强度较小时,样品的透过率接近100%;而当入射光强为8GW/cm²时,非线性透过率达到30%.根据三光子吸收理论计算,理论拟合与实验结果非常符合,说明多壁碳纳米管的三光子吸收产生了光限幅效应.实验测 关键词： 多壁碳纳米管 光限幅 三光子吸收     

Grating formation in Fe:LiNbO<Subscript>3</Subscript> photorefractive crystal by chirped 800-nm femtosecond laser pulses operated at 1 kHz

We demonstrate an extension of forming a photorefractive volume grating in an Fe:LiNbO₃ crystal by chirped intense femtosecond laser pulses generated from a Ti:Al₂O₃ regenerative amplifier at 1 kHz. We confirm that one-photon absorption is still dominant in the Fe:LiNbO₃ crystal up to 70 GW/cm². To generate a photorefractive grating at such a low laser repetition rate within a practical writing time, the laser pulse intensity is increased to >30 GW/cm². Furthermore, we demonstrate the amplification of femtosecond laser pulses by the chirped volume grating that is written in the Fe:LiNbO₃ by two-wave mixing.     

Structure dependence of ultrafast third-order optical nonlinearity for GeS2-In2S3-CsI chalcohalide glasses

Ultrafast third-order nonlinear optical responses of GeS₂-In₂S₃-CsI chalcohalide glasses have been measured by using the femtosecond time-resolved optical Kerr effect (OKE) technique at a wavelength of 820 nm. The third-order nonlinear susceptibility was estimated to be as large as 5.12×10⁻¹³ esu. The full width at half maximum of the Kerr signal was 120 fs and its response was dominantly assigned to the ultrafast distortion of the electron cloud. The relationship between the structural units and the third-order nonlinear optical responses was analysed by Raman spectra. It is suggested that the covalent bonds of S-Ge or S-In constituting the tetrahedral units [GeS_4/2] or [InS_4−xI_x], respectively, play an important role in the ultrafast third-order nonlinear optical responses of these chalcohalide glasses.     

Single beam Z-scan measurement of the third order optical nonlinearities of styryl7 dye

The optical nonlinearity of styryl7 dye in ethanol solution at different concentrations has been studied using pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm as the source of excitation. The optical responses were characterized by measuring the intensity dependent refractive index (n₂) of the medium using the Z-scan technique. The open aperture Z-scan trace of the dye in solution displayed saturable absorption. The closed aperture Z-scan trace of the dye exhibited a negative nonlinearity. The styryl7 dye at 1 mM concentration exhibited nonlinear refractive co-efficient n₂ = −1.24 × 10⁻⁸ cm²/W, nonlinear absorption coefficient β = − 3.9 × 10⁻⁴ cm/W and real and imaginary parts of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ³ = 3.26 × 10⁻⁶ esu in ethanol. These results showed that the dye has potential application in nonlinear optics.     

Nonlinear optical absorption and fluorescence of phosphine-substituted bithiophenes in the violet-blue spectral region

The nonlinear optical absorptions of two 5,5′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,2′-bithiophene derivatives, Ph₂(X)P(C₄H₂S)₂P(X)Ph₂ (X = O, 1; S, 2), have been investigated by direct transmission measurement with both picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses from 420 nm to 480 nm. Saturated dichloromethane solutions of 1 and 2 exhibit strong nonlinear optical absorptions in this violet-blue spectral region with that of 2 being stronger at all wavelengths. In the picosecond regime, at 420 nm, the transmittance rapidly falls to 50% when the incident fluence is 0.22 J/cm² for 1 and 0.11 J/cm² for 2. Two-photon absorption appears to be the primary mechanism for this nonlinear absorption. The two-photon absorption coefficients β for 1 (2.1 cm/GW) and 2 (4.4 cm/GM) were obtained by fitting the measurement of transmittance as the function of incident beam intensity at 420 nm. These β values are comparable with some of the best results obtained for organic materials in the green, red and infrared spectral region. Both compounds also show fluorescence with an emission peak at 390 nm for 1 and 400 nm for 2. The fluorescence of 1 is considerably stronger than is that of 2. The combination of the wide band gap and strong fluorescence emission of 1 makes it a promising candidate as a host material for blue organic light emitting diodes.     

Photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of zincphthalocyanines with peripheral substitutions

Photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) bearing peripheral phenoxy substituents containing different functionalized groups were studied. Fluorescence spectra corresponding to the optical transition S₁ → S₀ are found to be appeared at 684 or 686.4 nm. Z-scan technique reveals large nonlinearities, where the absorptive and refractive effects are separately evaluated. Saturation absorption of ZnPc-1 was observed at 632.8 nm, with a very large nonlinear absorption coefficient β = −1.36 × 10⁻² cm/W. However a strong nonlinear refractive effect was found in all ZnPcs (1-4). Transmitted versus incident irradiance measurements carried out on ZnPc-1 and ZnPc-2, showed a very clear optical limiting behavior with irradiance thresholds around be 44 W/cm² and 90 W/cm² respectively.     

The nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption in 4-(4,6-diaminopyrimidin-2-ylthio) substituted double-decker Lu(III) phthalocyanine

A 4-(4,6-diaminopyrimidin-2-ylthio) substituted double-decker Lu(III) phthalocyanines (4) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis and ¹H NMR spectroscopies. The nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption and the optical limiting (OL) performance of the compound 4 in a 0.5 mm spectroscopic cell in DMF solution were investigated by using 4 ns pulse laser at 532 nm. Z-scan experiments have been conducted between 0.24 and 2.39 GW/cm² peak intensities for 10 Hz repetition rate and also between 2.39 and 23.89 GW/cm² peak intensities for 1 Hz repetition rate. The thermal effect contributes to the nonlinear response of the material higher than 0.72 GW/cm² peak intensity at 10 Hz. We measured the effective nonlinear refractive index of the material as 1.2×10⁻¹¹ esu at 3.5×10⁻⁴ M concentration with the peak intensity less than 0.72 GW/cm² and we found that nonlinear absorption was very small. On the other hand, when concentration is increased to 2.4×10⁻³ M material's nonlinear absorption becomes dominant mechanism for the nonlinear response and the compound 4 indicates OL behavior at 2.4×10⁻³ M concentration.