室温下Pt电极上CO的脱附机理

利用流动电解池与电化学原位红外光谱技术研究了温度和阴离子竞争吸附等因素对室温下Pt电极上COad的脱附机理与动力学的影响.研究表明当溶液中有Cl-或硫酸根等离子时,室温下未观察到COad从电极表面脱附.但是当溶液相存在与COad的吸附能相当甚至比之更大的粒子如CO或CN-时,COad可以被取代而从电极表面脱附.红外光谱表明吸、脱附过程中CN-ad与COad的红外谱带强度存在反线性的关系,而且变温实验估算得到COad的脱附能垒小于40kJmol-1,该脱附能垒远比CO的吸附能（〉60kJmol-1）小.上述结果进一步验证了室温下COad在Pt电极上的脱附不是热激发脱附.据此结果,本文详细地讨论了我们早先提出的吸附驱动的脱附机理的历程与能量来源.     

光照对Pt/Al2O3光热CO2加氢反应的增强作用（英文）

在传统热催化材料的研究领域中,光照技术已经得到了广泛的应用,从而使传统热催化剂的催化反应活性和选择性得到优化.然而,在光热协同催化反应过程中,光照因素对催化反应过程的影响尚未得到很好地研究和理解.本文通过浸渍法制得Pt/Al2O3催化剂,并应用于光热协同催化CO2加氢反应.结果证明,在光热协同CO2加氢催化反应中, Pt/Al2O3催化剂表现出光热协同效应.本文结合原位漫反射红外光谱(operandoDRIFTS)和密度泛函理论计算(DFT)对光照因素对该催化反应过程的作用机制进行了进一步深入研究.结果表明, CO气体分子从Pt纳米颗粒上的脱附过程为CO2加氢反应的重要步骤;CO气体分子在Pt纳米颗粒上脱附的位置包含台阶位置(Ptstep)和平台位置(Ptterrace).结果表明,反应过程中CO气体分子从Pt表面的脱附有利于催化剂暴露出Pt反应活性位点.值得注意的是,在光热协同催化CO2加氢反应过程中,光照和温度因素对CO气体分子的脱附过程具有不同影响.吸附能的计算结果证明, CO气体分子吸附在Ptstep和Ptterrace上的吸附能分别为-1.24和-1.43eV.由此可见, CO气体分子与Pt纳米颗粒上的Ptstep吸附位点之间相互作用更强.在无光照作用的条件下对催化剂进行加热, CO气体分子更容易从Ptterrace吸附位点发生脱附;但是在对应的温度下加入光照作用后,吸附在Ptstep位点上的CO气体分子会先转移到Ptterrace吸附位点上,随后脱附,从而促进CO2加氢反应的进行.     

吸附态和溶液相CO在Pt(110)电极上氧化过程的CV和in situ FTIRS 研究

应用电化学原位傅里叶变换红外反射光谱(in situ FTIRS)研究了酸性介质中Pt(110)单晶电极上吸附态CO(COad)和溶液相CO(COsol)的氧化过程.循环伏安测试表明,COsol氧化的峰电位比COad氧化的正移了168mV,其峰电流密度为后者的6.7倍.电化学原位红外光谱检测到CO主要生成线型的吸附态物种(COL),均匀分布在Pt(110)表面上.当溶液中不存在CO时,COL仅在电位高于0.15V才发生氧化.而且,该谱峰在其稳定吸附的电位区间内随电位增加蓝移,Stark系数为30cm-1·V-1;在COL发生氧化的电位区间,其谱峰强度随电位增加减小、峰位红移,线性变化率为-56cm-1·V-1.溶液中饱和CO时,原位红外光谱在-0.05V即可检测到CO2的存在,显示COL起始氧化的电位提前了200mV;电位高于-0.05V,该谱峰即发生红移,对应的线性变化率为-26.5cm-1·V-1.     

H2对Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂上CO吸附和脱附的影响

 应用红外光谱和程序升温脱附技术研究了Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂上H2对CO吸附和脱附的影响. 结果表明,预吸附的H2主要占据线式CO的吸附位. 共吸附时H2与CO在Rh位上形成了羰基氢化物,从而导致线式物种谱带红移,且高的H2浓度有利于CO的吸附. 在323 K下, H2对预吸附的CO谱带位置和强度没有影响. 但是,随着温度的升高, H2的存在促进了弱吸附CO的脱附,并使之重新吸附; 同时, H2促进了强吸附CO的解离,增强了CO的吸附强度和催化剂的吸附能力.     

气相存在下过渡金属表面脱附动力学机理的研究

作者利用同位素跳跃技术来探讨气相压强促进过渡金属表面吸附分子脱附这一新现象的机理。获得了３５３Ｋ下饱和吸附Ｃ１６Ｏ的Ｒｅ（０００１）表面的超高真空等温脱附和不同气相压强的同位素Ｃ１８Ｏ交换的谱图。从相对覆盖度及其对数随时间的变化曲线可以看出,真空等温脱附过程为一级动力学过程。而在气相同位素存在下交换脱附过程可用一级加二级来近似,拟合的结果与实验符合很好。作者还发现了交换速率远大于真空等温脱附速率,而且随压强的增加而增加,这说明气相压强直接促进了表面吸附分子的脱附。并提出了协同吸附－脱附机理来解释这一新现象     

~(12)CO_2/~(13)CO_2体系中碳同位素的显微激光拉曼光谱研究

采用自行设计的装置制备了一系列不同比例的12CO2/13 CO2混合物,对混合物样品进行显微激光拉曼测试,获得CO2气体碳同位素分子的拉曼特征峰。对实验数据分析发现,12CO2的摩尔分数[x(12CO2)]与12CO2/13 CO2混合物中拉曼特征峰峰面积比之间存在数学关系式。根据拟合的关系式,利用显微激光拉曼光谱可以预测CO2气体碳同位素的组成,并为以后预测单个流体包裹体中12CO2的摩尔分数奠定了理论基础。     

Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-O催化剂的表面碱性和CO2＋CH4重整性能

用水热法制备了不同NiO含量的Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-O催化剂.用H2-TPD (程序升温脱附),DRIFTS(漫反射红外傅立叶变换光谱),CO2-TPD等方法考察了NiO的含量对催化剂表面碱性的影响,并和反应稳定性以及抗积碳性能相关联.H2-TPD结果表明,随NiO含量的增加,催化剂表面的Ni含量增加.DRIFT和CO2-TPD结果表明CO2的化学吸附主要是碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐形式.添加少量Ni能够使表面碱性位数量显著增加,碱强度减弱.Ni可能优先占据在催化剂表面较强的碱性位上,再增加Ni的含量则会使碱强度减弱,碱性位有所减少,降低CO2的吸附性能,从而减弱从CO2获得活动氧以消碳的能力.这种作用使NiO含量为7.0％(w)的样品活性随反应进行而减低,积碳量是NiO含量为4.0％(w)的样品的3.7倍.     

CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化

采用密度泛函理论计算了CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化反应行为. 结果表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(111)表面为弱物理吸附, 而在氧空位表面是强化学吸附, 且O2分子活化程度较大, O—O键长为0.143 nm. CO在CeO2(111)表面吸附行为的研究表明, CO在洁净表面及氧空位表面上为物理吸附, 吸附能均小于0.42 eV; 当表面氧空位吸附O2后, CO可吸附生成二齿碳酸盐中间体或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 表面碳酸盐物种脱附生成CO2的能垒仅为0.28 eV. 计算结果表明, 当CeO2表面存在氧空位时, Hubbard参数U对CO吸附能有一定的影响. CeO2载体在氧化反应中可能的催化作用为, 在氧气氛下, CeO2表面氧空位吸附O2分子, 形成活性氧物种, 参与CO催化氧化反应.     

La2O3助剂对Au/TiO2催化氧化CO性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2以及La2O3-TiO2载体,再用沉积沉淀法制备Au/TiO2和Au/La2O3-TiO2催化剂,并对催化剂的CO氧化反应活性进行测试.结果表明,La2O3助剂可以显著提高催化剂催化氧化CO的活性.X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温脱附(TPD)、N2吸附-脱附(BET)表征结果表明,La2O3助剂不仅提高了催化剂比表面积,抑制了TiO2晶粒尺寸的长大,并且增强了TiO2的晶格应变,在O2气氛吸附过程中主要在TiO2表面形成O-物种.原位傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)结果进一步表明,La的掺杂不仅提高了吸附在Au活性位CO的氧化速率,还使TiO2表面形成第二种活性位,从而显著提高了催化活性.     

CeO2(110)表面上CO氧化反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了O2与CO在CeO2(110)表面的吸附反应行为. 研究表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(110)表面吸附热力学不利, 而在氧空位表面为强化学吸附, O2分子被活化, 可能是重要的氧化反应物种. CO在洁净的CeO2(110)表面有化学吸附与物理吸附两种构型, 前者形成二齿碳酸盐物种, 后者与表面仅存在弱的相互作用. 在氧空位表面, CO可分子吸附或形成碳酸盐物种, 相应吸附能均较低. 当表面氧空位吸附O2后(O2/Ov), CO可吸附生成碳酸盐或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 过渡态计算发现,O2/Ov/CeO2(110)表面的三齿碳酸盐物种经两齿、单齿过渡态脱附生成CO2. 利用扩展休克尔分子轨道理论分析了典型吸附构型的电子结构, 说明表面碳酸盐物种三个氧原子电子存在离域作用, 物理吸附的CO及生成的CO2电子结构与相应自由分子相似.     

Room Temperature COad Desorption/Exchange Kinetics on Pt Electrodes—A Combined In Situ IR and Mass Spectrometry Study

The room temperature desorption and exchange of CO in a saturated CO adlayer on a Pt electrode, at potentials far below the onset of oxidation, was investigated by isotope labeling experiments, using a novel spectroelectrochemical setup, which allows the simultaneous detection of adsorbed species by in situ IR spectroscopy and of volatile (side) products and reactants by online mass spectrometry under controlled electrolyte flow conditions. Time‐resolved IR spectra show a rapid, statistical exchange of pre‐adsorbed ¹³CO_ad by ¹²CO_ad in ¹²CO containing electrolyte; mass spectrometric data reveal first‐order exchange kinetics, with the rate increasing with CO partial pressure. The increasing CO_ad desorption rate in equilibrium with a CO containing electrolyte is explained by a combination of an increasing CO_ad coverage upon increasing the CO pressure, and a decrease of the CO adsorption energy with coverage, due to repulsive CO_ad–CO_ad interactions.     

Probing adsorption sites of silica-supported platinum with (13)C(16)O + (12)C(16)O and (13)C(18)O + (12)C(16)O mixtures: a comparative fourier transform infrared investigation

A comparative investigation of the adsorption of (13)C(18)O + (12)C(16)O and (13)C(16)O + (12)C(16)O mixtures on silica-supported Pt has been conducted. It is advantageous to use (13)C(18)O + (12)C(16)O mixtures rather than (13)C(16)O + (12)C(16)O to probe the adsorption sites and electronic state of supported Group VIII metals because the vibrational bands of the adsorbed (13)C(18)O and (12)C(16)O isotopic molecules do not overlap. In addition, while an intensity redistribution suppresses the lower-frequency band with adsorbed (13)C(16)O and (12)C(16)O with vibrational frequencies differing by 50 cm(-1), the intensity redistribution is less pronounced with the adsorbed (13)C(18)O and (12)C(16)O in which the frequency difference is 100 cm(-1). Moreover, the small intensity redistribution that does occur between the bands of adsorbed (13)C(18)O and (12)C(16)O still allows the detection of the vibrational band of adsorbed (13)C(18)O at (13)C(18)O gas-phase concentrations as low as 3%. At such low concentrations, the dipole-dipole interaction between adsorbed (13)C(18)O molecules is negligible, and, hence, both the singleton frequency and the dipole-dipole shift for adsorbed CO may be obtained in a single experiment. Two types of strongly bound and one type of weakly bound linear CO-Pt adsorption complexes have been identified and characterized by their singleton frequencies and dipole-dipole coupling shifts. The origin of these CO adsorption modes is discussed.     

一氧化碳分子在Pt/t-ZrO2(101)表面的吸附性质

运用广义梯度密度泛函理论(GGA-PW91)结合周期平板模型方法,研究了CO分子在完整与Pt负载的四方ZrO2(101)表面的吸附行为.结果表明:表面第二层第二氧位和表面第二桥位分别为CO分子和Pt原子在完整ZrO2(101)表面的稳定吸附位,且覆盖度为0.25ML(monolayer)时均为稳定吸附构型,吸附能分别为56.2和352.7kJ·mol-1.CO分子在负载表面的稳定吸附模式为C-end吸附,吸附能为323.8kJ·mol-1.考察了CO分子在负载表面吸附前后的振动频率、态密度和轨道电荷布居分析,并与CO分子和Pt原子在ZrO2表面的结果进行比较.结果表明,C端吸附CO分子键长为0.1161nm,与自由的和吸附在ZrO2表面后的CO相应值(0.1141和0.1136nm)相比伸长.吸附后C―O键伸缩振动频率为2018cm-1,与自由CO分子相比发生红移;吸附后CO带部分正电荷,电子转移以Pt5dCO2π的π反馈机理占主导地位.     

DFT investigation of CO adsorption on Pt(211) and Pt(311) surfaces from low to high coverage

Adsorption of CO on Pt(211) and Pt(311) surfaces has been investigated by the density functional theory (DFT) method (periodic DMol3) with full geometry optimization. Adsorption energies, structures, and C-O stretching vibrational frequencies are studied by considering multiple possible adsorption sites and comparing them with the experimental data. The calculated C-O stretching frequencies agree well with the experimental ones, and precise determination of adsorption sites can be carried out. For Pt(211), CO adsorbs at the atop site on the step edge at low coverage, but CO adsorbs at the atop and bridge sites simultaneously on both the step edge and the terrace with further increasing CO coverage. The present results interpret the reflection adsorption infrared (RAIR) spectra of Brown and co-workers very well from low to high coverage. For Pt(311), CO adsorbs also at the atop site on the step edge at low coverage. The lifting of reconstruction by CO adsorption occurs also for Pt(311), whereas the energy gain for lifting the reconstruction of the Pt(311) surface is smaller than that for Pt(110). The largest difference between the stepped Pt(211)/Pt(311) and Pt(110) surfaces is the occupation on the edge sites at higher coverage. For the stepped surfaces, the bridge site begins to be occupied at higher coverage, whereas the atop site is always occupied for the Pt(110) surface.     

Bridge-bonded formate: active intermediate or spectator species in formic acid oxidation on a Pt film electrode?

We present and discuss the results of an in situ IR study on the mechanism and kinetics of formic acid oxidation on a Pt film/Si electrode, performed in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) flow cell configuration under controlled mass transport conditions, which specifically aimed at elucidating the role of the adsorbed bridge-bonded formates in this reaction. Potentiodynamic measurements show a complex interplay between formation and desorption/oxidation of COad and formate species and the total Faradaic current. The notably faster increase of the Faradaic current compared to the coverage of bridge-bonded formate in transient measurements at constant potential, but with different formic acid concentrations, reveals that adsorbed formate decomposition is not rate-limiting in the dominant reaction pathway. If being reactive intermediate at all, the contribution of formate adsorption/decomposition to the reaction current decreases with increasing formic acid concentration, accounting for at most 15% for 0.2 M DCOOH at 0.7 VRHE. The rapid build-up/removal of the formate adlayer and its similarity with acetate or (bi-)sulfate adsorption/desorption indicate that the formate adlayer coverage is dominated by a fast dynamic adsorption-desorption equilibrium with the electrolyte, and that formate desorption is much faster than its decomposition. The results corroborate the proposal of a triple pathway reaction mechanism including an indirect pathway, a formate pathway, and a dominant direct pathway, as presented previously (Chen, Y. X.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 981), in which adsorbed formates act as a site-blocking spectator in the dominant pathway rather than as an active intermediate.     

偶极-偶极相互作用的探讨(II)

The coherent potential approximation (CPA) was used in the calculation of the vibrational spectra for absorbed 12CO/13CO mixtures on platinum. The theoretical results were compared with the surface IR-spectra of 12CO/13CO mixture absorbed on Pt-electrode. The results show that in the systems consisting of isotopic mixtures of CO on Pt(001), molecules interact mainly through their dipole fields.     

In situ infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy of carbon monoxide adsorbed on Pt(S)-[n(100)x(110)] electrodes

Structural effects on the adsorption of CO have been studied using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) on Pt(S)-[n(100)x(110)] surfaces (n = 2, 5, 9) that have densely packed kink atoms in the step. Coverage and potential dependence of the IRAS spectra are scrutinized. On-top and bridge-bonded CO are found on all of the surfaces examined. CO is adsorbed on only kink at low coverage (thetaCO < or = 0.2). Adsorbed CO on kink gives an IR band at lower frequency than that on step. CO is adsorbed on both kink and terrace at 0.3 < or = thetaCO. Water is adsorbed on the terrace of Pt(510) n = 5 and Pt(910) n = 9 at low CO coverage, but water is not found on Pt(210) n = 2 of which the first layer is composed of only kink atoms. It is suggested that coadsorbed water on the terrace enhances the activity for the oxidation of adsorbed CO on the kink remarkably.     

In Situ Raman Study of CO Electrooxidation on Pt(hkl) Single-Crystal Surfaces in Acidic Solution

The adsorption and electrooxidation of CO molecules at well-defined Pt(hkl) single-crystal electrode surfaces is a key step towards addressing catalyst poisoning mechanisms in fuel cells. Herein, we employed in situ electrochemical shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) coupled with theoretical calculation to investigate CO electrooxidation on Pt(hkl) surfaces in acidic solution. We obtained the Raman signal of top- and bridge-site adsorbed CO* molecules on Pt(111) and Pt(100). In contrast, on Pt(110) surfaces only top-site adsorbed CO* was detected during the entire electrooxidation process. Direct spectroscopic evidence for OH* and COOH* species forming on Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces was afforded and confirmed subsequently via isotope substitution experiments and DFT calculations. In summary, the formation and adsorption of OH* and COOH* species plays a vital role in expediting the electrooxidation process, which relates with the pre-oxidation peak of CO electrooxidation. This work deepens knowledge of the CO electrooxidation process and provides new perspectives for the design of anti-poisoning and highly effective catalysts.     

Accurate determination of the CO coverage at saturation on a cyanide-modified Pt(1 1 1) electrode in cyanide-free 0.5 M H2SO4

We have used the CO charge-displacement method, in combination with a thermodynamic cycle, to obtain the double-layer correction necessary to determine accurately, using the charge in the corresponding CO-stripping voltammograms, the maximum amount of CO that can adsorb on a cyanide-modified Pt(1 1 1) electrode. The resulting CO coverage at saturation is θ_CO=0.25, and corresponds to a mixed CN–CO adlayer where some Pt atoms are still free and consequently can adsorb hydrogen. The hydrogen adsorption charge for the mixed adlayer, obtained from the corresponding cyclic voltammogram, agrees very well with that estimated from the CO and CN coverages, assuming that one hydrogen atom adsorbs on every free Pt atom. Taking into account these data, we propose a structural model for the mixed CN–CO adlayer on Pt(1 1 1).