化学实验操作技能测评研究

学生化学实验操作技能测评实施难度大、耗时多且可靠性不高。本研究探索了以学生完成实验的时间辅以常规依实验操作正确程度来评定学生实验操作水平的实施办法。并给出了一个合理评定学生实验操作成绩的计算公式。     

分析化学实验教学管理系统功能及原理

分析化学实验教学管理系统将分析化学试验成绩分为三部分：实验成绩、实验报告成绩和印象成绩；设置了对实验数据进行统计分析、自行评定成绩和综合测评功能。实现了定量分析化学实验教学的系统化管理。为实验教学改革及教学内容更新、教学效果自检奠定了基础。     

指向“教学评一体化”的化学实验测评与教学反思*

依据学习目标、教学活动、评价任务、成绩评定一体化设计的要求,研制中学化学实验试题,通过试题的测评结果开展教学反思,分析实验教学中存在的问题,改进实验教学模式,激活学生从化学实验中认识物质及其变化的好奇心和求知欲,诊断并发展学生的核心素养水平。     

气体吸附BET法对固态物质比表面积测量结果的不确定度评定

一切测量结果都不可避免地具有不确定度,其反映了测量结果的可靠性,反映了实验过程中各项误差对测量结果的影响程度. 本文依据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》[1]及GB/T 19587-2004 《气体吸附BET法测定固态物质比表面积》[2]对BET法测定粉体比表面积的不确定度进行评定.     

仪器定量分析中几个问题的探讨

详细介绍了分析方法的评价指标,包括检出限、测定限、灵敏度、精密度、准确度、动态范围和线性范围、抗干扰能力等,单因素优化方法与加标回收实验评定测定结果准确度的可靠性,并就分析工作中遇到的一些实际问题进行了讨论.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水样中铅含量的不确定度评定

通过采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水样中铅的不确定度各项来源和评定方法的分析,建立一种分析实验室不确定度的评定方法,使实验结果更有客观性和准确性.     

空气源热泵空调器制热量测量不确定度评定

分析并筛选了空气焓值法测量制热量测定不确定度的主要来源,通过数学模型进行不确定度的A类评定和B类分析,推导和建立了静压差、焓值、空气比容、空气湿度等制热量不确定度主要分量的数学模型,通过实验数据评定了制热量不确定度。采用极限取值评定复杂不确定度分量,为制热量不确定度评定提供了一种简便可靠的方式。     

试行化学实验考核

加强化学实验,是中学化学科教学改革的重要方面。在这方面,首先是加强化学实验基本操作的教学。为了能使学生得到比较长期的、严格的训练,我们打算对每个学生从初三到高中毕业每学期一次共七次实验考核,其成绩占化学科的学期成期的30％,改变过去只是根据实验报告来评定化学成绩的办法。     

关于物理化学实验教学改革的几点思考

探讨物理化学实验的目的、内容、要求及成绩评定方法,提出用演示实验改造物理化学实验。     

铜标准溶液的配制及定值

称取一定质量的纯铜,用硝酸溶液(1∶1)溶解并稀释成约100μg/mL的铜标准溶液,以EDTA络合滴定法对其进行定值,并进行不确定度评定。实验数据表明,铜标准溶液的质量浓度为(100.0±0.6)μg/mL,该铜标准溶液可以作为铜标准贮备液用于分光光度法测定水中铜的含量。为了提高铜标准溶液浓度的可靠性,尽量选用精度较高的微量滴定管,移液管和容量瓶要经过校准合格后再使用。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。