用于固体介质中空间电荷的压电压力波法与电声脉冲法

采用一种新的简明的方法推导了压力波法(PWP)的测量原理，并对压力波法和电声脉冲法(PE A)作了比较，得出这两种测量方法在物理本质上的相通之处，并且采用本实验室自行研制的 piezo-PWP/PEA联合测试系统对交联聚乙烯样品中的空间电荷进行测量，所得出的结论仍是 一致的. 关键词： 压力波法 电声脉冲法 空间电荷     

声脉冲法空间电荷测量系统的研究

气体中空间电荷的分布与电晕放电的机理紧密相关, 获取电晕放电过程中空间电荷分布对深入研究电晕放电起始、自持过程有着重要作用, 但是如何准确获得电晕放电过程中的空间电荷分布一直是国际上尚未解决的难题. 本文基于声脉冲法提出一种电场信号解耦算法, 推导了空间电荷在声场中被调制产生的电场信号与声脉冲信号和空间电荷密度之间的数值关系, 讨论了不同测量情况下声发射系统的设计要求; 搭建了一套可用于实时测量针板电极电晕放电空间电荷分布的非接触式测量系统, 该系统主要包括声脉冲发生模块、空间电荷模块及电场信号解耦算法模块. 运用该系统实现了声脉冲激发作用下电场信号的测量, 通过提出的电场信号解耦算法得到了空间电荷密度, 对其测量结果与电晕电流法测量结果进行比较, 验证了电场信号解耦算法的有效性. 该算法可以应用于空间电荷一维、二维和三维测量系统中.     

用脉冲光声技术测量吸收系数

建立了由YAG激光器和超声探测器组成的利用脉冲光声技术测量样品吸收系数的实验系统,通过对测量的光声信号的拟合,可以计算出样品的吸收系数.用染色的琼脂进行了实验验证,测量误差为-5.2%～4.8%.     

水声测量用声脉冲瞬态抑制方法的研究

脉冲声技术是一种很常用的水声测量技术，但由于脉冲声存在着瞬态过程，严重影响了它在低频下的使用，本文中研究的水声测量用声脉冲瞬态抑制方法，通过瞬态抑制等效消除换能器的瞬态过程，从而为在有限尺寸水域内扩展水声测量低频限创造了条件。     

用尖锐的声脉冲测声速

引言本文介绍用尖锐的声脉冲测定声波在空气中传播的速度的方法。采用一般仪器,测量结果与公认值十分接近。脉冲测距,在现代技术中已经广泛采用。但在学生实验中,尚无这方面的内容。基于这种考虑,我们设计了这个实验。其原理简单,所用仪器在中学也有,既可作为大     

基于单片机的声脉冲信号发生器设计

声脉冲法是近代现场隔声测试和吸声测试技术的主要方法之一,但声脉冲信号的产生是阻碍其应用的一个难点。本文以AT89C52单片机和DAC0832模∕数芯片为核心,设计一种声脉冲信号发生器,具有结构简单,成本低廉,使用方便的特点。经过测试,给出了该声脉冲信号发生器所产生声脉冲信号的时频域波形图。     

窄脉冲声用于大样品的吸声测量

本文利用逆滤波器原理,在空间产生了波形可控、长度在毫秒量级的窄脉冲声信号,分别采用脉冲分离法和脉冲叠加法,对一种毛毡材料和三种不同厚度的海绵材料进行了吸声系数的测量。实验证明,基于窄脉冲声信号的吸声测量结果与ISO13472-1:2002中的MLS脉冲法及阻抗管的测量结果基本吻合。采用窄脉冲进行吸声测量,可以减少样品边缘和周围环境对测量信号的干扰,提高现场测量的准确性。     

基于Boost闭环控制的恒峰值双极性脉冲发生器的研制北大核心CSCD

在肿瘤消融、污水处理等领域的脉冲功率技术应用中,研究发现双极性电脉冲往往比单极性电脉冲效果更佳,这极大地刺激了双极性高压脉冲电源的研发需求。设计了一台基于Boost闭环控制的恒峰值双极性脉冲发生器,该发生器结合boost电路与Marx发生器的特点,实现了具有升压功能的双极性脉冲的产生,且利用峰值检测电路对双极性脉冲发生器的输出峰值进行取样,并反馈到DSP处理器,实现峰值电压闭环控制,从而实现双极性脉冲恒定峰值的输出。为了验证提出的拓扑电路的可行性与稳定性,对5级恒峰值双极性脉冲发生器进行了仿真和实验研究。实验结果表明,当输入电压在100 V时,可产生重复频率5 kHz、脉冲宽度5~10μs、电压幅值为±2.0 kV的恒峰值双极性脉冲波形。该脉冲电源使用模块化设计,便于级联,结构紧凑,可灵活输出恒峰值的双极性或单极性正(负)脉冲。     

机电耦合系数和复阻抗对压电换能器脉冲波形的影响

在地震模型实验中,需要指向性均匀、脉冲持续时间短的低频压电换能器。实验发现,具有匹配背衬的换能器发射脉冲的视周期总是比无背衬的长;向水中辐射的脉冲波形比向细棒中辐射的复杂。但没见过对这些现象的详细解释。 本文仅从基本压电万程和梅森等效电路出发,计算了长度模压电换能器的传递函数,并用数值方法计算了机电耦合系数k_(33)和复阻抗对长度模压电换能器脉冲波形的影响。结果表明具有匹配背衬的换能器k_(33)越大,其“单极”脉宽越宽;且复阻抗使脉冲波形变复杂。我们进行了复阻抗对脉冲波形影响的实验,计算和实验基本符合。在一定的近似条件下,可作为设计和使用脉冲压电换能器的参考。     

用飞秒激光脉冲研究聚合物膜中PbS超微粒的非线性光学性质

将ＰｂＳ超微粒掺进有机物中得到ＰｂＳ／Ｆｌｅｍｉｏｎ复合膜。室温下的线性吸收光谱表明其吸收带边与体相材料相比发生明显兰移，但没有观察到激子吸收峰。用飞秒激光脉冲做光源，用泵浦－探测方法记录了样品的时间分辨光克尔效应信号，据此得到其三阶非线性极化率、响应时间等一些重要数据，并对观察到的实验现象进行了分析讨论。     

Electric power generation using vibration of a polyurea piezoelectric thin film

An energy harvesting system is proposed, in which mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect of a polymer polyurea film on the device. Electrical energy harvesting methods that use piezoelectric elements have been reported by several groups, and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is predominantly employed as the piezoelectric material. An energy harvesting device with a polyurea thin film formed through vapor deposition polymerization with 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanete (MDI) and 4,4′-diamino diphenyl ether (ODA). The conversion efficiency from mechanical to electrical energy was calculated using finite elemental analysis (FEA) of the cantilever configuration. Higher conversion efficiency was obtained using a thinner and shorter cantilever configuration with increased resonance frequency of the device. Experiments were conducted using an electric power generation device with a 3 μm thick polyurea thin film attached to a 0.1-mm-thick, 18-mm-long beryllium copper cantilever. Vibration in the vertical direction, which induces the bending vibration on the cantilever, was applied to the device and the output voltage was measured by connecting load resistances. The output power was measured with a change in the load resistance from 10 kΩ to 10 MΩ, and an optimum output was obtained at 1 MΩ, which corresponds to the value calculated using FEA. The conversion efficiency was improved by changing the cantilever length and an efficiency of 0.233% was obtained with a 4-mm-long cantilever.     

Power-mode theorems for guided acoustic waves in piezoelectric media

Relationships between complex power flow pseudo energy, propagation constant and complex frequency are presented for acoustic waves in piezoelectric media. These relationships are essentially energy-power equations which apply to anisotropic, nonconservative, dispersive, linear systems, analogous to those obtained by Chorney and Penfield for guided electromagnetic waves. At vanishing piezoelectric coupling the powermode theorems split into a proper electromagnetic set and a proper mechanical set. By differentiating the power-mode equations with respect to the complex frequency further results are obtained linking the group velocity with power flow and energy storage. Conclusions may be drawn from these expressions regarding the signature of the dispersion (forward or backward waves). The equipartition of pseudo energy is established at cut-off, and the vanishing of the complex power flow at resonance. Examples including wave propagation in lossless and lossy media are included.     

硅微ZnO压电薄膜传声器的研制

本文介绍了一种利用ZnO压电薄膜为换能器的硅微压电薄膜传声器的制备,并且对微机械加工工艺过程进行了较为详细的描述。本文对传声器的部分结构进行改进,与通常设计相比较大幅提高了传声器的性能,1000Hz基准频率的灵敏度达到-85dB(相对于1V/Pa),500Hz到10000Hz的频率响应的平坦度在±3dB范围内。     

压电式摆动圆柱形偶极发射换能器优化研究

为了实现偶极信号有效辐射,获得足够高的信噪比,全面分析弯曲波频散,本文提出了一种新型的频带范围为0.5–5 k Hz的压电式摆动圆柱形偶极声波测井换能器,并采用有限元方法对其进行了模拟和优化设计。此外,论文还对换能器进行了实验样机制作和实验测量,将实验测量与数值模拟结果进行了对比。研究表明,提出的新型偶极声波换能器比传统换能器具有更高的发射灵敏度,尤其是在低频响应范围。本文为新型偶极声波测井换能器的研发工作奠定了基础。     

Fatigue behaviour and structural health monitoring by acoustic emission of E-glass/epoxy laminates with piezoelectric implant

This paper represents the continuation of our research on built-in piezoelectric sensor for structural health monitoring of composite materials. Experimental research is focused on examining the effects of the embedded sensors on the structural integrity of composite laminates subjected to mechanical tests. A series of composite specimens with and without embedded sensor are tested in fatigue loading while constantly monitoring the response by acoustic emission technique. The acoustic signals are analysed using the classification k-means method in order to identify the different damage mechanisms and to follow the evolution of these mechanisms for both types of composite materials (with and without sensor). The mechanical behaviour of composites with and without embedded sensor shows no difference in the form. The incorporation of piezoelectric sensor causes low degradation of mechanical properties of composites. Comparing embedded sensor to sensor mounted on the surface, the embedded sensor showed a much higher sensitivity. It is thus verified that the embedded acoustic emission sensor had great potential for acoustic emission monitoring in fibre reinforced composite structures.     

超短脉冲激光辐照硅膜升温效应的模拟研究

考虑到载流子和晶格的热容、热导率、弛豫时间等热力学参数随温度非线性变化因素的影响,利用有限差分算法,数值求解了半导体材料自相关热传导模型,讨论了2 m厚硅膜在波长和脉宽分别为775 nm和500 fs的脉冲激光辐照下的升温规律。数值结果表明：硅膜前表面载流子温度在激光辐照过程的0.69 ps时刻达到最大值,在4.8 ps时刻以后硅膜基本趋于总体热平衡;载流子热容的快速变化以及单光子吸收和由载流子浓度变化而引起的载流子能流变化是导致载流子温度变化的主要原因;超短脉冲激光辐照时,激光作用时间短,各扩散项及传导项不起主要作用,因此硅膜内各主要计算参数与硅膜的厚度及基体材料类型等的关系不大。     

Nonlinearity in inverse and transverse piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 film actuators under AC and DC applied voltages

The motion of domain walls is a crucial factor in piezoelectric properties and is usually related to the irreversible and hysteretic behaviors. Herein, we report on the investigation of inverse and transverse piezoelectric coefficients of capacitor-based and microcantilever-based Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ films with a change in the DC bias and the AC applied voltage. A large inverse piezoelectric strain coefficient of about 350 p.m./V, and a low strain hysteresis of about 7.1%, are achieved in the film capacitors under a low applied voltage of 2 V (20 kV/cm) which can benefit the actuators for motion control in high-precision systems. The field-dependences of the transverse piezoelectric coefficients, obtained from four-point bending and microcantilever displacement, are in good agreement with each other. The results also reveal that the irreversible domain-wall motion is attributed to the nonlinearity in the field-dependent piezoelectric strain and cantilever displacement.     

Evaluation of excimer laser ablation of thin Cr film on glass substrate by analysing acoustic emission

Excimer laser ablation of a thin Cr film on a glass substrate was evaluated through detecting acoustic emission arising from the ablation process and observing surface morphology. In the experiment, an acoustic emission transducer was coupled to the sample to acquire acoustic emissions of laser–material interaction and an oscilloscope was used to record the signals. The patterned areas were examined by using an optical microscope. Characteristics of the acoustic emissions were studied through applying a range of signal analysis tools. Several features (e.g., average power, RMS) showed a clear linkage with the ablation mechanism of thin Cr film when varying the fluence of the laser source. Moreover, the damage to the glass substrate was well discriminated by the extracted features. In sum, evaluation of acoustic emissions not only provided a tool to study the ablation mechanisms of the thin metal film but also addressed a monitoring strategy for excimer laser micromachining.     

超短脉冲激光辐照硅膜的热弹性

 考虑到热电子崩力的影响,在基于玻耳兹曼理论弛豫时间近似的非线性自相关模型基础上,将晶格温度与应变速率相耦合,建立了超短脉冲激光作用下半导体材料的超快热弹性模型。在单轴应变条件下,利用有限差分法模拟了500 fs脉冲激光作用下2 μm厚硅膜内的载流子温度、晶格温度、载流子数密度、热应力和热电子崩力等的变化情况。结果表明：在低能量密度激光条件下,热弹性效应对半导体材料的影响很小;载流子温度达到峰值的时间比激光强度达到峰值的时间早,随后载流子数密度达到峰值,以及激光脉冲作用5 ps以后硅膜趋于总体热平衡;在脉冲辐照早期,非热平衡阶段形成的热电子崩力在超快损伤过程中起主要作用。     

Inversion for acoustic impedance of a wall by using artificial neural network

A new approach for measuring acoustic impedance is developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Instead of using impedance tube, a rectangular room or a box is simulated with known boundary conditions at some boundaries and an unknown acoustic impedance at one side of the wall. A training data basis for the ANN algorithm is evaluated by similar source method which was developed earlier by Too and Su [Too G-PJ, Su T-K. Estimation of scattering sound field via nearfield measurement by source methods. Appl Acoust. 1999;58:261-81 (SCI) (EI)] for the estimation of interior and exterior sound field. The training data basis is constructed by evaluating of acoustic pressure at a field point with various acoustic impedance conditions at one side of the wall. Then, the inversion for unknown acoustic impedance of a wall is performed by measuring several field data and substituting these data into ANN algorithm. The simulation result indicates that the prediction of acoustic impedance is very accurate with error percentage under 1%. In addition, one field point measurement in the present approach for acoustic impedance provides more straightforward and easier evaluation than that in the two point measurement of impedance tube.