Specificity of states of Cu2+ ions in ZSM zeolites due to the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect

Crystalline silicate of ZSM zeolite structure was synthesized via hydrothermal crystallization at large contents of copper. ESR spectra of Cu²⁺ ions stabilized in this system are determined by the specific ordering due to the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect of Cu²⁺ ions with the d_x ²–y² ground state.

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423° ZSM . Cu(II), , - Cu²⁺ cdx²–y²— .

     

Effect of electric field strength and exposure time on epoxy and high density polyethylene measured by positron annihilation lifetime

Using the positron annihilation lifetime technique, the annihilation parameters have been measured for epoxy and high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a function of AC electric field strength and the exposure time. The lifetime spectra have been resolved into three components, the longest component (I₃₃) is attributed to the pick-off annihilation of o-Ps in the amorphous regions. The intermediate one (I₂₂) is due to the annihilation of free positrons, while the shorter component (I₁₁) stems from self annihilation of p-Ps. In HDPE, the o-Ps parameters ₃ andI ₃ are measured as a function of electric field strengths in the range from 10 to 100 kV/cm exposed for 24 hours. A decrease inI ₃ of 8% is observed from zero to 50 kV/cm followed by an increase of the same order from 50 to 100 kV/cm. By investigating the effect of the exposure time from 2 to 24 hours at 16 and 50 kV/cm, the effect is confirmed and is attributed to the inhibition of o-Ps formation at lower field strength. In epoxy, the effect or exposure time onI ₃ at 166 and 133 kV/cm shows a similar behavior as in HDPE. At 133 kV/cmI ₃ decreases by only 2.5%. On the other hand, the changes in ₃ occur at short exposure times. Again at large times the saturation is obtained. These effects are attributed to the expansion of free volume (increase of ₃) competing at longer exposure times with other phenomena, such as liberation of free radicals, which reduce the o-Ps intensityI ₃ through the conversion to p-Ps. The reactions between o-Ps and free radicals might also lead to free positrons, which could explain the increase ofI ₂ and the decrease of ₃ at longer exposure times.     

Continuum composition models to describe multicomponent reaction kinetics

Some principles of the construction of kinetic models for multicomponent processes of oil-refining and petrochemistry are suggested in terms of the continuum mixture composition concepts. The results of computer simulation of industrial gasoline fraction hydrocracking processes are presented.

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. .

     

Syntheses and properties of mixed dinuclear copper(II) complexes with heterocyclic dithiocarbamates and a cyclic octadentate tertiary amine

Five new Cu^II complexes of general formula [Cu₂(Rdtc)tpmc](ClO₄)₃, (1)–(5), where tpmc and Rdtc ^– refer to N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,8,11-teraazacyclotetradecane and piperidine- (Pipdtc), 4-morpholine- (Morphdtc), 4-thiomorpholine- (Timdtc), piperazine- (Pzdtc) or N-methylpiperazine- (N-Mepzdtc) dithiocarbamates, respectively, have been prepared. Elemental analyses, conductometric and magnetic measurements, u.v./vis, i.r., e.p.r. and mass spectroscopy have been employed to characterize them. The complexes adopt an exo coordination of Cu^II ions and tpmc. The dithiocarbamate ion joins both the sulphur and the copper atoms acting as a bridging ligand The presence of different heteroatoms in the piperidine ring influences the (C=N) and (C=S) vibrations which decrease in the order of the complexes: Pipdtc>N-Mepipdtc>Pzdtc>Morphdtc>Timdtc ligands. Attention has been paid to the detailed mechanism of the mass spectral fragmentation of the complexes. The g _eff factors of the complexes have been also estimated by e.p.r. spectra. Finally, the complexes obtained demonstrate microbiologycal activity against some bacteria.     

Phase-fixed double-group 3-Γ symbols. V. 3-Γ symbols and coupling coefficients for all the octahedral double group-subgroup hierarchies

For all the subgroup hierarchies descending from the octahedral double group O ^*, we have obtained sets of 3- symbols and discuss here their properties. We have entirely real sets of 3- symbols for the tetrahedral and tetragonal hierarchies as well as for O ^* C ₃ ^* . For the latter hierarchy and the tetragonal ones, formalisms almost as powerful as the classical one for the rotation group may be established. We also discuss results obtained for cases with strict adaption to D ₃ ^* where it is now known that non-real 3- symbols are unavoidable.The 3- symbols are phase-fixed by the specification of basis functions (or, equivalently, subduction coefficients) generating them.The significance of the concept of associated representations of O* is discussed. The problems raised by the two multiplicity triples UT₁U and UT₂U in O* are given particular attention.     

Kinetics and mechanism of acetylene hydromethylation on organonickel catalysts

Kinetics of methane interaction with acetylene on Ziegler-Natta type organonickel catalysts has been studied. The reaction is first order with respect to methane. The kinetic isotope effect amounts to K_{CH 4}/K_{CD 4}=1.5 and K_{C 2}H₂,CH₄,H₂/K_{C 2}D₂,CD₄,D₂=2.0.

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-. -. K_{CH 4}/K_{CD 4}, K_{C 2}H₂,CH₄,H₂/K_{C 2}D₂,CD₄,D₂ 1,5; 2,0. .

     

Formation of Carbocationic σ-Alkyl Ni(I) Complexes in the Catalytic System Ni(PPh3)4+ BF3· OEt2. Ionic Coordination Transformations of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

The reactions of the individual cationic complex [(PPh₃)₃Ni]BF₄with unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethene, propene, and styrene), as well as the reaction of the -alkyl Ni(I) complex (PPh₃)₂Ni–CH(COOC₂H₅)₂(obtained in situ) with ethene, were studied using EPR, UV, and NMR spectroscopy. It was found that stable dimeric carbocationic -alkyl Ni(I) complexes are intermediates in the reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons with cationic Ni(I) complexes. The transformations of unsaturated hydrocarbons on cationic Ni(I) complexes were explained in terms of an experimentally justified ionic coordination mechanism. A stable mononuclear Ni(I) complex with a Ni–C -bond was synthesized and characterized using EPR. An organonickel(I) complex with - and -bonded carbon atoms was identified using EPR and NMR methods.     

Synthesis and physico-chemical and biological studies on ruthenium (III) complexes with Schiff bases derived from aminocarboxylic acids

Summary Ruthenium(III) complexes of types [Ru(L)₃], [Ru(L)Cl(H₂O)₂], [Ru(L)Cl₂]_n, [Ru(L)Cl(H₂O)]_n(LH =Schiff bases derived from anthranilic acid and benzaldehyde, acetophenone, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde orm-hydroxyacetophenone; LH₂=Schiff bases derived from anthranilic acid and salicylaldehyde oro-hydroxyacetophenone; LH=Schiff bases derived fromp-aminobenzoic acid and benzaldehyde, acetophenone, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde orm-hydroxyacetophenone; LH₂=Schiff bases derived fromp-aminobenzoic acid and salicylaldehyde oro-hydroxyacetophenone) have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, conductance, magnetic moment and spectral (electronic, i.r. and¹H n.m.r.) data. The wavelengths of the principal electronic absorption peaks have been accounted for quantitatively in terms of crystal field theory and various parameters have been evaluated. On the basis of the electronic spectra, an octahedral geometry has been established for all these complexes except [Ru(L)Cl₂]_n. The complexes [Ru(L)Cl₂]_n are pentacoordinate and a trigonal-bipyramidal environment, D_3h, is suggested for the ruthenium(III) ion. The thermal behaviour of these complexes has also been studied by t.g., d.t.g and d.s.c techniques. Heats of reaction for the decomposition steps were calculated from the d.s.c. curves. The antifungal and antiviral activities of the complexes with Schiff bases derived from anthranilic acid were also investigated.     

Fusion entropy and melt viscosity in some aliphatic hydrocarbons. Relation between fusion entropy and parameterb of the Batchinski equation

The fusion entropy, viscosity and molar volume are measured for the following hydrocarbons: C₁₈H₃₈, C₁₉H₄₀, C₂₀H₄₂ and C₂₀H₄₀. A relation betweenS _fus and the parameterb of the Batchinski equation is given for these compounds and for others previously studied. By employing the calorimetric and viscometric data found in the literature for ionic melts, a similar relation is found to hold for molten salts.

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Zusammenfassung Die Schmelzentropie, die ViskositÄt und das Molvolumen wurden für folgende Kohlenwasserstoffe gemessen: C₁₈H₃₈, C₁₉H₄₀, C₂₀H₄₂, C₂₀H₄₀. Eine Korrelation zwischenS_fus und dem Parameterb der Gleichung von Batchinski wird für diese sowie für andere früher untersuchte Verbindungen vorgeschlagen. Durch Verwendung der kalorimetrischen und viskosimetrischen Literaturangaben für geschmolzene ionische Produkte wurde eine analoge Korrelation für geschmolzene Salze vorgeschlagen.

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Résumé L'entropie de fusion, la viscosité et le volume molaire des hydrocarbures C₁₈H₃₈, C₁₉H₄₀, C₂₀H₄₂ et C₂₀H₄₀ ont été mesurés. Une relation entre l'entropie de fusion,H_fus, et le paramètreb de l'équation de Batchinski est proposée pour ces composés et pour d'autres, précédemment étudiés. En utilisant les données calorimétriques et viscosimétriques trouvées dans la littérature pour les produits ioniques fondus, une relation analogue est proposée pour les sels fondus.

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, : C₁₈H₃₈, C₁₉H₄₀ C₂₀H₄₂ C₂₀H₄₀. , , S. b . , , , .

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Thanks are due to the C.N.R. (Rome) for financial aid.     

Thermal decomposition of the solvent-extracted chloro complexes of trivalent gallium,indium and thallium with trioctylamine and trioctylmethylammonium chloride

The complexes of trivalent gallium, indium and thallium with trioctylamine (TOA, R₃N) and trioctylmethylammonium chloride (TOMAC, R₃RNCl) were prepared by drying in vacuo the organic extracts from aqueous solutions containing the chlorides of their metals with TOA and TOMAC in benzene: R₃NHGaCl₄, (R₃NH)₂InCl₅, R₃NHTlCl₄, R₃R'NGaCl₄, R₃R'NInCl₄ and R₃RTlCl₄. The prepared complexes were examined by TG and DTA under an atmosphere of nitrogen, and the products of their thermal decompositions, such as volatile matter and residues, were examined by gas chromatography, X-ay diffraction study and infrared spectrophotometry. It was found that the complexes of these trivalent metals with TOA and TOMAC decompose thermally to the chlorides (GaCl₃, InCl₃ and TlCl) through the cracking of alkyl groups.

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Zusammenfassung Komplexe von dreiwertigem Gallium, Indium und Thallium mit Trioctylamin (TOA, R₃N) und Trioctylmcthylarnmonium-Hydrochlorid (TOMAC, R₃R'NCl) wurden durch Trocknung der benzolischen Extrakte der die Metallchloride mit TOA bzw. TOMAC enthaltenden wässrigen Lösungen im Vakuum dargestellt: R₃NHGaCl₄, (R₃NH)₂InCl₅, R₃NHTlCl₄, R₃R'NGaCl₄, R₃R'NInCl₄ und R₃R'TlCl₄. Die dargestellten Komplexe wurden durch TG und DTA in Stickstoffatmosphäre untersucht. Die Produkte der thermischen Zersetzung, flüchtige Substanzen und Rückstände, wurden gas-chromatographisch, röntgendiffraktometrisch und 1R-spektrophotometrisch untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Komplexe dieser dreiwertigen Metalle sich thermisch durch Krackung der Alkylgruppen zu den Chloriden (GaCl₃, InCl₃ und TlCl₃) zersetzen.

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, (, R₃N) ( , R₃RNCl) R₃NHGaCl₄, (R₃NH)₂InCl₅, R₃NHTlCl₄, R₃RNGaCl₄, R₃RNInCl₄ R₃RNTlCl₄ , . , , - . , (GaCl₃, InCl₃ TlCl) c .

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Paper presented at the 1985 World Conference on Thermal Analysis, Bad Hofgastein, Austria.

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We wish to thank the Research and Development Laboratory, Swiss Aluminium Ltd., Neuhausen, Switzerland, for the gift of gallium metal, and the Koei Chemical Co. Ltd. for samples of TOA and TOMAC.     

Influence of some organic acids on the adsorption of PdX42? complexes on alumina

Results are presented concerning the role of oxalic acid, salicylic acid and glycine as coimpregnation ingredients in preparation of Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts from PdCl ₄ ^2– and PdBr ₄ ^2– solutions.

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, , , Pd/Al₂O₃ PdCl ₄ ^2– PdBr ₄ ^2– .

     

Kinetics of Free Radical Generation in the Catalytic Oxidation of Methanol

The formation of free radicals over the surface of platinum-containing catalysts in the methanol oxidation reaction depending on the temperature, the composition of the reaction mixture, and the procedure used for introducing platinum was studied by the matrix isolation method technique. The nature and transformations of surface intermediates depending on the temperature and the presence of oxygen in the gas phase were studied by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The main surface intermediate was the methoxy group. The following three types of these groups were stabilized in alumina-based catalysts: (I) CH₃O–Al_oct (_s(–) = 2806 cm^–1), (II) CH₃O–Al_tetr (_s(–) = 2825 cm^–1), and (III) CH₃O < (Al)₂ (_S(–) = 2845 cm^–1, _s(–) = 1460 cm^–1, _s(–) = 1440 cm^–1, r _|| (₃) = 1185 cm^–1, and (–) = 1095 cm^–1). At the same time, isolated methoxy groups (_as(–) = 2997 cm^–1, _as(–) = 2959 cm^–1, _s(–) = 2857 cm^–1, and (₃) = 1450 cm^–1) and hydrogen-bonded groups ((–) = 3400–3550 cm^–1), which resulted from chemisorption at siloxane bridges, were stabilized in silica gel–based catalysts. It was found that CH₃O and CH₃OO radicals were formed only over the surfaces of pure supports (SiO₂ and Al₂O₃) and their mechanical mixtures with platinum. The total concentration of radicals was described by an extremal function of the composition of reactants, whereas the relative concentration depends on the nature of the support. This is conceivably due to the effect of coordinatively unsaturated cations of the support, which are formed by dehydroxylation in the course of catalyst pretreatment. An increase in the rate of formation of gas-phase radicals on mixed catalysts was explained by special properties of the platinum/support interface region, at which surface intermediates were formed in superequilibrium concentrations under reaction conditions.     

Quantum chemical study of the physical characteristics of the hydroxy groups of zeolites, III

The CNDO/2 method was applied to calculate the electronic structure of HY zeolite using cluster models Si₃AlO₁₂H ₈ ^– and Si₃AlO₁₂H₉. It has been shown that the probability of occurrence of H on a particular type of oxygen as well as the other physical characteristics of zeolite depend on both the type of oxygen and the position of the Al atom.

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/2 , Si₃AlO₁₂H₈ Si₃AlO₁₂H₉. , , , Al.

     

Investigation on the thermal behaviour of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O

DTA, DSC and X-ray investigations of Mg(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O revealed a lattice transformation at (71±2) C withH=12.5 J/g, and congruent melting at 90 C withH=150.3 J/g. The results of the DTA investigations on different Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O samples are in good agreement with those of solubility investigations. The melting enthalpy of Mg(NO₃)₃ · 6H₂O is lowered considerably by deviation from the stoichiometric water content of the compound. The results allow conclusions as to the application of this salt hydrate as a latent heat-storage material.

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Zusammenfassung DTA-, DSC- und röntgenographische Untersuchungen von Mg(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O zeigten die Existenz einer Gitterumwandlung bei (71±2) C mitH=12.5 J/g und ein kongruentes Schmelzen bei 90 C mitH=150.3 J/g. Die Ergebnisse der DTA-Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O Proben stehen in guter übereinstimmung mit denen von Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen. Durch ein Abweichen vom stöchiometrischen Wassergehalt der Verbindung wird die Schmelzenthalpie von Mg(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O beträchtlich vermindert. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen Aussagen zur Anwendbarkeit dieses Salzhydrates als Wärmespeichermedium.

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, 71±2 H=12,5 · 90 H=150,3 ·^–1. Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O . . .

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We thank Dr. Flammersheim, Department of Chemistry, FSU, Jena, for the DSC measueements.     

New chiral acyclic analogs of 2′-deoxynucleosides

Convenient methods for the synthesis of chiral 2,3-seco-2-deoxynucleosides were developed. An isopropylidene protective group was used to block the 3,5-hydroxy groups in 2,3-seco-uridine. Conversion of the hydroxymethyl group to a methyl group was accomplished by chlorination with a mixture of CCl₄ and Ph₃P with subsequent reduction with n-Bu₃SnH. 2,3-seco-2-Deoxyuridine was obtained after deacetonation. The (S) enantiomer was similarly synthesized starting from 1-(-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil. 3-O-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-5-O-(p-monomethoxytrityl)-2,3-seco-2-deoxyuridine, which has optically active centers at C₍₁₎ and C₍₄₎, was also synthesized.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 822–826, June, 1988.The authors thank Professor M. Ya. Karpeiskii for his constant interest in this research.     

Photoinduced Acylotropic Rearrangement of Crown-Containing 2-[N-Acetyl-N-(4-aminobenzo-15-crown-5)methylene]-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-3-one

2-N-(4-Aminobenzo-15-crown-5)methylene-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-3-one and its acetyl derivative were synthesized. Their treatment with lithium, sodium, or potassium iodide in acetonitrile solution leads to formation of the corresponding crown-metal complexes. Irradiation of the acylated compounds at 436 nm induces NO migration of the acetyl group to give O-acyl isomer which is characterized by a considerable blue shift of the long-wave absorption band ( = 70 nm). The quantum yields of the photo- induced acylotropic reaction for the free ligand and its complexes with alkali metal cations change in the series: _L > K⁺ > Na⁺ > Li⁺.     

Effect of alkali ions (Na+, K+) on the solvent extraction of uranium(VI) with a di-carboxylated calix[4] arene

The solvent extraction of uranium(VI) with a di-carboxylated calix[4]arne (LH₂) in chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane has been studied in the presence or absence of alkali ions (M=Na⁺,K⁺). For UO ₂ ²⁺ when studied alone, a 12 (metal: ligand) extracted species is evidenced, with a rather low associated extraction equilibrium constant. The efficiency of extraction increases drastically in the presence of alkali ions, due to the formation of heteronuclear complexes. In all cases, the extracted species are found to be both 122 and 112 (UO ₂ ²⁺ MLH₂) mixed complexes, except in chloroform with K⁺, where only the latter is formed. In the case of Na⁺, mass spectrometry spectra confirm the existence of both homo and heteronuclear complexes as determined in the extraction studies.     

Das System KNbO3-Nb2O5

Zusammenfassung Das System KNbO₃–Nb₂O₅ wurde mit thermoanalytischen, dilatometrischen und röntgenographischen Methoden neu untersucht. Acht ternäre Verbindungen werden im Bereich von 0–50 Mol-% K₂O gefunden. Nur K₄Nb₆O₁₇ schmilzt kongruent, alle anderen zersetzen sich peritektisch. Bei den beiden niobreichaten ternären Verbindungen handelt es sich um Hochtemperaturphasen, die sich erst oberhalb 1273 bzw. 1551 K bilden. Drei der acht Verbindungen wandeln sich mit steigender Temperatur in ihre Hochtemperaturmodifikation um.

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The KNbO₃-Nb₂O₅ system was studied by thermal analysis, dilatometry and X-ray techniques. Eight ternary compounds were found in the range from 0 to 50 mol% K₂O. Only K₄Nb₆O₇ was found to melt congruently, the other compounds decomposed peritectically. For the two ternary compounds with the highest percentage of niobium high-temperature phases were observed which were formed only above 1273 and 1551°, respectively. Three of the compounds studied transformed into their high temperature modifications on heating.

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, $ KN₃-Nb₂O₅. 0 50 % . , K₄Nb₆O₇ , $ . $ $ 1273 1551°. $ $ .

     

Analysis of the Probability of the Mössbauer Effect in Iron(III) β-Diketonates

The probability of the Mössbauer effect f has been evaluated and the Debye temperatures of intermolecular vibrations _M at 295 and 78 K have been determined for ten Fe(III) -diketonates, which are complexes of molecular type. Variation of _M with temperature and molecular mass M has been found; in the latter case, _M decreases as M increases. As a result of this antibatic change in _M and M, the effect of a decreased energy of intermolecular interaction dominates the effect of increased molecular mass, and f decreases in conformity with the prediction provided by the molecular crystal model.     

The influence of CSH phase nuclei on Ca3SiO4Cl2 hydration

The influence of CSH phase nuclei on calcium chlorosilicate hydration has been studied by means of calorimetry, QXRD, DTA and TG methods.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels kalorimetrischen, QXRD-, DTA- und TG-Verfahren wurde der Einfluß von CSH Phasenkörpern auf die Hydratierung von Kalziumchlorosilikat untersucht.

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, , .

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C=CaO, S=SiO₂, H=H₂O