Heat transfer in channel flow of a micropolar fluid

The study of heat transfer in channel flow has been done by previous authors for Newtonian and elastico-viscous fluids. It is the aim of the present paper to study the temperature profile for flow of a micropolar fluid in a channel induced by a constant axial pressure gradient, when the walls are maintained at constant temperatures. We have examined the effects of microrotation on the temperature profile and on the kinetic energy of the fluid. Three cases have been chosen by us for detailed study: (i) both the walls are maintained at different constant temperatures, (ii) both the walls are maintained at the same constant temperature, (iii) one wall is kept at a constant temperature and there is no heat flux at the other wall.     

放/吸热流体在两个充满多孔材料的竖直平行板之间作不稳定的自然对流

在一个由两块无限竖直平行板组成的管道中,充满着多孔的介质材料,使用Darcy模型(Brinkman模型的推广)的动量方程,连同能量方程,计算不可压缩、粘性、放/吸热流体在该管道中的不稳定自然对流,即Couette流动.流动是由于边界平板有不对称的加热,以及作加速运动所引起.选用合理的无量纲参数,对控制方程进行简化,通过Laplace变换进行解析求解,得到闭式的速度和温度分布曲线解,随后导出表面摩擦力和传热率.发现在竖直管道中的不同剖面,流体的流动及温度分布曲线随着时间而增加,且在运动平板附近更高.特别是,流体的速度和温度随着平板间距的增加而增加,但是,表面摩擦力和热传导率随着平板间距的增加而减小.     

Effect of viscous dissipation on natural convection flow between vertical parallel plates with time-periodic boundary conditions

This article investigates the natural convection flow of viscous incompressible fluid in a channel formed by two infinite vertical parallel plates. Fully developed laminar flow is considered in a vertical channel with steady-periodic temperature regime on the boundaries. The effect of internal heating by viscous dissipation is taken into consideration. Separating the velocity and temperature fields into steady and periodic parts, the resulting second order ordinary differential equations are solved to obtain the expressions for velocity, and temperature. The amplitudes and phases of temperature and velocity are also obtained as well as the rate of heat transfer and the skin-friction on the plates. In presence of viscous dissipation, fluids of relatively small Prandtl number has higher temperature than the channel plates and as such, heat is being transferred from the fluid to the plate.     

Steady magnetohydrodynamic flow in a diverging channel with suction or blowing

An analysis is made of steady two-dimensional divergent flow of an electrically conducting incompressible viscous fluid in a channel formed by two non-parallel walls, the flow being caused by a source of fluid volume at the intersection of the walls. The fluid is permeated by a magnetic field produced by an electric current along the line of intersection of the channel walls. The walls are porous and subjected to either suction (k > 0) or blowing (k < 0) of equal magnitude on both the walls. It is found that when the Reynolds number for the flow is large and the magnetic Reynolds number is very small, boundary layers are formed on the channel walls such that a sufficient condition for the existence of a unique boundary layer solution (without separation) in the case of suction is N > 2, N being the magnetic parameter. When k = 0, boundary layer exists without separation only when N > 2. Further, it is found that the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution for boundary layer flow (without separation) even in the presence of blowing (k < 0) is N > 2. For given value of k, velocity at a point increases with increase in N. It is also shown that when N > 2, blowing makes the boundary layer thinner. A similarity solution for steady temperature distribution in the divergent flow is also presented when the channel walls are held at variable temperature. It is found that for fixed value of wall suction, temperature at a point decreases with increase in N. It is further shown that when N > 2, steady distribution of temperature exists even in the case of blowing at the walls.     

Couette flow of a non-homogeneous fluid

The two dimensional Couette flow of a non-homogeneous viscous fluid is studied. The plane boundaries of the channel are maintained at different temperatures. The upper plane moves with a uniform horizontal velocity and the lower plane is at rest. The fluid is subjected to suction and injection at the boundaries. Thesteady equations are solved by introducing similarity variables which are expanded in series of powers of a small stratification parameter. The non-linear theory predicts that the temperature depends on the distancex from the throat section, an observation which is not predicted by the linear theory. The non-linear effects on velocity and temperature are studied. The rate of heat transfer is discussed.     

壁面马赫数分布规律可控的新型内收缩基准流场设计方法

根据有旋特征线理论,设计出了沿程马赫数下降规律可控的轴对称基准流场,分析了基准流场的几何参数(前缘压缩角及中心体半径)的影响规律,发现选取较小的前缘压缩角和中心体半径有利于得到性能优良的基准流场;然后在设计状态Ma=6时研究了三种典型的马赫数下降规律对这种轴对称流场性能的影响。最后考虑了粘性的影响,并进行了粘性修正探索,结果表明,采用附面层位移厚度修正方法后,基准流场的壁面压力分布和无粘情况吻合良好。      

Parallel shear flows of fluids with a temperature dependent viscosity

We investigate whether parallel shear flows of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with a viscosity which depends linearly on temperature is possible in situations where the temperature changes along the flow direction. It is shown that parallel flow is possible only in planar or axisymmetric geometries. These two situations are investigated further. For either a plane channel or a circular pipe, we show that the temperature variation in the flow direction must be exponential.     

Finite-difference analysis of natural convection flow of a viscous fluid in a porous channel with constant heat sources

The fully developed natural convection flow of a viscous fluid in a porous channel is modeled and studied numerically. The walls are kept at constant temperatures. The effects of various dimensionless parameters emerging in the model are studied graphically. It has been noted that the velocity and temperature both depend on the heat source and the free convection parameters.     

MHD free convective flow through porous medium in the presence of hall current, radiation and thermal diffusion

An unsteady free convective flow through porous media of viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid through a vertical porous channel with thermal radiation is studied. A magnetic field of uniform strength is applied perpendicular to the vertical channel. The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed very small so that the induced magnetic field effect is negligible. The injection and suction velocity at both plates is constant and is given by v ₀. The pressure gradient in the channel varies periodically with time along the axis of the channel. The temperature difference of the plates is high enough to induce the radiative heat. Taking Hall current and Soret effect into account, equations of motion, energy, and concentration are solved. The effects of the various parameters, entering into the problem, on velocity, temperature and concentration field are shown graphically.     

On the unsteady flow and temperature distribution of a viscous incompressible fluid between two parallel flat plates

The unsteady flow and temperature distribution of a viscous incompressible fluid between two parallel flat plates has been investigated. The pressure gradient is varying linearly with time. The velocity and temperature profiles for various values oft have been shown graphically. Fort = 0, the velocity and temperature profiles correspond to the plane Poiseuille flow. The velocity and temperature both increase with time and they are maximum on the central plane of the channel.     

Parallel shear flows of fluids with a temperature dependent viscosity

We investigate whether parallel shear flows of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with a viscosity which depends linearly on temperature is possible in situations where the temperature changes along the flow direction. It is shown that parallel flow is possible only in planar or axisymmetric geometries. These two situations are investigated further. For either a plane channel or a circular pipe, we show that the temperature variation in the flow direction must be exponential.Received: December 16, 2003; revised: October 11, 2004     

多孔介质平板通道发展传热中非局部热平衡时的温度分布特征

研究了多孔介质平板通道中,Darcy流体发展传热强迫对流非局部热平衡下,固相骨架和孔隙流体的温度分布特征．考虑流体流动方向的热传导以及固相和流相相互作用的粘性耗散,根据非局部热平衡的两能量方程模型,得到了常壁温度时多孔介质固相骨架温度和孔隙流体温度的解析解．证明了当两相间的热交换系数趋于无穷大时,两能量方程的温度解趋于局部热平衡时一能量方程的温度解．针对不同的无量纲参数,给出了固相和流相的温度分布状态,通过参数研究,揭示了非局部热平衡强迫对流时温度对无量纲参数的依赖关系．     

Improved decay estimates in time-dependent Stokes flow

This paper investigates the time-dependent Stokes flow of a viscous fluid in a channel with nonzero net entry flow. Assuming the fluid to be initially at rest with entry flow at the finite end of a semi-infinite channel, energy bounds for the flow are derived. It is shown that the flow decays exponentially in energy norm to a transient Poiseuille flow as the distance from the finite end tends to infinity. The problem was previously investigated by Lin (SAACM 2 (1992) 249-264) for the case in which the net entry flow was zero. Our methods are patterned after those of Lin, but a somewhat better choice of arbitrary constants yields an improved decay rate for Lin's problem.     

MHD Couette flow of a viscous stratified fluid of large conductivity

The MHD Couette flow of a viscous stratified fluid of large electrical conductivity with suction and injection at the plane boundaries is studied when the plane boundaries are maintained at different temperatures. The Oseen type governing equations are formulated using the method suggested by Greenspan for stratified fluids. Introducing the similarity variables, the linearised equations are solved to obtain the velocity and temperature distributions. The results show that the behaviour of velocity and temperature in fluids of large conductivity is different from the behaviour of velocity and temperature for fluids of finite conductivity. The effect of the magnetic field on the load capacity is investigated for the case when the width of the channel is small.     

Mixed convective heat and mass transfer in an asymmetric channel with peristalsis

This paper describes the fluid mechanics effects of mixed convective heat and mass transfer in an asymmetric channel with peristalsis. The flow is examined in a wave frame of reference moving with the velocity of the wave. The channel asymmetry is produced by choosing the peristaltic wave train on the walls to have different amplitudes and phase. The momentum, energy and concentration equations have been linearized under long wavelength approximation. The analytical solutions for temperature, concentration, velocity and stream function are obtained. The effects of various parameters such as local temperature Grashof number, local mass Grashof number and geometrical parameters on flow variables have been discussed numerically and explained graphically.     

生物磁粘弹性流体的流动:应用动脉电磁过热评估血液的流动,癌症治疗进程

利用生物磁流体动力学(BFD)原理,在生物磁流体经由遭受磁场作用的多孔介质时,研究其流动的基本理论.所研究流体的磁化强度随温度而变化.流体被认为是非Newton流体,其流动由二阶梯度流体方程所控制,并考虑了流体的粘弹性效应.假设管道壁是能够伸展的,管壁表面的速度与到坐标原点的纵向距离成正比.首先将问题简化为包括7个参数的、耦合的非线性微分方程组的求解.将血液看作生物磁流体,并用上述方法分析,目的是计算某些血液的流动参数,并配以适当的数值方法,导数用差分格式近似.计算结果用图形给出,从而在磁场作用下,得到过热状态中关系血液的、血流动力学流动的理论预测.结果清楚地表明,在电磁过热治疗进程期间,磁偶极子对动脉中血液流动特征的影响起着重大作用.该研究引起了临床医学的关注,其结果有益于癌症病人采用电磁过热的治疗.     

Stokes flow solutions in infinite and semi-infinite porous channels

We derive a class of exact solutions for Stokes flow in infinite and semi-infinite channel geometries with permeable walls. These simple, explicit, series expressions for both pressure and Stokes flow are valid for all permeability values. At the channel walls, we impose a no-slip condition for the tangential fluid velocity and a condition based on Darcy's law for the normal fluid velocity. Fluid flow across the channel boundaries is driven by the pressure drop between the channel interior and exterior; we assume the exterior pressure to be constant. We show how the ground state is an exact solution in the infinite channel case. For the semi-infinite channel domain, the ground-state solutions approximate well the full exact solution in the bulk and we derive a method to improve their accuracy at the transverse wall. This study is motivated by the need to quantitatively understand the detailed fluid dynamics applicable in a variety of engineering applications including membrane-based water purification, heat and mass transfer, and fuel cells.     

Fully-developed free-convective flow of micropolar and viscous fluids in a vertical channel

The problem of fully-developed laminar free-convection flow in a vertical channel is studied analytically with one region filled with micropolar fluid and the other region with a viscous fluid. Using the boundary and interface conditions proposed by previous investigators, analytical expressions for linear velocity, micro-rotation velocity and temperature have been obtained. Numerical results are presented graphically for the distribution of velocity, micro-rotation velocity and temperature fields for varying physical parameters such as the ratio of Grashof number to Reynolds number, viscosity ratio, width ratio, conductivity ratio and micropolar fluid material parameter. It is found that the effect of the micropolar fluid material parameter suppress the velocity whereas it enhances the micro-rotation velocity. The effect of the ratio of Grashof number to Reynolds number is found to enhance both the linear velocity and the micro-rotation velocity. The effects of the width ratio and the conductivity ratio are found to enhance the temperature distribution.     

Flow of polymer melts in a rotary extruder head

The flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in an annular extruder channel formed by two coaxial cylinders is investigated theoretically. Complex shear conditions are created by the pressure difference between the ends of the channel and the rotation of the cylinders in opposite directions at constant speeds. An expression is obtained for the rate of flow of a polymer melt regarded as a non-Newtonian fluid. The flow of a polyethylene melt at 140° C through an extruder head with a rotating mandrel has been experimentally investigated. The experimental data serve to confirm the theoretical conclusions.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 531–539, 1968     

3‐D spatio–temporal structures of biofilms in a water channel

We develop a numerical predictive tool for multiphase fluid mixtures consisting of biofilms grown in a viscous fluid matrix by implementing a second‐order finite difference discretization of the multiphase biofilm model developed recently on a general purpose graphic processing unit. With this numerical tool, we study a 3‐D biomass–flow interaction resulting in biomass growth, structure formation, deformation, and detachment phenomena in biofilms grown in a water channel in quiescent state and subject to a shear flow condition, respectively. The numerical investigation is limited in the viscous regime of the biofilm–solvent mixture. In quiescent flows, the model predicts growth patterns consistent with experimental findings for single or multiple adjacent biofilm colonies, the so‐called mushroom shape growth pattern. The simulated biomass growth both in density and thickness matches very well with the experimentally grown biofilm in a water channel. When shear is imposed at a boundary, our numerical studies reproduce wavy patterns, pinching, and streaming phenomena observed in biofilms grown in a water channel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.