含氨基、羟基丙烯酸乳液聚合的稳定性

采用间歇及半连续乳液聚合方式,以过硫酸铵/亚硫酸钠为引发体系,合成了甲基丙烯酸甲酯/丙烯酸丁酯/甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯/甲基丙烯酸二氨基乙酯四元共聚物胶乳.系统研究了乳化剂种类和浓度、聚合温度、乳化单体进料方式及进料速率对聚合过程稳定性的影响.聚合温度降低,乳化单体进料速度减慢有利于聚合过程的稳定,采用种子半连续聚合方式比间歇聚合过程更稳定,乳化剂浓度的增加有利于聚合稳定性的提高和乳胶粒子的均匀化.     

碱溶性无规共聚物表面活性剂的合成及在乳液聚合中的应用研究

合成了碱溶性无规共聚物聚 (甲基丙烯酸甲酯 丙烯酸乙酯 甲基丙烯酸 ) (MMA EA MAA) ,并对其结构、表面活性进行了表征研究 .以合成的P(MMA EA MAA)作高分子表面活性剂 ,进行甲基丙烯酸丁酯的乳液聚合 .研究了反应温度 ,引发剂浓度 ,表面活性剂浓度等因素对反应速率 (Rp)的影响 .结果表明 ,聚合速率随引发剂浓度 ,表面活性剂浓度的增加而增加 ;该体系的表观活化能为 85 19kJ·mol- 1 .用透射电镜 (TEM)表征了所制备的乳胶粒子形态 ,乳胶粒子呈较明显的核 壳结构 .     

超声辐照原位乳液聚合制备P(BA-MMA-AA)/TiO_2纳米复合乳液的研究

通过超声辐照原位乳液聚合制备了稳定的丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸共聚物[P(BA-MMA-AA)/TiO2]纳米复合乳液.系统研究了乳化剂浓度,单体及TiO2用量对超声辐照原位乳液聚合反应的影响.结果表明,随乳化剂浓度增加、单体及TiO2用量的减少,聚合反应速率增高.TEM、SEM和FTIR证实了P(BA-MMA-AA)包覆在纳米TiO2表面,并与TiO2粒子有较强相互作用.用DSC、GPC和1H-NMR表征共聚产物,发现随TiO2加入,共聚物分子量降低,共聚链段中BA单元比例增加,导致聚合物玻璃化转变温度降低.     

淀粉-丙烯酸反相乳液接枝共聚反应的动力学研究

以过硫酸铵(NH4)2S2O8为引发剂,失水山犁醇单月桂酸酯(Span-20)为乳化剂,采用反相乳液聚合技术,制得了淀粉-丙烯酸接枝共聚物,研究了反应温度、引发剂浓度、单体浓度、乳化剂浓度、淀粉用量五种因素对反应速率的影响。根据单体的转化率,用线性回归法计算聚合反应速率;然后用作图法确定反应的动力学关系式,并求出反应起始阶段的表观活化能。结果表明,其动力学关系式为:Rp∝[(NH4)2S2O8]0.51[AA]1.18[St]0.81[Span-20]0.62;聚合反应恒速阶段的活化能,在53~68℃范围内为26.00 kJ.mol-1。     

氧化-还原低温引发苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯细乳液共聚合动力学与成核机理的研究

详细讨论了 [(NH4 ) 2 S2 O8/NaHSO3 ]氧化 还原引发体系引发苯乙烯 (St)丙烯酸丁酯 (BuA)体系的细乳液共聚合的动力学特征及其与成核机理的关系 .细乳液的聚合速率比相同条件下的常规乳液聚合速率低 ,引发期长 .随聚合温度、引发剂浓度、乳化剂浓度的增加 ,聚合速率增大 .共乳化剂正十六烷 (HDE)的浓度在一定范围内增大 ,反应的速率增大 ,然后再增加HDE ,反应速率下降 .建立动力学曲线数学模型 ,并深入讨论了细乳液的聚合动力学特征 ,与常规乳液所得结果相比较 ,探讨了细乳液的单体液滴成核机理 .     

氧化—还原低温引发苯乙烯—丙烯酸丁酯细乳液共聚合动力学与成核？…

详细讨论了［（ＮＨ４）２Ｓ２Ｏ８／ＮａＨＳＯ３］氧化－还原引发体系引发苯乙烯（Ｓｔ）丙烯酸丁酯（ＢｕＡ）体系的细乳液共聚合的动力学特征及其成核机理的关系,细乳液的聚合速率比相同条件下的常规乳液聚合速率低,引发期长,随聚合温度、引发剂浓度、乳化剂浓度的增加,聚合速率增大,共乳化剂正十六烷（ＨＤＥ）的浓度在一定范围内增大,反应的速率增大,然后再增加ＨＤＥ,反应速率下降,建立动力学曲线数学模型,并深入讨     

含氟接枝共聚物为助稳定剂的苯乙烯细乳液聚合反应

以含氟接枝共聚物(PSG)单独作为助稳定剂,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为乳化剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂引发苯乙烯(St)的细乳液聚合。考察了聚合温度、乳化剂用量、引发剂用量和PSG用量对细乳液聚合转化率的影响。结果表明,以PSG单独作为助稳定剂,细乳液聚合过程较稳定,起始单体液滴数目与成核粒子数目几乎相等。最终转化率随着乳化剂用量和反应温度的提高而增加,引发剂用量影响不明显。在相同的反应条件下,分别以相同用量(w.t.%=0.091%时,占单体和水的总质量)的PSG和十六醇为助稳定剂用于苯乙烯细乳液聚合,反应290min后,PSG体系的聚合转化率达到87.2%,而十六醇体系的聚合转化率只有78.2%。     

疏水基改性聚丙烯酰胺的合成及溶液性质

利用自由基胶束聚合法,由丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酸十八酯共聚合成了疏水缔合型水溶性聚合物.通过红外光谱表征了共聚物的结构,考察了共聚物浓度、盐浓度、剪切速率以及温度对共聚物溶液性能的影响.试验结果表明,聚合物质量分数大于临界缔合浓度(2%)时,溶液的粘度急剧增大;疏水缔合聚合物溶液的表观粘度随着溶液中NaCl质量分数的增加而增大.     

乙烯基硅烷-丙烯酸酯乳液共聚动力学研究

以乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(VTES)、丙烯酸酯为单体,乙氧基醇磺基琥珀酸二钠(A—102)为乳化剂,合成了有机硅改性丙烯酸酯共聚乳液。研究了乳化剂、引发剂、VTES、反应温度以及功能性单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)对乳液共聚反应速率的影响。结果表明:聚合速率随乳化剂浓度、引发剂浓度、HEMA浓度的增大及反应温度的升高而增大,但随VTES浓度增大而逐渐减小。由实验得出恒速阶段聚合反应速率R_p与乳化剂浓度C_E、引发剂浓度C_1及有机硅单体浓度C_(VTES)的关系为R_p∝C_E~(0.35)C_I~(0.48)C_(VTES)~(-0.64),表观活化能E_a为81.1kJ·mol~(-1)。     

反相乳液聚合法制备丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸铵共聚物

以煤油为连续相,水为分散相,Span-80/Tween-80为复配乳化剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸和氨水为原料,采用反相乳液聚合法合成了丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸铵共聚物絮凝剂.考察了乳化剂种类及用量、引发剂浓度、单体浓度、EDTA用量、聚合温度等对共聚物特性黏数的影响.确定了最佳实验条件,利用FTIR对样品进行了表征.     

Emulsion polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate using a hydrophobically modified inulin and comparison with other surfactants

The use of a new class of graft polymer surfactants, based on inulin, in emulsion polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) particles is described. PS and PMMA were synthesized by emulsion polymerization, and stable particles with a high monomer content (50 wt %) were obtained with a very small amount of polymeric surfactant ([surfactant]/[monomer] = 0.0033). The latex dispersions were characterized by dynamic light scattering and by transmission electron microscopy to obtain the average particle size and the polydispersity index, and the stability was determined by turbidimetry measurements and expressed in terms of critical coagulation concentration. The last section gives a comparison of PMMA particles prepared by emulsion polymerization using classical surfactants from different types as emulsifiers with that obtained using the copolymer surfactant. It shows the superiority of INUTEC SP1 as it is the only one that allows stable particles at 20 wt % monomer content, with a smaller ratio [surfactant]/[monomer] = 0.002.     

On the kinetics and particle size polydispersity of the styrene emulsion polymerization using aerosol MA80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactants

It is well known that narrower particle size distributions are obtained when Aerosol MA80 is used as surfactant in emulsion polymerization compared with other surfactants. Some researchers have published hypotheses to explain this characteristic of MA80; however, it is the opinion of the authors that there are other factors that must be taken into account. This work discusses, with emphasis on the amplitude of the PSD, the effect of the type and initial concentration of surfactant (SDS and MA80) on kinetic aspects of emulsion polymerization of styrene. Similarities and differences between the polymerizations effected with the surfactants under study are discussed in terms of the physicochemical behavior of the surfactants.     

聚氨酯高分子表面活性剂的研究进展

在乳液聚合中,传统的小分子表面活性剂发挥着非常关键的作用,但是它们容易在漆膜中发生迁移,最终降低涂膜的耐水性;而高分子表面活性剂的使用,可以较好的避免表面活性剂的解析及其在膜中的迁移.其中,聚氨酯类的高分子表面活性剂由于具有良好的表面活性、优异的耐寒性、弹性、高光泽以及其软硬度可随温度变化,耐有机溶剂性好等优点, 已经成为研究的热点.本文综述了近几年来,聚氨酯表面活性剂的种类、合成以及应用的进展,并对其进行了讨论.     

可聚合表面活性剂的研究进展

在乳液聚合中，表面活性剂发挥着非常关键的作用，但同时它们也存在不足的方面，一个比较有前景的方法就是使用可聚合表面活性剂。可聚合表面活性剂以牢固的共价键键合到聚合物粒子上，有效避免了表面活性剂的解析及其在膜中的迁移。本文综述了近年来可聚合表面活性剂的进展，主要讨论了阴离子、非离子、阳离子可聚合表面活性剂的特征和性质及其在乳液聚合中的应用。     

Macromolecular surfactants for miniemulsion polymerization

The use of polymeric surfactants as stabilizers in miniemulsion polymerization was reviewed. The structural characteristics of reported polymeric surfactants were detailed and compared. The concept of multi-functional polymeric surfactants was evidenced. The specificities brought by polymeric surfactants in the process of miniemulsion polymerization in comparison to molecular surfactants were analysed for the stability of the initial monomer emulsion, polymerization kinetics and characteristics of the obtained latexes. The contribution of polymeric surfactants to the control of the characteristics of the obtained nanoparticles was detailed with regard to the nature of the core material and to the surface coverage. Polymeric surfactants can be seen as powerful tools for the design of original nanoparticles. On the basis of the available data, possible research topics are suggested.     

Hemiesters and hemiamides of maleic and succinic acid: synthesis and application of surfactants in emulsion polymerization with styrene and butyl acrylate

Hemiesters and hemiamides of maleic acid with different chain lengths of the hydrophobic alkyl group (R = C₈H₁₇, C₁₀H₂₁, C₁₂H₂₅, C₁₆H₃₃) have been synthesized and used as surfactants in the emulsion polymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate. The same polymerization experiments were also carried out using nonreactive surfactants with an analogous succinic structure. The chemical structure of the surfactants was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The melting point and critical micelle concentration of the reactive surfactants described herein were measured. All of the surfactants studied provided good stability of styrene/butyl acrylate latexes, when compared with a reference latex of a styrene/butyl acrylate copolymer prepared with a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amount of surfactant grafted onto the particles of the final latex was estimated by conductimetric titration. Between 33 and 68% of surfactant used in emulsion polymerization was found on the surface of latex particles. Electrolyte addition at high concentration and freeze/thaw cycle cause flocculation of latexes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚乙烯醇系高分子表面活性剂

聚乙烯醇(PVA)系高分子表面活性剂,可用作乙烯基单体乳液均聚或共聚的乳化剂和氯乙烯(VC)悬浮聚合的分散稳定剂。本文主要介绍它的分类、性能、应用和乳化分散作用机理。     

Initiation mechanism of ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization

The emulsion polymerization of some monomers can occur without the conventional free radical initiators under ultrasonic irradiation. However, the initiation mechanism is still under controversy. In this paper, the sources of free radicals arising from ultrasonically initiated emulsion polymerization were investigated. Experimental results show that ionic surfactants play a very important role in obtaining a high polymer yield. While monomer conversion is very low in the absence of surfactants or in the presence of nonionic surfactants, it increases significantly upon addition of a little amount of ionic surfactant. FTIR and a radical trapping experiment confirm that the free radicals involved in the irradiation process originate from the decomposition of the ionic surfactants. Under ultrasonic irradiation, ionic surfactants undergo bond scission between the alkyl and ionic group, where the bond is the weakest along the chain. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2617–2624, 2005     

Synthesis of micron-sized polymeric particles in soap-free emulsion polymerization using oil-soluble initiators and electrolytes

Soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene using oil-soluble initiators and electrolytes was investigated to synthesize micron-sized polystyrene particles. It was clear that an oil-soluble initiator, such as AIBN, worked like a water-soluble initiator in soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene to prepare monodispersed particles with negative charges, probably because of the polarization of the electron-attractive functional groups decomposed from the initiators and the pi electron cloud of benzene in a styrene monomer. The addition of an electrolyte enabled secondary particles to effectively promote hetero-coagulation for particle growth by reduction of an electrical double layer and prevention of self-growth. Changing the concentration and type of electrolyte enabled us to control the size up to 12 μm in soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene using AIBN. Conventionally, organic solvents and surfactants have been used to prepare micron-sized polymeric particles, but this method enabled the synthesis of micron-sized polymeric particles in water using electrolytes without surfactants.     

氧化-还原引发剂引发苯乙烯超浓乳液聚合的研究

以过氧化羟基二异丙苯(CHPO)和四乙烯五胺(TEPA)为氧化-还原引发剂,以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为乳化剂,十六醇(CA)为共乳化剂,通过超浓乳液聚合方法制备了聚苯乙烯乳胶粒子.探讨了乳化剂浓度及配比、分散相体积分数、引发剂种类、引发剂浓度及配比和温度等各因素对乳液稳定性、聚合速率、乳胶粒子大小、形态及分布的影响.用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了乳胶粒子的形态,用粘度法测定了聚苯乙烯的粘均分子量.考察了苯乙烯进行超浓乳液聚合的反应动力学,求得在30℃时聚合速率方程为Rp=K[M]^0.36[I]^0.49[E]^0.72,表观活化能为19.72kJ/mol.所得乳胶粒子的直径在0.1～0.3μm之间,粘均分子量在2×10⁶～4×10⁶之间.为低温下实现超浓乳液薄层聚合提供了参考数据.