Electrochemical Behavior of Thalidomide at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

Thalidomide is an oral drug marketed in the 1950s as a sedative and an anti‐emetic during pregnancy that was removed from the market when its teratogenic side effects appeared in new born children due to inadequate tests to assess the drug's safety. Recent studies evaluating the use of thalidomide in cancer and HIV diseases have sparked renewed interest. The electrochemical behavior of thalidomide on a glassy carbon electrode has been investigated using cyclic, differential and square‐wave voltammetry in aqueous media at different pHs. The oxidation mechanism of thalidomide is an irreversible, adsorption‐controlled process, pH dependent up to values close to the pK_a and occurs in two consecutive charge transfer reactions. A mechanism of oxidation of thalidomide involving one electron and one proton to produce a cation radical, which reacts with water and yields a final hydroxylated product is proposed. The reduction of thalidomide is also a pH dependent, irreversible process and occurs in a single step, with the same number of electrons and protons transferred. The reduction mechanism involves the protonation of the nitrogen that bridges the two cyclic groups, and the product of the protonation reaction causes irreversible dissociation. Both thalidomide and the non electroactive oxidation and reduction products are strongly adsorbed on the glassy carbon electrode surface.     

Electrochemical Oxidation of Metolazone at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

Metolazone is a diuretic agent used in patients with edematous states and/or hypertension. The electrochemical behavior of metolazone on a glassy carbon electrode was investigated using cyclic, differential pulse, and square‐wave voltammetry at different pHs. The pH dependent oxidation of metolazone occurs in two consecutive steps in a diffusion‐controlled mechanism and involves the formation of a main oxidation product. The first oxidation process is reversible, and involves two electrons and two protons corresponding to the oxidation of nitrogen in the sulfonamide moiety. The second oxidation process is irreversible, also occurs in the sulfonamide moiety, involves a one electron‐transfer, and is followed by deprotonation to produce a cation radical, which reacts with water and yields a hydroxylated product. The diffusion coefficient of metolazone was calculated to be 3.43×10^?6 cm² s^?1 in pH 7.0 0.1 M phosphate buffer.     

Electrochemical Redox Behaviour of Temozolomide Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode

The electrochemical behaviour of temozolomide on a glassy carbon electrode has been investigated. The reduction of temozolomide is an irreversible process, pH dependent, and the mechanism involves the addition of one electron and one proton to C5 to form an anion radical, causing the irreversible breakdown of the tetrazinone ring. The oxidation mechanism of temozolomide is an irreversible, adsorption‐controlled process, pH dependent up to value close to the pK_a and occurs in two consecutive charge transfer reactions, with the formation of the hydroxylated product. The electroanalytical determination of TMZ led to a detection limit of 1.1 µM.     

Electrochemical Biosensing Platform Using Carbon Nanotube Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode

Carbon nanotube enhanced electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been prepared and applied for sensitive electrochemical determination of DNA and DNA bases. The results indicate that the relative activation could efficiently enhance electron transfer at the pretreated GCE so that this carbon nanotube activated glassy carbon electrode could provide relatively low detection limit with good reproducibility for the respective biomolecular determination. Besides, greatly enhanced sensitivity could be obtained for the relevant electrochemical detection of the bio‐recognition process including DNA biosensing by using the carbon nanotube activated GCE. This approach provided a detection limit of 7.5 nM for guanine and 150 ng/mL for acid denatured DNA. These observations suggest that the carbon nanotube activated glassy carbon electrode could be utilized as a very sensitive and stable biosensor for some specific biological process.     

Electrochemical Oxidation of Sulfasalazine at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

Sulfasalazine (SSZ) is a pharmaceutical compound used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The electrochemical oxidation of SSZ at a glassy carbon electrode was studied by cyclic, differential pulse and square wave voltammetry in a wide pH range. For electrolytes with pH<11.0, the oxidation is an irreversible, diffusion‐control, pH‐dependent process that involves the transfer of one electron and one proton from the hydroxyl group of the salicylic moiety. For pH>11.0 the oxidation is pH‐independent, and a pK_a≈11 was determined. The formation of a quinone‐like oxidation product that undergoes two electrons and two protons reversible redox reaction was observed. Also, UV‐vis spectra of SSZ were recorded as a function of supporting electrolytes pH. An electrochemical oxidation mechanism was proposed.     

Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanism of Ethidium Bromide at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

The electrochemical behavior of ethidium bromide (EtBr) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was studied by cyclic, square wave and differential pulse voltammetry over a wide pH interval. The results revealed that the oxidation mechanism of EtBr is an irreversible and adsorption‐controlled electrode process that occurs in two consecutives steps. The first step is pH‐dependent and occurs at the amino group in the C8 position with the formation of ortho‐ and para‐quinone derivatives, while the second step is pH‐independent and occurs at the amino group in the C3 position. A square wave method for quantitative determination of EtBr is also proposed.     

Electrochemical Behavior and Voltammetric Determination of Curcumin at Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

This work presents a sensitive voltammetric method for determination of curcumin by using a electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) in 100 mM KCl‐10 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.40). The electrochemical behaviors of curcumin at ERGO/GCE were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, suggesting that the ERGO/GCE exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards curcumin, compared with bare GCE and GO/GCE electrodes. The electrochemical reaction mechanisms of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin at the ERGO/GCE were also investigated and discussed systematically. Under physiological condition, the modified electrode showed linear voltammetric response from 0.2 μM to 60.0 μM for curcumin, with the detection limit of 0.1 μm. This work demonstrates that the graphene‐modified electrode is a promising strategy for electrochemical determination of biological important phenolic compounds.     

木犀草素在玻碳电极上的直接电化学行为及其测定

应用循环伏安法研究木犀草素于玻碳电极的电化学行为.在磷酸盐缓冲液中(pH 4.0),-0.2~+0.8V电位区间内,木犀草素于玻碳电极表面发生的电极反应是吸附控制的准可逆2电子转移过程,电子转移系数α=0.66;建立了检测木犀草素含量的差示脉冲伏安法(DPV).在富集电位+0.4 V下,经富集240 s后,测得木犀草素氧化峰电流Ip与其浓度在1.0×10-8~1.0×10-6mol.L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,最低检出限为5.0×10-9mol.L-1.本法操作简单、快速、灵敏、准确,可为木犀草素药物质量的控制和检测提供一种简便的新方法.     

Electrochemical Oxidation of Berberine and of Its Oxidation Products at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

The electrochemical behavior of berberine, an isoquinoline plant alkaloid with a wide spectrum of physiological effects, was studied at a glassy carbon electrode using cyclic, differential pulse and square‐wave voltammetry. The oxidation of berberine is a quasireversible, diffusion‐controlled process and occurred in a cascade mechanism with the formation of several oxidation products. The diffusion coefficient of berberine was calculated from cyclic voltammetry studies to be D=1.69×10^?6 cm² s^?1. The oxidation process of berberine is also pH dependent and the number of electrons and protons transferred was determined using differential pulse voltammetry. The formation of several oxidation products that adsorbed at the glassy carbon electrode surface was observed and their electrochemical behavior characterized. A mechanism for the oxidation of berberine at a glassy carbon electrode was proposed.     

奥美拉唑的示波极谱法测定及其电化学行为

在 0 .1 mol/L NH3- NH4 Cl( p H 8.90 )底液中 ,奥美拉唑在汞电极上有一灵敏的导数还原峰 ,峰电位 Ep=- 1 .1 0 5 V ( vs.SCE) ,峰高与奥美拉唑的浓度在 5 .0×1 0 - 7～ 1 .0× 1 0 - 5范围内呈线性关系 ( r=0 .9989) ,检出限为 2 .0× 1 0 - 7mol/L。该法应用于胶囊中奥美拉唑含量的测定 ,结果满意。对奥美拉唑在汞电极上的电化学行为进行了探讨     

对叔丁基-杯[8]芳烃膜修饰电极的电化学性质研究

本文报道对叔丁基-杯[8]芳烃膜修饰电极的电化学性质,目的在于利用杯芳烃特殊的空腔结构对靶向物质具有定向选择功能。将该膜修饰电极用于分离用一般伏安方法不能分辩的物质如手性分子、同分异构体、电化学性质相近的物质等,从而拓宽了伏安分析领域。利用多种电化学手段研究了该膜修饰电极的电化学性质,求得了电极过程动力学参数。本文报道对叔丁基-杯[8]芳烃修饰电极膜的电化学性质。     

Electrochemical Determination of Tannins Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

A novel chemically modified electrode is prepared on the basis of the attachment of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the presence of a hydrophobic surfactant. The electrochemical behavior of tannins at the MWNTs-modified GCE is investigated. Tannins yield a well-defined oxidation at about 0.30 V (SCE) at the MWNTs-modified GCE. MWNT-film shows remarkable enhancement effect on the oxidation peak current of tannins. The experimental parameters are optimized, and a direct electrochemical method to detect tannins is proposed. The oxidation peak current is proportional to the concentration of tannins over the range from 4 × 10^–7 to 2 × 10^–4 M, and the detection limit is 1 × 10^–7 mol/l after 5 min of accumulation. The relative standard deviation of 6% for determination of 2 × 10^–6 mol/l tannins indicates excellent reproducibility. The analysis method is demonstrated by using tea and Chinese gall samples.     

甘草苷在玻碳电极上的电化学行为及其测定

在pH 3.00的B-R缓冲溶液中,采用差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)和循环伏安法(CV)研究了甘草苷在玻碳电极上的电化学行为, 建立了测定甘草苷的DPV法。实验结果表明,甘草苷于1.16 V (vs.Ag/AgCl)处产生一个氧化峰,峰电流和甘草苷的浓度在2.00×10-6~3.50×10-5 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为8.25×10-7 mol/L。该法用于实际样品甘草、胃康灵和逍遥丸中黄酮含量的测定(以甘草苷为对照品),平均回收率分别为97.1%、98.9%和102.0%。此外对电极反应机理作了初步探讨。     

对乙酰氨基酚在活化玻碳电极上的电化学行为及测定

应用循环伏安法,研究了对乙酰氨基酚(PCT)在活化玻碳电极上的电化学行为.在pH=4.00的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,PCT的CV扫描于0.54 V左右出现一对明显的氧化-还原峰.电极反应为2电子、2质子的受吸附控制的准可逆过程.其氧化峰电流与PCT浓度在8.00×10-6~2.00×10-4mol.L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=-0.99918;检出限为6.34×10-6mol.L-1.用于药物样品PCT的含量测定,结果满意.     

Electrochemical Behavior and Voltammetric Determination of Chloramphenicol and Doxycycline Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Single-walled Carbon Nanohorns

We report a method for the direct and quantitative determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) and doxycycline (DOX) using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with carboxylic-group-functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorns. The modified electrode exhibits high electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of CAP and the oxidation of DOX. It shows a linear response to CAP between 0.1 μM and 100 μM and to DOX between 0.5 μM and 100 μM. The detection limits for CAP and DOX are 0.1 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively. The modified GCE displays good sensitivity, making it suitable for the determination of CAP and DOX in real samples.     

Electrochemical Determination of 4-Nitrophenol Using a Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Film-Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode

A single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) film coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated for the direct determination of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The electrochemical behaviors of 4-NP at the SWNT-film coated GCE were examined. In 0.1M phosphate buffer with a pH of 5.0, 4-NP yields a very sensitive and well-defined reduction peak at the SWNT-modified GCE. It is found that the SWNT film exhibits obvious electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of 4-NP since it not only increases the reduction peak current but also lowers the reduction overpotential. Based on this, an electrochemical method was proposed for the direct determination of 4-NP. The reduction peak current varies linearly with the concentration of 4-NP ranging from 1×10^–8 to 5×10^–6M, and the detection limit is 2.5×10^–9M after 3min of open-circuit accumulation. The relative standard deviation at 2×10^–7M 4-NP was about 6% (n=10), suggesting excellent reproducibility. This new method was successfully employed to determine 4-NP in several lake water samples.     

色氨酸在普鲁士蓝修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为研究

采用电沉积法制备了普鲁士蓝修饰玻碳电极(PB/GCE),使用循环伏安法(CV)研究了色氨酸(Trp)在修饰电极上的电化学特性,并建立了一种电化学检测色氨酸的新方法。实验结果表明,在优化实验条件下,色氨酸在8.0×10-6～5.0×10-4mol·L-1浓度范围内与峰电流呈良好线性关系,线性回归方程为Ip(μA)=5.8954c(μmol·L-1)-32.91,相关系数r=0.9999(n=8),方法检出限(S/N=3)为3.5×10-7mol·L-1。将该修饰电极用于色氨酸样品的测定,结果满意。初步的反应机理探讨表明,色氨酸在普鲁士蓝电极上的反应可能是以两步进行的两电子氧化过程。     

苄基紫精在玻碳电极上的电化学行为

本文用循环伏安法研究了苄基紫精(BV~(2+))在玻碳(GC)电极上的电化学行为。BV~(2+)在未活化的GC电极上的电极过程强烈地依赖于BV~(2+)浓度、扫描速度和电位范围。BV~(2+)在活化的GC电极上的吸附能力大为增强,当其浓度低时只表现出吸附BV~(2+)的电极过程,在高浓度下吸附BV~(2+)与溶液中的BV~(2+)同时参与电极过程。讨论了GC电极活化的可能影响。     

Determination of Rutin by a Graphene-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

A reduced graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode for sensitive detection of rutin is reported. The modified electrode was obtained by one-step electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide on the bare glassy carbon electrode. In the presence of graphene, an enhanced electrochemical response for rutin appeared with a pair of well-defined anodic and cathodic peaks in pH 3.0 phosphate buffer. Under the optimized conditions, the anodic peak currents exhibited a linear relationship with rutin concentration from 0.1 to 2.0 µM with a detection limit of 23.2 nM. The modified electrode was employed to the analysis of tablets (with satisfactory recovery of 19.96 mg/per tablet) and Flos Sophorae. The graphene-modified electrode exhibited high sensitivity, good stability, and selectivity for the determination of rutin.