Hierarchical Hollow Co9S8 Microspheres: Solvothermal Synthesis,Magnetic, Electrochemical,and Electrocatalytic Properties

A simple solvothermal route in a binary solution of triethylenetetramine (TETA) and deionized water (DIW) has been used to synthesize hierarchical hollow Co₉S₈ microspheres with high surface area (80.38 m² g^?1). An appropriate volume ratio of TETA:DIW has been found to be essential for the formation of hollow Co₉S₈ microspheres. The magnetic study indicated that the Co₉S₈ hollow microspheres are paramagnetic at high temperature and antiferromagnetic at low temperature. The oxygen reduction reaction experiments demonstrated that the onset potential of the Co₉S₈ sample is 0.88 V, which is comparable to the value predicted for Co₉S₈ (0.74 V) from the theoretical simulation. The discharge capability of Co₉S₈ hollow microspheres as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries and their electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been studied.     

高比能LiFePO4的制备及性能研究

应用液相沉淀法-固相烧结法制备高密度的LiFePO4/C及纯相LiFePO4.X射线衍射、扫描电镜、傅立叶红外光谱仪、电化学性能测试表明:该样品具有单一的橄榄石结构和3.4 V左右的放电平台,掺碳的LiFe-PO4具有更优良的性能,粒度较小粒径分布均匀,振实密度达1.46 g/cm3,0.1C首次放电比容量为144.6mAh/g,循环20次后容量保持率为93.2%,1C倍率首次放电比容量为133.5 mAh/g,循环20次后容量下降8.76%.     

锂离子电池正极材料的晶体结构及电化学性能

正极材料是锂离子电池的重要组成部分。作为提供自由脱嵌锂离子的正极材料,其晶体结构的特点决定了锂离子脱嵌路径方式的不同,并对锂离子电池的电化学性能等产生明显影响。本文根据正极材料的晶体结构和锂离子“脱嵌/嵌入”路径方式的不同,重点讨论了一维隧道结构、二维层状结构和三维框架结构正极材料的晶体结构特点、锂离子“脱嵌/嵌入”路径和其电化学性能之间的关系,主要包括一维隧道结构正极材料LiFePO₄,二维层状结构正极材料LiMO₂(M=Co, Ni, Mn)、Li_1+xV₃O₈和Li₂MSiO₄ (M=Fe, Mn) 以及三维框架结构正极材料LiMn₂O₄和Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃。揭示了目前锂离子电池正极材料的研究现状和存在问题,并对今后的发展方向进行了评述。     

铁基普鲁士蓝正极的制备及电化学储钠性能

通过引入抗氧化剂(抗坏血酸)和配位剂(柠檬酸钠),采用共沉淀法在室温下制备出了高钠含量、低缺陷的铁基普鲁士蓝材料。由于高的钠含量和低的晶体缺陷,该材料在0.1C时容量可达110.0 mAh·g^-1。除了普鲁士蓝材料独特的开放框架结构,其多边界结构和低的缺陷,使该材料表现出优异的倍率性能和循环稳定性。在10C大电流下,容量仍有86.6 mAh·g^-1,1C电流下经过1300次循环,容量保持在90.1 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率达到86.9%。     

硫/碳纤维复合膜的制备及电化学性能

采用热丝化学气相沉积法先在铁箔上沉积了致密的碳纤维膜,后通过加热渗硫法制得硫/碳纤维复合膜,并将其用作锂硫电池正极材料。通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射表征膜的形貌和结构,采用恒流充放电法和阻抗测量法测试复合膜的电化学性能。结果表明,随热丝与铁箔基底间距减小,碳纤维膜致密度先升高后降低;随H2与(Ar+C3H6O)的体积流量比减小,碳纤维膜致密度升高。当丝基距为6 mm,流量比为30/40时,铁箔上沉积了厚度为50μm的致密碳纤维膜,其中碳纤维有良好的垂直取向性和较高结晶度。在硫/碳纤维复合膜正极中,密集的碳纤维形成均匀分布且垂直取向性良好的导电骨架,当电流密度为0.4 mA.cm-2时,硫/碳纤维复合膜正极的初次放电比容量为1 128 mAh.g-1,50次循环后的放电比容量为811 mAh.g-1。     

铈掺杂络合燃烧法制备Li1.05CexMn2-xO4材料及其电化学性能

采用已二酸络合燃烧法制备了稀土Ce掺杂的锰酸锂材料Li1.05CexMn2-xO4粉体。利用XRD,SEM,EDS等对材料粉体进行结构形态表征,并以其为锂离子电池正极活性材料测试其充放电性能。实验结果表明:材料Li1.05CexMn2-xO4(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03)具有较好的尖晶石结构,且颗粒分布均匀,掺杂的比未掺杂的比容量以及常温、高温下循环性能都有较大的改善。当掺杂量达到0.02(摩尔比)时材料的综合性能较好,其电化学极化阻抗小,放电比容量为126.8 mAh.g-1,常温下50次循环后仍保持有94.1%的放电效率,高温30次后为82.5%。     

钕, 铈掺杂的正极材料尖晶石型LiMn2O4的制备及性能

通过掺杂不同含量的Ｎｄ,Ｃｅ制备ＬｉＭｎ２－ｘＲＥｘＯ４（ＲＥ＝Ｃｅ,Ｎｄ;ｘ＝０,０．０５,０．１,０．１５,０．２）锂离子电池正极材料,研究稀土元素拓杂对尖晶石ＬｉＭｎ２Ｏ４正极材料电化学性质的影响。掺杂Ｎｄ,Ｃｅ后ＬｉＭｎ２Ｏ４正极材料更适合于锂离子的嵌入和脱出,电池的循环性能提高,但充放电容量随掺杂量的增加而下降。Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析表明掺杂Ｎｄ,Ｃｅ的ＬｉＭｎ２Ｏ４正极材料,其Ｍｎ＾４＋     

表面包覆保护的离子电池新型正极材料LiFeBO3电化学性能

以偏硼酸锂和草酸亚铁为原料,采用固相反应,合成了用于动力锂离子电池新型正极材料LiFeBO<,3>,并用乙丙共聚物(EPM)对该材料进行包覆保护处理;采用XRD、SEM和元素分析等测试技术对样品进行表征.实验表明.LiFeBO<,3>具有较高的放电重量比容量,而且包覆EPM后的硼酸铁锂具有更好的电化学性能,5%EPM包覆的硼酸锂首次放电容量达190 mA·h/g,0.5 C下充放电循环50次后容量衰减只有4.2%.     

Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Tin–Iron–Carbon Nanocomposite as the Anode of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Tin–iron–carbon nanocomposite is successfully prepared by a sol–gel method followed by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with acetylene gas as the carbon source. The structural properties, morphology, and electrochemical performances of the nanocomposite are comprehensively studied in comparison with those properties of tin–carbon and iron–carbon nanocomposites. Sheet‐like carbon architecture and different carbon contents are induced thanks to the catalytic effect of iron during CVD. Among three nanocomposites, tin–iron–carbon demonstrates the highest reversible capacity of 800 mA h g^?1 with 96.9 % capacity retention after 50 cycles. It also exhibits the best rate capability with a discharge capacity of 420 mA h g^?1 at a current density of 1000 mA g^?1. This enhanced performance is strongly related to the carbon morphology and content, which can not only accommodate the large volume change, but also improve the electronic conductivity of the nanocomposite. Hence, the tin–iron–carbon nanocomposite is expected to be a promising anode for lithium‐ion batteries.     

Electronic and Optical Properties of Monoclinic and Rhombohedral Vanadium Sesquioxide

The electronic and optical properties of monoclinic and rhombohedral V2O3 are investigated in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) and GGA+U. It is found that, the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in V2O3 is induced by the on-site correlation effect, accompanied with a distinct orbital occupation change. The MIT is independent of the structural transition. The theoretical energy gap 0.6 eV agrees with the experimental value of 0.66±0.05 eV very well. Subsequently, the optical properties are also investigated. Interestingly, the insulating V2O3 shows minimal absorption in the infrared region, but the metallic V2O3 becomes opaque in such region. Therefore, a threshold at about 1 eV interprets the experimental charge gap (Perucchi et al., 2009) theoretically. Such infrared thermochromism makes it a potential candidate for several optical applications.     

溶剂热法制备Mn掺杂LiFePO4正极材料及其电化学性能

以水和乙二醇作溶剂,采用溶剂热法合成不同Mn掺杂量的LiFePO_4正极材料,并对其物相、形貌和电化学性能进行研究。结果表明,Mn在LiFePO_4正极材料中存在积极作用,Mn的掺杂可以提高LiFePO_4的电化学性能。一方面,少量Mn的掺杂可以拓宽锂离子扩散通道,减小电荷转移阻抗。但另一方面,当Mn的掺杂量过多时,其自身较差的动力学性质会导致电荷转移受阻,造成电池极化和严重的容量衰减。     

钒电解液的制备及其电化学和热力学分析

以冶金级V2O3和V2O5为原料,采用混合加热和自催化强化溶解相结合的方法制备钒电解液.通过热力学分析,从理论上计算并确定了V2O5和V2O3溶解过程中在硫酸溶液中的离子存在形式,从而计算了钒电解液VOSO4过程的吉布斯自由能变化？rGm,以及相应的反应生成焓？rHm.结果表明：反应为放热反应,且为自发过程（？rGm〈...     

镱掺杂LiFePO4/C正极材料结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)锂离子电池正极材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),循环伏安测试(CV)及交流阻抗测试(EIS)等方法进行结构和电化学性能的测试。XRD分析结果表明LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)样品具有橄榄石型晶体结构。Yb的掺杂导致LiFePO4晶格中c轴方向的P-O键长增加,其中x=0.08样品具有最长的P-O键长。SEM图表明Yb的掺杂可明显细化颗粒,其中x=0.08时样品粒径为200 nm,比未掺杂样品降低了约2.5倍。电化学性能测试表明,Yb的掺杂使样品的放电容量增加,循环稳定性能提高。在-20～40℃温度区间内,放电容量随温度的升高而增加,其中x=0.08的样品40℃时放电容量为150 mAh.g-1,但测试温度达到60℃时,放电容量急剧下降。EIS测试表明Yb的掺杂可以明显改善电极表面电化学反应的动力学性能,降低电荷转移电阻,提高交换电流密度。     

稀土Sm掺杂LiFePO4/C正极材料的结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiFe1-xSmxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)锂离子电池正极材料,并用XRD,SEM,CV及EIS等方法进行结构和电化学性能的测试。结果表明,通过该法制得的样品均具有橄榄石型晶体结构。Sm的掺杂可明显细化颗粒,并导致LiFePO4晶格中c轴方向的P-O键长增加,其中x=0.08样品P-O键长最大(0.152 8 nm),明显大于未掺杂样品的键长(0.142 2nm)。电化学性能测试表明,掺杂后LiFePO4的放电容量增加,循环稳定性能提高。在-20～40℃的温度区间内,放电容量随温度的升高而增加,其中x=0.08的样品40℃时放电容量为159 mAh.g-1,但测试温度达到60℃时,放电容量急剧下降。EIS测试表明Sm的掺杂可以明显改善电极表面电化学反应的动力学性能,降低电荷转移电阻,提高交换电流密度。     

Excellent Electrochemical Properties of Yolk–Shell MoO3 Microspheres Formed by Combustion of Molybdenum Oxide–Carbon Composite Microspheres

Yolk–shell MoO₃ microspheres are prepared by a two‐step process in which molybdenum oxide–carbon (MoO_x–C) composite microspheres are first obtained by spray pyrolysis, followed by combustion at 400 °C in air. The yolk–shell microspheres exhibit excellent electrochemical properties and structural stability.     

溶剂热法合成花状分级结构LiFePO4及其电化学性能研究

以乙二醇/水为溶剂,酒石酸铵为添加剂和碳源,采用溶剂热法,制备了高振实密度(1.3g·cm^-3)的锂离子正极材料磷酸铁锂(LiFePO₄)。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对样品进行了表征。研究结果表明样品为单晶纳米片组装而成的花状三维多孔分级结构LiFePO₄。通过时间单因素实验探讨花状分级结构LiFePO₄的生长机理,其生长过程概括为:成核和生长,定向组装。电化学性能测试结果表明LiFePO₄样品具有优异的倍率性能(10C时放电比容量保持在74.8mAh·g^-1)与循环性能(50次循环后容量保持率 > 93%)。     

溶剂热法合成花状分级结构LiFePO_4及其电化学性能研究

以乙二醇/水为溶剂,酒石酸铵为添加剂和碳源,采用溶剂热法,制备了高振实密度(1.3 g·cm-3)的锂离子正极材料磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对样品进行了表征。研究结果表明样品为单晶纳米片组装而成的花状三维多孔分级结构LiFePO4。通过时间单因素实验探讨花状分级结构LiFePO4的生长机理,其生长过程概括为:成核和生长,定向组装。电化学性能测试结果表明LiFePO4样品具有优异的倍率性能(10C时放电比容量保持在74.8 m Ah·g-1)与循环性能(50次循环后容量保持率93%)。     

Electrochemical Properties of Spinel LiMn2O4-d Fd for Cathode Materials of Secondary Lithium-ion Battery

The spinel LiMn2O4-δ Fδ cathode materials were synthesized by solid-state reaction, with calculated amounts of LiOH·H2O, MnO2(EMD), LiF. The results of electrochemical test demonstrated that these new materials exhibited excellent electrochemical properties. Its initial capacity reached ～115 mAh·g-1 and reversible efficiency is about 100%. After 60 cycles, its capacity was still around 110 mAh·g-1, with nearly 100% reversible efficiency.     

EDTA辅助水热法制备性能优异的棒状LiFePO4/C材料

以乙二胺四乙酸为配位剂采用水热法制备了棒状LiFePO₄/C材料。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒电流充放电测试等对材料进行表征。结果表明:乙二胺四乙酸对材料的形貌和电性能均有很大影响。通过加入乙二胺四乙酸, 材料的形貌由不规则的颗粒变为棒状的颗粒且颗粒的厚度由140~200 nm减少至40~90 nm, 材料的表面包覆约3.5 nm的均匀碳层, 且该材料极化较小且界面阻抗较低。0.1C放电比容量为167 mAh·g^-1(接近理论容量170 mAh·g^-1)。