石墨烯纳米带

近年来,一种新型的准一维石墨烯基材料即石墨烯纳米带(graphene nanoribbons, GNRs)受到广泛关注,限域的宽度和丰富的边缘构型使其具有许多不同于二维结构大面积石墨烯的性质和应用。本文介绍了GNRs特殊的边缘效应以及由此产生的电学、磁学等特殊性质,在此基础上进一步介绍了GNRs典型的制备方法、缺陷种类、掺杂和化学改性等,并对功能化的GNRs的应用进行了展望。     

Graphene 2010

The first production of graphene was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. This discovery has implications for chemistry and within it for structural chemistry as well.     

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的表面功能化改性

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯由于特殊的电子、光学、力学性能已成为当今科学研究的热点.重点综述了近年来石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的表面功能化改性研究进展.首先介绍了石墨烯、氧化石墨烯的基本结构与性质.然后将表面功能化分为非共价键结合改性、共价键结合改性和元素掺杂改性.非共价键结合的功能化改性分为四类：π-π键相互作用、氢键作用、离子键作用以及静电作用.共价键结合的功能化改性分为四类：碳骨架功能化、羟基功能化、羧基功能化和环氧基功能化.元素掺杂改性分为N、B、P等不同元素的掺杂功能化.总结了石墨烯、氧化石墨烯基体与改性分子的相互作用和反应类型,以及改性产物的性能与应用.最后对石墨烯和氧化石墨烯在表面功能化改性方面的发展前景作了展望和预测.     

Graphene solutions

Thermodynamics drive the spontaneous dissolution of a graphite intercalation compound (GIC) KC(8) in NMP to form stable solutions. Reduction potential of graphene is measured at +22 mV vs. SCE. Single layer graphene flakes (ca. 1 μm(2)) have been unambiguously identified by electron diffraction.     

Graphene dispersions

Aqueous dispersions of graphene are of interest to afford environmentally safe handing of graphene for coating, composite, and other material applications. The dispersion of graphene in water and some other solvents using surfactants, polymers, and other dispersants is reviewed and results show that nearly completely exfoliated graphene may be obtained at concentrations from 0.001 to 5% by weight in water. The molecular features promoting good dispersion are reviewed. A critical review of optical extinction shows that the visible absorption coefficients of graphene have been reported over the ranges of 12 to 66 cm²/mg at various wavelengths. The practice of energetically activating graphene in various solvents with various stabilizers followed by centrifugation to isolate the “good” dispersion components is fine for producing samples amenable to TEM analysis and quantification, but cannot be expected to drive value added production of products on the kg or higher scale. Such approaches lack practical application and often involve 90–99% wasted graphene. However, alternative approaches omitting centrifugation are yielding dispersions 0.5 to 5% by weight graphene, with higher yields likely in the near future. These dispersions yield effective extinctions of about 49 cm²/mg, in conformity with macroscopic optical analysis of single and few layer graphene.     

石墨烯和铂/石墨烯的合成及其表征

以天然鳞状石墨为原料,采用化学氧化法合成氧化石墨,在此基础上采用低温热解膨胀结合微波加热乙二醇还原法合成石墨烯(Gr)以及铂/石墨烯(Pt/Gr)复合材料。SEM和TEM显示所制备的石墨烯为层状结构的半透明薄膜。采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)分别确定氧化石墨、膨胀石墨及石墨烯表面含氧官能团的数量和性质。以所制备的碳氧原子比5.94的石墨烯作为载体制备出可用于质子交换膜燃料电池的高负载量的Pt/Gr催化剂,在铂载量高达60%时,表面铂粒子依然具有高分散性,平均粒径为3.8 nm。     

氧化石墨烯水热还原前后的发光光谱

分别采用改进Hummers方法和水热还原法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)和还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)。 GO和RGO经透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、红外光谱(IR)、荧光发射和激发光谱(PL、PLE)等技术手段进行了表征。 荧光发射光谱显示,氧化石墨烯(GO)在可见光的激发下可以得到波长在600~800 nm范围内的宽谱近红外荧光。 通过比较氧化石墨烯水热还原前后的光谱变化,发现氧化石墨烯近红外荧光起源于氧化石墨烯的表面含氧基团,如C=O、COOH。 近红外荧光穿透性好、对生物组织损坏小,非常适合于生物成像,预示着氧化石墨烯在生物成像方面的应用潜力。     

A New Member of the Graphene Family: Graphene Acid

A new member of the family of graphene derivatives, namely, graphene acid with a composition close to C₁(COOH)₁, was prepared by oxidation of graphene oxide. The synthetic procedure is based on repeated oxidation of graphite with potassium permanganate in an acidic environment. The oxidation process was studied in detail after each step. The multiple oxidations led to oxidative removal of other oxygen functional groups formed in the first oxidation step. Detailed chemical analysis showed only a minor amount of other oxygen‐containing functional groups such as hydroxyl and the dominant presence of carboxyl groups in a concentration of about 30 wt %. Further oxidation led to complete decomposition of graphene acid. The obtained material exhibits unique sorption capacity towards metal ions and carbon dioxide. The highly hydrophilic nature of graphene acid allowed the assembly of ultrathin free‐standing membranes with high transparency.     

石墨烯玻璃:玻璃表面上石墨烯的直接生长

玻璃是一种历史悠久、用途广泛的无定形硅酸盐材料,而石墨烯则是近年来发现的仅由碳原子组成的二维层状材料。石墨烯具有超高的机械强度、导电性、导热性和透明性,恰好与传统的玻璃形成互补。将石墨烯与玻璃结合在一起,在保持透明性的基础上,同时赋予普通玻璃导电性、导热性和表面疏水性,具有非常重要的实际意义和理论价值。相比于液相涂膜或者转移的方法,直接在玻璃表面生长石墨烯能够从根本上避免由于污染和破损引起的石墨烯性能的下降,从而发展出一种新型材料——石墨烯玻璃。本文介绍了我们研究组在各种玻璃表面直接生长石墨烯的研究进展,其中包括石墨烯在固态耐高温玻璃和熔融态玻璃表面的高温生长,以及利用等离子体辅助手段实现石墨烯在普通玻璃表面的低温生长,并以此为基础发展出多种基于石墨烯玻璃的应用实例。总结展望了石墨烯玻璃的制备和应用的未来挑战与发展方向。     

多孔石墨烯材料

多孔石墨烯是指在二维基面上具有纳米级孔隙的碳材料,是近年来石墨烯缺陷功能化的研究热点。多孔石墨烯不仅保留了石墨烯优良的性质,而且相比惰性的石墨烯表面,孔的存在促进了物质运输效率的提高,特别是原子级别的孔可以起到筛分不同尺寸的离子、分子的作用。更重要的是,孔的引入还有效地打开了石墨烯的能带隙,促进了石墨烯在电子器件领域的应用。本文阐述了多孔石墨烯的一些基本性质和特性,并对其理论研究、制备方法和应用的研究进展进行了评述。其中,多孔石墨烯的制备方法主要包括光刻法、催化刻蚀法、化学气相沉积法、湿法刻蚀、碳热还原法、溶剂热法和自由基攻击法。多孔石墨烯优异的特性使其在能源储存与转换材料(锂离子电池、超级电容器、燃料电池等)、DNA分子检测、化学传感器、场效应晶体管、分子筛和海水淡化等领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。     

石墨烯的制备

以球形石墨为原料, HClO₄为插层剂,KClO₃为氧化剂,采用高温(1 050 ℃)氧化还原法制备了石墨烯（GN）,其结构和性能经FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET和RS等表征。研究了KClO₃的加入量对GN结构和性能的影响,结果表明:当KClO₃的加入量为0.08 g·mL^-1时,所制备的GN的比表面积为558 m²·g^-1,平均孔径为3.012 nm,电阻率为0.02 Ω·cm。     

Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene via Thermal Annealing Graphene with Urea

Chemical doping is an effective method to intrinsically modify the chemical and electronic property of graphene. We propose a novel approach to synthesize the nitrogen-doped graphene via thermal annealing graphene with urea, in which the nitrogen source can be controllably released from the urea by varying the annealed temperature and time. The doped N content and the configuration N as well as the thermal stabilities are also evaluated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectra. Electrical measurements indi-cate that the conductivity of doped graphene can be well regulated with the N content. The method is expected to produce large scale and controllable N-doped graphene sheets for a variety of potential applications.     

Graphene oxide nanocolloids

Graphene oxide (GO) nanocolloids-sheets with lateral dimension smaller than 100 nm-were synthesized by chemical exfoliation of graphite nanofibers, in which the graphene planes are coin-stacked along the length of the nanofibers. Since the upper size limit is predetermined by the diameter of the nanofiber precursor, the size distribution of the GO nanosheets is much more uniform than that of common GO synthesized from graphite powders. The size can be further tuned by the oxidation time. Compared to the micrometer-sized, regular GO sheets, nano GO has very similar spectroscopic characteristics and chemical properties but very different solution properties, such as surface activity and colloidal stability. Due to higher charge density originating from their higher edge-to-area ratios, aqueous GO nanocolloids are significantly more stable. Dispersions of GO nanocolloids can sustain high-speed centrifugation and remain stable even after chemical reduction, which would result in aggregates for regular GO. Therefore, nano GO can act as a better dispersing agent for insoluble materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes) in water, creating a more stable colloidal dispersion.     

超洁净石墨烯薄膜

正石墨烯具有优异的电学、光学、热学和力学等性质,在学术界和工业界都受到极大的关注和重视。众所周知,制备决定材料的未来。化学气相沉积方法(Chemical Vapor Deposition,CVD)是目前制备大面积、高质量石墨烯薄膜的最佳选择~(1,2)。近年来,针对石墨烯薄膜缺陷浓度、畴区尺寸、堆垛方式、层数、掺杂浓度等的精确控制均取得了一系列进展~(3–5)。然而,CVD制备石墨烯过程中的污染问     

石墨烯研究进展

石墨烯是目前发现的唯一存在的二维自由态原子晶体,它是构筑零维富勒烯、一维碳纳米管、三维体相石墨等sp²杂化碳的基本结构单元,具有很多奇异的电子及机械性能。因而吸引了化学、材料等其它他领域科学家的高度关注。本文介绍了近几年石墨烯的研究进展,包括石墨烯的合成、去氧化、化学修饰及应用前景等方面的内容。     

Comparing Structural and Electrical Properties of Fluorinated Graphene,Graphene Oxide,and Graphene Films Functionalized with N-Methylpyrrolidone

The article presents comparison of structural and electrical properties of fluorinated graphene (FG), graphene oxide (GO), and graphene films functionalized with N-methylpyrrolidone (G-NMP). The obtained functionalized graphene films were continuous, having no ruptures, their thickness was 20–50 nm. Fluorinated films are formed from fluorinated areas and corrugated graphene islets. The size and shape of microstructures on G-NMP surfaces depend on the duration of NMP treatment. GO films demonstrate a rippled surface morphology. The resistance of all films of functionalized graphene exceeds that of pristine graphene films (several kilohms). GO and FG films exhibit dielectric properties. Current-voltage characteristics of FG demonstrate two features: stepwise current increase and negative differential resistance (NDR). Functionalized graphene can be used in flexible electronics, particularly in planar printing technologies.     

Chemical Route to Twisted Graphene,Graphene Oxide and Boron Nitride

The recently discovered twisted graphene has attracted considerable interest. A simple chemical route was found to prepare twisted graphene by covalently linking layers of exfoliated graphene containing surface carboxyl groups with an amine-containing linker (trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane). The twisted graphene shows the expected selected area electron diffraction pattern with sets of diffraction spots out with different angular spacings, unlike graphene, which shows a hexagonal pattern. Twisted multilayer graphene oxide could be prepared by the above procedure. Twisted boron nitride, prepared by cross-linking layers of boron nitride (BN) containing surface amino groups with oxalic acid linker, exhibited a diffraction pattern comparable to that of twisted graphene. First-principles DFT calculations threw light on the structures and the nature of interactions associated with twisted graphene/BN obtained by covalent linking of layers.     

石墨烯薄膜的光化学还原制备与表征

采用光化学还原方法制备了图案化的石墨烯薄膜.研究了光还原氧化石墨烯薄膜(PRGO)的热稳定性和发光性质.热重分析(TGA)结果表明,光化学还原主要引起氧化石墨烯(GO)氧化基团的减少,而对GO内水含量影响较小;发光(PL)测试结果表明,不同激发条件下,PRGO的发光与GO相比表现出了不同的变化规律:在波长514 nm的光激发下,PRGO的发光强度比GO明显降低,同时伴随着发光峰峰位红移;而在波长830 nm的光激发下,PRGO的发光强度比GO略有增强,并且发光峰峰位无明显变化,此结果表明不同尺寸的碳团簇局域态(sp2C团簇)的光还原反应活性不同,这与GO特殊的能带结构密切相关.     

Graphene Sheet Orientation of Parent Material Exhibits Dramatic Influence on Graphene Properties

The production of graphene from various sources has garnered much attention in recent years with the development of methods that range from “bottom‐up” to “top‐down” approaches. The top‐down approach often requires thermal treatment to obtain a few‐layered and lowly oxygenated graphene sheets. Herein, we demonstrate the production of graphene through oxidation and thermal‐reduction/exfoliation of two sources of differently orientated graphene sheets: multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and stacked graphene nanofibers (SGNFs). These two carbon‐nanofiber‐like materials have similar axial (length: 5–9 μm) and lateral dimensions (diameter: about 100 nm). We demonstrate that, whereas SGNFs exfoliate along the lateral plane between adjacent graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes exfoliate along its longitudinal axis and leads to opening of the carbon nanotubes owing to the built‐in strain. Subsequent thermal exfoliation leads to graphene materials that have, despite the fact that their parent materials exhibited similar dimensions, dramatically different proportions and, consequently, materials properties. Graphene that was prepared from MWCNTs exhibited dimensions of about 5000×300 nm, whereas graphene that was prepared from SGNFs exhibited sheets with dimensions of about 50×50 nm. The density of defects and oxygen‐containing groups on these materials are dramatically different, as are the electrochemical properties. We performed morphological, structural, and electrochemical characterization based on TEM, SEM, high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis on the stepwise conversion of the target source into the exfoliated graphene. Morphological and structural characterization indicated the successful chemical and thermal treatment of the materials. Our findings have shown that the orientation of the graphene sheets in starting materials has a dramatic influence on their chemical, material, and electrochemical properties.