光学相关论题 视觉光学

R339．14 2005043197 浅谈色觉的数学机制=Elementary investigation of mathe- matical mechanism of color vision[刊,中]／范学良(中国科学技术大学工程科学学院,安徽,合肥(230026)),程晓舫／／光学技术,-2005,31(2),-294-296 以光辐射中的单色辐射及线性连续辐射为辨识对象, 构造了光辐射辨识的数学模型。基于该模型,对用三类视锥细胞的响应比来表征光辐射的谱信息这一命题的必要性与完备性进行了理论论证。图6参4(杨妹清)     

飞秒激光与固体靶相互作用中光辐射时间特性的实验研究

为了探索光辐射的时间特性, 在100 TW掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光器上利用光学条纹相机, 分别在靶背表面法线方向测量了光辐射的时间积分和时间分辨成像光斑. 实验测量结果显示: 光辐射时间积分成像光斑呈长条状, 而辐射区域有发散角、有光强分布, 包含多种辐射成分; 光辐射的时间分辨成像光斑进一步证明, 渡越辐射(TR) 是信号强而快, 持续时间短, 为皮秒(ps) 量级, 是最先到达屏幕上, 并推算出相应的持续时间为85.5ps. 其他成分光辐射是信号弱而慢, 持续时间长, 为纳秒(ns) 量级, 是最后到达屏幕上. 光辐射的时间特性能为鉴别和判断TR信号提供了新的依据.     

超热电子输运背向光辐射的实验研究

在100TW掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光器上利用光学CCD相机和光学多道分析仪,分别在靶背法线方向测量了超热电子光辐射的空间分布和光谱.测量结果显示：光辐射空间分布图案呈圆环状,而辐射区域有发散角和光强分布,且包含多种辐射成分.光辐射光谱在800nm附近出现尖峰,是激光的基频(ω₀)波,这一现象归因于超热电子束在输运的过程中产生的微束团而引起的相干渡越辐射(CTR).随着激光能量的增加,CTR光谱峰向红光方向移动,基频波红移的主要原因是由于等离子体临界面的迅速膨胀.如果考虑超热电 关键词： 超热电子 光辐射 共振吸收 红移     

离子(N2+, N+)在氮辉光放电等离子体光辐射中的作用

采用氮辉光放电等离子体电子与重粒子综合的Monte Carlo模型,研究了离子(N2+,N+)与氮分子碰撞产生光辐射的强度分布及其 在氮辉光放电等离子体光辐射中的作用。两种离子产生的各种碰撞激发和辐射都分布在鞘层区内,光辐射强度向阴极方向逐渐 增加,且总强度随放电电压增加而增强。相对于电子产生的碰撞激发辐射,离子(N2+,N+)引起的辐射在阴极附近引起次最大 光强,且原子离子N+的作用较分子离子N2+大。当电压较低时,离子(N2+,N+)引起的辐射可以忽略。模拟结果很好解释了两 种典型的N2辉光放电光学发射谱的实验结果,为等离子体诊断研究中的光谱数据分析提供参考。     

问答

<正>Q:为什么七色光合到一起是白色,但七种颜色合到一起是黑色?A:色觉是人类基本的感觉之一,对颜色的感知源于电磁辐射对眼中视锥细胞的刺激,人们常用红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫来描述不同的颜色,对应于可见光光谱中不同的电磁波波长。根据"三原色"理论(RGB),人眼中有三种视锥细胞,能分别感知可见光的短波(S)、中波(M)和长波(L),分别对应蓝、绿、红     

双色高频激光作用下原子低阶次谐波的理论研究

通过数值求解含时薛定谔方程,研究了高频双色激光脉冲与原子相互作用产生的光辐射.研究表明,光辐射谱中既有基频光的谐波,又可观测到谐波能量附近的多个频率的光辐射产生,且辐射的峰值强度随着入射激光强度的提高呈指数增强,相邻辐射频率差值为入射的两束激光脉冲频率差.     

γ射线及质子辐照导致CCD光谱响应退化的机制

光谱响应是表征CCD性能的重要参数。为了研究辐射环境对CCD光谱响应产生影响的规律及物理机制,开展了不同粒子辐照实验,对CCD光谱响应曲线的退化形式及典型波长下CCD光响应的退化情况进行了分析。辐射效应对CCD光谱响应的影响可以分为电离总剂量效应和位移效应导致的退化,本文从这两种辐射效应出发,采用⁶⁰Co-γ射线及质子两种辐照条件,研究了CCD光谱响应的退化规律。针对460 nm（蓝光）和700 nm（红光）等典型CCD光响应波长,从辐射效应导致的损伤缺陷方面分析了CCD光谱响应退化的物理机制。研究发现,在⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照时CCD光谱响应曲线变化是由于暗信号增加导致的,而质子辐照导致CCD对700 nm波长的光响应退化明显大于460 nm波长的光响应,且10 MeV质子导致的损伤比3 MeV质子更明显,表明位移损伤缺陷易导致CCD光谱响应退化。结果表明,电离总剂量效应主要导致CCD光谱响应整体变化,而位移效应则导致不同波长光的响应差异增大。     

CCD与CMOS像素传感器γ射线电离辐射响应特性对比研究

为了研究CCD与CMOS像素传感器对γ射线电离辐射的响应差异,对比研究了4类像素传感器的结构特点和辐射响应特性。通过辐射实验,对各传感器在不同辐射水平条件下的光子响应事件分布、平均灰度值以及典型光子响应事件进行研究。研究结果表明：光子响应程度均与辐射剂量率相关;CCD像素传感器的沟道传输方式使每列像元间的辐射响应更容易相互干扰;平均灰度值随剂量率的增大存在明显的梯度,各积分周期内输出信号灰度值围绕均值上下波动,CCD像素传感器输出信号灰度浮动范围较小;CMOS像素传感器各像元对光子的响应更加明显,CCD像素传感器各像元的响应信号易与相邻像元发生串扰;各类像素传感器典型辐射响应事件区域中发生光子响应的像元数量随剂量率的增大而增多,响应事件并非单个光子的行为,而是反映了多个光子在区域内同时沉积能量的过程。本研究为开发像素传感器的γ射线辐射探测技术和应用提供了重要的理论分析和实验数据支撑。     

固态图像传感器的电离辐射响应均匀性

研究并对比了6类电荷耦合器件和互补金属氧化物半导体图像传感器的辐射响应均匀性。设计辐射实验,对像素阵列中响应信号在不同统计区域内的像素值增量平均值和非均匀度进行分析与讨论,重点研究了各类固态图像传感器像素阵列全局、区域和代表像元的辐射响应均匀性。实验结果表明:在稳态γ射线辐射场辐照条件下,帧图像中的响应信号增量并非固定值;像素阵列各区域内响应信号的均匀性不因辐照剂量率的变化而变化,对于相同的图像传感器,辐射在任意帧图像中产生辐射响应信号的分布与像素阵列中任意像素在多帧图像中出现辐射响应的分布相同,但由于传感器的本底噪声存在差异,单个像元、区域像素的统计结果与全局存在偏差。本研究为提高基于图像传感器的γ射线辐射探测技术,实现无遮光条件下在线辐射探测提供了理论依据和数据支持。     

电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用研究

通过采集TIG,MIG焊接过程的光谱辐射信息,基于等离子体辐射的基础理论,对其焊接电弧辐射进行了分析,TIG焊与MIG焊的光谱分布由于气氛中金属元素浓度的差别,辐射强度和分布都存在较大差别：MIG焊不仅金属线谱数量多,辐射强度比TIG焊大,且随熔滴过渡波动明显。针对其光谱分布和变化特点,选择了特征谱段,用于焊接质量的检测;对于TIG焊选取线谱聚集的紫外区辐射(230～300 nm),对于MIG焊选取以连续辐射为主的可见光区辐射(570～590 nm),建立了不同焊接方法下,焊接电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用理论基础。还进一步通过在焊接过程中预设干扰因素,采集焊接过程在特征谱段的信号,对选择谱段的试验验证表明：基于建立的理论基础,可以有效地利用焊接电弧光谱信息,对焊接质量及焊接过程干扰因素实现判识,特征谱段的信号具有很好的信噪比。     

Photoreceptor cell types in the retina of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) have cone characteristics

The tuatara Sphenodon punctatus, restricted to a few New Zealand offshore islands and now strictly protected, belongs to the Rhynchocephalia, the smallest order of extant reptiles. Earlier light microscopical studies on the retina of this species described photoreceptors with both rod- and cone-like features and the presence of a fovea. A limited amount of retinal material from S. punctatus has now allowed us to prepare the first-ever electron microscopic observations on the eye of this reptile. We were able to distinguish three types of photoreceptor, all with fine structural features characteristic of cone cells. Large single cones as well as double cones had open discs in their outer segments and straight axons with pedicle-type terminals. An additional cone type, characterized by somewhat more slender inner and outer segments, vitreally-displaced cell bodies and oblique axons, resembled short-wavelength cones known from other sauropsids. No cells with rod characteristics could be confirmed in the samples, although they might occur in retinal regions not available for this study. We conclude that the tuatara has cone-like photoreceptors, which-as in other crepuscular or nocturnal reptiles-have acquired rod-like features. The phenotypic adaptations notwithstanding, the set of photoreceptor types is quite typical of the reptilian eye and in some respects reminiscent of those seen in lizards and turtles.     

Illusions of vision: Interpretation within the framework of a holographic model

Several illusions of vision are considered on the basis of a neurophysiological holographic model of visual perception at the level of the eye’s and the retina. It is suggested that the eye’s optical system forms a spatial spectrum of the observed object rather than its image on the retina. The spectrum is encoded by active anisotropic quasi-crystalline structures of rod rhodopsins and cone iodopsins, and a complex Fourier hologram of the observed object consisting of two quadrature components is recorded. The holographic hypothesis is confirmed by the results obtained by digital simulation.     

高能X光照相CCD成像系统的模糊效应

 指出了景深、可见光衍射、辐射输运是CCD图像接收系统模糊效应的3个影响因素。用MCNP方法研究了转换屏内的辐射输运，给出了不同入射光子能谱和转换屏厚度下转换屏内能量沉积随半径的变化关系。结果表明:能量沉积随转换屏厚度的增加而线性增加；辐射输运引起的模糊与光子能谱有关，但硬化谱引起的模糊随转换屏厚度的变化小于非硬化谱；转换屏内的辐射输运是CCD图像接收系统模糊效应的主要影响因素；辐射输运引起的模糊和高斯模糊是不同的。     

Wavelength comparison study for photocurrent and thickness in organic tandem solar cell with PF10TBT:PCBM by computational simulation

In this work, we have been investigating an organic tandem solar cells composed of PF10TBT:PCBM by using optical modeling and simulation method to investigate the correlation between thickness and photocurrent. Possible thickness pairs of tandem cell are provided when front layer and back layer absorb same amount of photons. In order to obtain the possible thickness pairs for different wavelengths, photocurrent has been simulated as function of back and front layer thickness. Energy dissipation in term of distance along cell and wavelengths were analyzed to interpret the optimal geometry of tandem cell. In order to find the appropriate materials for maximum efficiency, energy dissipation as function of optical constant (n) and wavelengths were simulated to derive the optimal condition.     

DISCO: a low‐energy multipurpose beamline at synchrotron SOLEIL

DISCO, a novel low‐energy beamline covering the spectrum range from the VUV to the visible, has received its first photons at the French synchrotron SOLEIL. In this article the DISCO design and concept of three experimental stations serving research communities in biology and chemistry are described. Emphasis has been put on high flux generation and preservation of polarization at variable energy resolutions. The three experiments include a completely new approach for microscopy and atmospheric pressure experiments as well as a `classical' synchrotron radiation circular dichroism station. Preliminary tests of the optical design and technical concept have been made. Theoretical predictions of the beam have been compared with the first images produced by the first photons originating from the large‐aperture bending‐magnet source. Results are also reported concerning the cold finger used to absorb hard X‐ray radiation in the central part of the synchrotron beam and to avoid heavy thermal load on the following optics. Wavelength selection using monochromators with different gratings for each experimental set‐up as well as beam propagation and conditioning throughout the optical system are detailed. First photons comply very well with the theoretical calculations.     

Terahertz absorption by electrons and confined acoustic phonons in free-standing quantum wells

The acoustic phonon confinement in a free-standing quantum well (FSQW) results in an acoustic phonon energy quantization. Typical quantization energies are in the terahertz frequency range. Free electrons may absorb electromagnetic waves in this frequency range if they emit or absorb acoustic phonons. Therefore, the terahertz absorption reveals the characteristic features of the acoustic phonon spectrum in free-standing structures. We have calculated the absorption coefficient of an electromagnetic wave by free electrons in a FSQW in the terahertz frequency range. We took into account a time dependent electric field, an exact form of the acoustic phonon spectrum and eigenmodes, and electron interactions with confined acoustic phonons through the deformation potential. We demonstrate numerical results for GaAs FSQW of width 100 Å at low lattice temperatures in the frequency range 0.1-1 THz. The absorption coefficient exhibits several structures at frequencies corresponding to the lowest acoustic phonon modes. These features occur due to absorption of photons by electrons, which is accompanied by the emission of corresponding acoustic phonons.     

X射线在影象增强器中背向散射特性的研究

本文用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了轫致辐射Ｘ射线在影象增强器中的背向散射特性。针对Ｘ线源管电压为３０－１２０ｋＶ的轨致辐射入射，给出了背向散射光子的角分布及能谱分布；同时，还给出了背向散射光子的平均能量和平均出射角与管电压的关系以及吸收光子数和直透光子数与管电压的关系。     

On parton distributions in a photon gas

A solution to the problem of parton distributions in a gas of photons with blackbody spectrum is proposed. The cosmic microwave background radiation is considered as a particular case. The survival probability of ultra-high energy neutrinos traveling through this radiation is calculated.     

反射式GaN光电阴极表面势垒对量子效率衰减的影响

针对反射式GaN光电阴极长波段量子效率衰减较大, 短波段量子效率衰减较小的实验现象, 在考虑谷间散射的情况下, 利用玻尓兹曼分布和基于Airy函数的传递矩阵法, 计算了发射电子能量分布, 分析了表面势垒变化对量子效率衰减的影响, 理论与实验符合较好. 激活层有效偶极子数的减少使表面势垒宽度和高度增加, 引起长波光子激发产生的发射电子能量分布衰减较大, 短波光子激发产生的发射电子能量分布衰减较小, 这是量子效率在长波段衰减较大, 短波段衰减较小的根本原因.     

The role of satellites in observing and forecasting the weather

This article reviews research into human colour vision, most information about which has been derived by psychophysical methods. Thus, the sensitivity of the eye to light of different wavelengths over the spectrum has been accurately estimated for the initial photoreceptor stage which converts light incident on the retina into neural signals. Spectral sensitivities have also been obtained, in part at least, for the subsequent post-receptoral neural pathways that apparently recode colour information into separate signals specifying luminance and chromaticity. These and other findings on receptoral and post-receptoral spectral sensitivities are considered in relation to techniques for functionally isolating colour-processing pathways in the human visual system. Also discussed briefly are models of colour vision, the relationship between form perception and colour vision, and inherited and acquired colour-vision deficiencies.