松弛方法在计算凝聚炸药爆轰问题中的应用

利用松弛近似,将非线性的凝聚炸药爆轰控制方程转化为线性的松弛方程组,并采用五阶WENO格式和五阶线性多步显隐格式对线性松弛方程组进行空间方向和时间方向的离散,由此建立具有高精度和高分辨率性质的计算凝聚炸药爆轰的松弛方法。建立的松弛方法可以避免求解Riemann问题及计算非线性通量的Jacobi矩阵,同时无需分裂处理反应源项。通过对凝聚炸药的平面一维定常爆轰波结构及球面一维聚心、散心爆轰起爆和传播过程的数值模拟,验证了所建立的松弛方法能够很好地计算凝聚炸药爆轰问题。     

Ground shock from the detonation of buried explosives

New nonlinear empirical relationships are given for predicting peak radial soil particle velocity and maximum radial displacement at various standoff distances from buried chemical and nuclear explosive detonations. Experimental test data in soil and rock, and for yields ranging from 0.03 pounds (0.01 kg) of explosive to blast yields of 19.2 kilotons (17.5 kilotonnes), are used to demonstrate the validity of these results. The scaled energy releases W/πc²R³ range over nine orders of magnitude in this study from approximately 4.4 × 10⁻¹¹ to 4.4 × 10⁻²; whereas, previous efforts generally covered three orders of magnitude. A soil impedence term is added to handle the troublesome problem of nondimensionalized displacements and particle velocities scaling for different soils. The paper ends by presenting a few nondimensionalized test results which can be used to predict ground motions from buried line explosive sources, an area of little previous discussion.     

Expansion isentropes of the explosion products of condensed explosives

The expansion isentropes of the explosion products of two TNT/RDX compositions (50/50 and 25/75) have been investigated. Attention is concentrated on the little-studied region of pressures below 100 kbars. Data on the expansion isentropes were obtained by measuring the shock wave parameters in various media (aluminum, plexiglas, polystyrene foam, argon, air). Points were obtained on the shock Hugoniots of argon precom-pressed to 10, 15, and 50 atm. An equation of state of the explosion products that satisfactorily describes the experimental material obtained is formulated.In conclusion the authors thank L. V. Al'tshuler for his constant interest in their work and valuable advice and N. M. Filipchuk and I. A. Dolgov for assisting with the experiments.     

挤注炸药的爆轰性能

设计了4种以HMX为主炸药的挤注炸药(ECX)炸药配方,采用25 mm和50 mm 2种装药直径的圆筒试验分别对添加含能增塑剂和惰性增塑剂的两种挤注炸药进行做功能力研究。研究结果表明:含能增塑剂FM-1对ECX有显著的能量贡献;在相同主炸药含量（含HMX为88％）下,含FM-1为9.5％的ECX-05较含惰性增塑剂的ECX-02比动能提高22％～23％,优于国外同类型ECX（EX-08-EL）的水平,其加速金属能力与含HMX95.5％的压装PBX炸药（LX-14）相近。     

Mechanism of detonation of emulsion explosives with microballoons

A mechanism of detonation of emulsion explosives containing microballoons in finite-diameter charges is described. A parametric dependence of the detonation velocity on the charge characteristics is obtained. The fact that the reaction-zone width increases with decreasing charge porosity is explained. It is shown that the emulsion does not completely burn out at the Chapman-Jouguet point. Final formulas for calculating the reaction time and reaction-zone width are given.

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几种常用炸药的爆压与爆轰反应区精密测量

为了获得几种常用炸药的爆压和反应区宽度数据,采用激光干涉测试技术对TNT、PETN、RDX、HMX、TATB和CL-20炸药的稳态爆轰波界面粒子速度进行了测试,获得了高精度的界面粒子速度时程曲线,利用阻抗匹配公式计算得到了炸药的爆压。结果表明:PETN、RDX、HMX和CL-20等理想炸药的界面粒子速度曲线存在较明显的拐点,爆轰反应区较窄,反应时间为7~15 ns。TNT和TATB炸药由于存在碳凝聚慢反应过程,界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点,爆轰反应时间分别为（100±15） ns和（255±20） ns。初步的不确定度分析表明,激光干涉法测试爆压的相对扩展不确定度为4.4%（包含因子k=2）。     

On the possibility of gasless detonation in condensed systems

The possibility of self-propagating gasless detonation in the mixtures normally used in self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) has been theoretically predicted. The necessary and sufficient condition for this process is a positive isobaric-isochoric reaction heat (or a positive volume decrement at constant pressure and enthalpy). Preliminary experimental evidence for the occurrence of this process has been obtained. An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 15th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Boulder, Colorado, from July 30 to August 4, 1995     

爆轰产物组成和爆轰参数计算方法的理论研究

为实现爆轰产物组成和爆轰参数的计算,采用拉格朗日乘数法和牛顿迭代的方法预测爆轰产物组成,利用BKW状态方程预测爆轰参数,在0~600 GPa和300~15 000 K压力温度范围内选取金刚石作为碳的生成相;对爆轰产物系统采用最小自由能原理,结合牛顿迭代法求解爆轰产物的化学平衡方程组;对BKW状态方程参数提出修订,取α=0.5,β=0.298,θ=6 620,κ=9.50;采用自编程序实现计算过程。使用此方法和Hugoniot关系计算密度为1.77 g/cm3的PETN爆轰CJ点爆轰参数验证计算精度,结果显示计算与实验结果的误差均小于1%。利用此方法结合Hugoniot关系预测出爆轰CJ点的产物密度为2.43 g/cm3。     

Numerical study of blast characteristics from detonation of homogeneous explosives

A new robust numerical methodology is used to investigate the propagation of blast waves from homogeneous explosives. The gas-phase governing equations are solved using a hybrid solver that combines a higher-order shock capturing scheme with a low-dissipation central scheme. Explosives of interest include Nitromethane, Trinitrotoluene, and High-Melting Explosive. The shock overpressure and total impulse are estimated at different radial locations and compared for the different explosives. An empirical scaling correlation is presented for the shock overpressure, incident positive phase pressure impulse, and total impulse. The role of hydrodynamic instabilities to the blast effects of explosives is also investigated in three dimensions, and significant mixing between the detonation products and air is observed. This mixing results in afterburn, which is found to augment the impulse characteristics of explosives. Furthermore, the impulse characteristics are also observed to be three-dimensional in the region of the mixing layer. This paper highlights that while some blast features can be successfully predicted from simple one-dimensional studies, the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and the impulsive loading of homogeneous explosives require robust three-dimensional investigation.     

含铝炸药爆轰驱动的非线性特征线模型

针对含铝炸药爆轰的非理想特性,提出了含铝炸药爆轰产物膨胀的局部等熵假设,建立含铝炸药爆轰驱动的非线性特征线模型,为研究含铝炸药爆轰产物的非等熵流动和膨胀做功提供了一种新的理论分析方法。设计了5、50 μm含铝炸药和含LiF炸药驱动0.5、1 mm厚金属板实验,通过激光位移干涉仪测试金属板运动的速度历程,再通过实验结果计算得到铝粉在爆轰产物中的反应度变化规律,结合含铝炸药爆轰产物的非线性特征线模型,理论计算了含铝炸药驱动金属板的速度历程。对比理论与实验结果,理论方法能够很好地描述铝粉二次反应对炸药做功能力的贡献,同时验证了含铝炸药爆轰驱动的非线性特征线模型的正确性。     

RDX基含铝炸药爆轰波结构实验研究

为了获得含铝炸药爆轰反应区附近铝粉的反应情况,对两种RDX/Al炸药和一种RDX/LiF炸药的爆轰波结构进行了测量。实验过程中,利用火炮加载产生一维平面波,通过光子多普勒测速仪测量炸药/LiF窗口的界面粒子速度。结果表明:含铝炸药爆轰波的结构与理想炸药的差异较大,其界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点;反应初期,由于气相产物与添加物之间温度的非平衡性,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度低于RDX/LiF炸药的;随后,由于铝粉反应放能,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度高于RDX/LiF炸药的;微米尺度铝粉在CJ面前几乎不发生反应;2、10 μm等两种粒度铝粉的反应延滞时间小于0.8 μs;在本文中,两种粒度铝粉的反应度为16%~31%。     

壳装炸药殉爆实验和数值模拟

进行了壳装固黑铝炸药殉爆实验,通过观察残留炸药、壳体和见证板变形,判断被发炸药的爆炸情况,得到了炸药临界殉爆距离。建立了壳装炸药殉爆实验计算模型,采用非线性有限元计算方法,对壳装固黑铝炸药殉爆实验进行了数值模拟。计算中采用预设壳体单元破片方法描述主发炸药壳体破片的形成和破片对被发炸药的撞击起爆,炸药临界殉爆距离的计算结果与实验结果基本一致。主要是主发炸药中部的壳体破片撞击到被发炸药,被发炸药起爆位置也在装药中部。炸药壳体厚度主要影响破片速度和质量、被发炸药的防护性能,从而影响炸药临界殉爆距离。 更多还原     

Ignition and detonation of solid explosives: a micromechanical burn model

This paper describes a new computational framework for modeling splid explosives and proof-of-concept calculations. Our goal is to expand predictive model capability through the inclusion of various micro-mechanical burn processes. We propose a model which is complicated enough to represent underlying physics, but simple enough for engineering scale computations. Key components of the model include energy localization, the growth of hot spots, micro-mechanics in/around hot spots, and a phase-averaged mixture equation of state. The nucleation and growth of locally heated regions is treated by a statistical model based on an exponential size distribution. Proof-of-concept calculations are limited to shock loading, but show the capability of simulating Pop-plots, initial temperature effect, detonation waves in 2D, detonation shock confinement test, and multi-dimensional effects in a unified fashion based on micro-physics.

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计算CHNO和CHNOAl炸药爆速的一种新方法

基于理想混合炸药模型的概念,提出一种计算混合炸药爆速的新方法,并构造空气和铝粉与炸药组分相关的特征爆速关系式。对装药密度大于最大理论密度85%的26种CHNO类混合炸药、13种CNNO类单质炸药、25种含铝炸药进行计算,爆速的计算值与实验值吻合较好,平均相对误差为0.01%,相关系数为0.961 5。通过数据分析,新方法优于Urizar方法和Kamlet方法。新方法是一种计算CHNO类和CHNOAl炸药爆速的可靠方法,对新型混合炸药的研究具有一定指导意义。

     

侧向稀疏波对非均质凝聚炸药冲击波起爆过程的影响

以压装TNT为例,开展二维拉氏实验,利用二维锰铜-康铜组合拉氏量计测量了轴对称位置和径向位置的压力时程曲线和径向位移曲线.同时利用二维拉格朗日分析计算程序RFLA对压装TNT的冲击波起爆过程进行了计算,分别得到了在2个不同径向位置上各个Lagrange位置上的质点速度、相对比容、比内能等时程曲线.研究结果展现了侧向稀疏...     

低冲击下固体炸药延迟起爆(XDT)现象

设计了连续低冲击加载炸药的双隔板实验,采用X光透视摄影方法,观察到了JO 9159炸药延迟起爆(XDT)现象。采用非线性有限元方法对加载炸药实验的力学过程进行了数值模拟,分析了炸药延迟起爆机理和发生条件。结果表明,JO 9159炸药延迟起爆(XDT)现象的起爆时刻比正常冲击起爆(SDT)要滞后大约十几微秒以上,且发生有一定的随机性。对炸药重复冲击加载作用和炸药在加载作用下的敏化程度是控制XDT现象发生的主要因素。     

PETN、RDX和HMX炸药爆轰参数的数值模拟

用吉布斯自由能最小原理,通过解化学平衡方程组,求解PETN、RDX和HMX炸药爆轰产物系统的平衡组分,计算结果与用BKW和LJD方法计算的结果相近。用自编的程序从碳的石墨相、金刚石相、类石墨液相和类金刚石液相4种相态中确定出炸药爆轰产物中游离碳更可能存在的相态,并用此相态计算碳的吉布斯自由能。以WCA状态方程作为爆轰气相产物的物态方程,对PETN、RDX和HMX炸药爆轰参数作了预言,爆轰CJ点的爆速、爆压和爆温的计算结果与实验值吻合得很好。