模拟多介质界面问题的虚拟流体方法综述

虚拟流体方法为模拟具有清晰物质界面的多介质流动问题提供了一种简便途径.尤其基于多介质Riemann问题解的修正虚拟流体方法及其变体，能够真实考虑到界面附近非线性波的相互作用和物质性质的影响，可以有效解决各种界面强间断等挑战性难题，具有巨大的工程应用潜力.文章重点回顾了虚拟流体方法的发展历史，总结和对比了各种代表性版本在模拟可压缩多介质流时的界面条件定义方式和多维推广方式，并介绍了该方法的设计原则和精度分析方面的研究进展.文章还回顾了该方法在其他更广泛和更具挑战性典型科学问题中的最新应用进展，并对方法的优势和特点进行了总结.      

虚拟流体方法的设计原则

研究模拟可压缩多介质流的虚拟流体方法,建立一般状态方程下定义虚拟流体状态的基本原则.根据波系结构和使用的自由变量分别推导虚拟流体状态的定义方式.结果表明在这些方式下求解多介质Riemann问题理论上完全精确.进一步总结几种简单有效的虚拟流体方法,这些定义方式不依赖于虚拟流体区域可能产生的波系结构.其中一种类似于反射边界条件,只是界面速度需要首先精确预测出来.数值算例验证了研究结果的合理性.     

基于求解Riemann问题的界面处理方法

通过在界面处构造Riemann问题,根据流体的法向速度和压力在界面(接触间断)处连续的特性,利用Riemann问题的解不仅定义了ghost流体的值,而且对真实流体中邻近界面的点值进行了更新,使得在界面处的流体的状态满足接触间断的性质,给出了更加精确的界面边界条件,守恒误差分析表明该方法在界面计算过程中引入较小的误差.数值试验表明该方法能准确地捕捉界面和激波的位置.     

多介质流动数值计算中的界面处理方法

 求解Riemann问题得到界面接触间断的流动状态,并以此构造带状区域的虚拟流体状态,对于多维问题设计了一种方便有效的算法。同时求解耦合的守恒形式欧拉方程组和非守恒界面捕捉方程,并用Level-Set函数捕捉界面,数值计算采用高分辨率MWENO格式。最后对可压缩多介质流动问题进行了数值模拟。     

界面追踪方法中的激波限制器研究

针对多介质流体界面追踪(Front Tracking)方法,通过在界面处构造Riemann问题,研究激波限制器应用过程中的若干基本问题.针对气-气和气-水界面问题,通过比较平均守恒误差、L₁误差和激波强度随参数的变化情况,给出激波限制器参数可以在0.3附近选取.同时,通过理论分析和数值算例发现,当有激波接近界面时,选择激波波后状态作为界面处Riemann问题的初始状态,数值模拟结果较满意.     

一种捕捉可压缩流体多重交汇界面的改进型LS方法

 在普通Level Set（LS）方法基础上，给出了一种捕捉多重交汇界面的改进型LS方法，该方法能够大大减小多重交汇界面之间因光滑而产生的空穴区域，而不影响多重交汇以外区域的界面位置。同时对改进算法进行了测试，并与可压缩流体耦合，给出了多介质流体多重交汇界面的计算结果。     

可压缩密实介质多流体高精度欧拉算法

 从可压缩密实介质状态方程出发，推导出多介质流体在界面附近满足的动力学方程，与守恒律方程一起，采用高精度有限体积方法进行求解，物质界面用LevelSet函数捕捉。并给出了一维和二维数值算例。     

虚拟流体方法的显隐算法

基于算子分裂,把欧拉方程分裂成对流项和非对流项两部分,建立一种基于原始变量的二阶显隐算法.由通常的虚拟流体方法显式地预估流场,用隐式的压力修正对预估解进行修正.计算结果表明,这样可以有效增大时间步长,提高计算效率.     

三角形网格上多介质流动问题界面处理方法

多介质流动问题的求解一般是在结构网格上实现,而三角形网格对于复杂计算区域具有更好的适应性,本文结合rGFM方法,给出三角形网格上多介质流动问题界面处理方法.利用level-set方法跟踪界面,在界面处构造Riemann问题,得到界面处流体准确的流动状态.通过定义界面边界条件,将多介质流动问题转化为单介质流动问题,利用高精度RKDG方法求解.采用多个算例验证该方法的稳健性和有效性,结果表明该方法能准确捕捉界面和激波的位置,保持界面清晰.     

可压缩多介质流体数值模拟中的Level-Set间断跟踪方法

针对可压缩多介质流体的数值模拟,发展了一种Level-Set间断追踪技术,用LS(Level-Set)函数追踪激波和捕捉界面,用Riemann问题解构造带状区域内的虚拟流体状态,对物理量的外推方法、间断附近虚拟流体的构造、间断推进速度的计算等问题进行了研究.最后对可压缩多介质流体一维和二维守恒律方程组进行数值模拟,数值计算采用通量重构的高精度WENO格式,计算结果令人满意.     

The Modified Ghost Fluid Method Applied to Fluid-Elastic Structure Interaction

In this work, the modified ghost fluid method is developed to deal with 2D compressible fluid interacting with elastic solid in an Euler-Lagrange coupled system. In applying the modified Ghost Fluid Method to treat the fluid-elastic solid coupling, the Navier equations for elastic solid are cast into a system similar to the Euler equations but in Lagrangian coordinates. Furthermore, to take into account the influence of material deformation and nonlinear wave interaction at the interface, an Euler-Lagrange Riemann problem is constructed and solved approximately along the normal direction of the interface to predict the interfacial status and then define the ghost fluid and ghost solid states. Numerical tests are presented to verify the resultant method.     

Modified Ghost Fluid Method as Applied to Fluid-Plate Interaction

The modified ghost fluid method (MGFM) provides a robust and efficient interface treatment for various multi-medium flow simulations and some particular fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations. However, this methodology for one specific class of FSI problems, where the structure is plate, remains to be developed. This work is devoted to extending the MGFM to treat compressible fluid coupled with a thin elastic plate. In order to take into account the influence of simultaneous interaction at the interface, a fluid-plate coupling system is constructed at each time step and solved approximately to predict the interfacial states. Then, ghost fluid states and plate load can be defined by utilizing the obtained interfacial states. A type of acceleration strategy in the coupling process is presented to pursue higher efficiency. Several one-dimensional examples are used to highlight the utility of this method over loosely-coupled method and validate the acceleration techniques. Especially, this method is applied to compute the underwater explosions (UNDEX) near thin elastic plates. Evolution of strong shock impacting on the thin elastic plate and dynamic response of the plate are investigated. Numerical results disclose that this methodology for treatment of the fluid-plate coupling indeed works conveniently and accurately for different structural flexibilities and is capable of efficiently simulating the processes of UNDEX with the employment of the acceleration strategy.     

界面不稳定性数值模拟中的虚拟流动方法

研究了流体界面不稳定性的一类数值模拟方法——虚拟流动方法(Ghost Fluid Method).在算法中直接针对多维问题设定虚拟区域的流动参数,在流体力学方程的计算中采用了非分裂型的高分辨SCB格式,最后利用该方法完成了R-M和R-T不稳定性问题的数值计算,得到了满意的计算结果.     

Accuracies and conservation errors of various ghost fluid methods for multi-medium Riemann problem

Since the (original) ghost fluid method (OGFM) was proposed by Fedkiw et al. in 1999 [5], a series of other GFM-based methods such as the gas–water version GFM (GWGFM), the modified GFM (MGFM) and the real GFM (RGFM) have been developed subsequently. Systematic analysis, however, has yet to be carried out for the various GFMs on their accuracies and conservation errors. In this paper, we develop a technique to rigorously analyze the accuracies and conservation errors of these different GFMs when applied to the multi-medium Riemann problem with a general equation of state (EOS). By analyzing and comparing the interfacial state provided by each GFM to the exact one of the original multi-medium Riemann problem, we show that the accuracy of interfacial treatment can achieve “third-order accuracy” in the sense of comparing to the exact solution of the original mutli-medium Riemann problem for the MGFM and the RGFM, while it is of at most “first-order accuracy” for the OGFM and the GWGFM when the interface approach is actually near in balance. Similar conclusions are also obtained in association with the local conservation errors. A special test method is exploited to validate these theoretical conclusions from the numerical viewpoint.     

弹性板水下爆炸冲击载荷的修正虚拟流体方法分析

研究非接触水下爆炸中板结构厚度和密度对冲击载荷和空化演变的影响.将近期发展的修正的虚拟流体方法推广应用于处理可压缩流体与弹性板结构的非线性相互作用.研究发现,假设结构不发生断裂破坏,较小的板厚度或密度可以减弱爆炸波对结构的冲击,冲击载荷随着厚度或密度的增大非线性地趋向于固壁边界下的结果.而且较小的板厚度或密度可以促使空化较早形成,产生较大的空化区,并推迟和减弱空化破裂对结构的二次冲击.     

二维多介质可压缩流的RKDG有限元方法

应用RKDG(Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin)有限元方法、Level Set方法和Ghost Fluid方法数值模拟二维多介质可压缩流,其中Euler方程组、Level Set方程和重新初始化方程的空间离散采用DG(Discontinuous Galerkin)有限元方法,时间离散采用Runge-Kutta方法.对二维的气-气和气-液两相流进行了数值计算,得到了分辨率较高的计算结果.