激光致冷

介绍了用于固体降温的反斯托克斯致冷以及用于中性原子降温的多普勒致冷、蒸发致冷、偏振梯度致冷、速度选择相干原子布居俘获致冷和腔致冷等激光致冷技术的有关原理、技术实现、发展状况和应用.     

非致冷红外焦平面热像仪研制

采用128×128电阻型红外焦平面探测器,设计一种便携式一体化结构的非致冷红外焦平面热像仪,它主要用于电力系统中高压输电线接头和变电站设备的过热点故障监测,工业设备、管道和建筑物的热损检查,船舶夜航、观察和夜间交通监视,夜间安全保卫和边境反偷渡监视等方面.     

CCD致冷技术在小型光谱仪降噪中的应用

与传统光谱仪相比,小型光谱仪在性能上存在着较大的差距,光度准确度较差、信噪比低等问题限制了其在弱光检测中的应用。分析小型光谱仪的噪声来源及其抑制方法,结合CCD设计了其致冷结构,并采用半导体致冷技术对自行设计的小型光谱仪进行了降噪处理。测量了不同温度下CCD的暗电流,发现致冷对CCD噪声起到很好的抑制作用;在此基础上,参照分光光度计的国家机械行业标准和计量检定规程,测量了致冷条件下小型光谱仪的光度噪声和基线平直度。结果表明：致冷能有效地提高仪器的性能,实验用小型光谱仪的光度噪声为±0.002Abs,基线平直度为±0.004Abs。     

热声致冷效应演示实验

基于热声致冷原理,利用自制的热声堆,采用常见的材料和仪器,设计了扬声器驱动热声致冷实验演示装置.以空气作工质,在无冷却措施的情况下,系统运行200 s后,实现了13℃的降温及25℃的温跨.     

宽频馈源致冷测试讨论

针对宽频馈源致冷测试实验中出现的某些异常现象和测试数据波动性较大的问题,仿真分析了可能原因,为后续测试提供参考。基本结论为,应确保系统增益与测试仪器线性范围的匹配,尽量减小输出功率的测试误差;应尽量增加带宽内测量频点的数目,以利于判别驻波和编辑与筛选测量数据;可依据Y因子的合理取值范围甄别测量粗差;将馈源向下对准液氮表面,在理论上更具自洽性。     

致冷镜相变材料的实验研究及应用分析

 研发了一种用于相变致冷的高热导率、固液转换时体积变化率小以及膨胀系数与Si基底接近的镓基相变合金材料;在实验室里模拟实际工况,对镓基相变合金材料试件进行了实验测试,确定某一组分编号可基本满足实际使用需求的镓基相变合金材料。按照实际应用条件对在强激光条件下填充在硅镜内部的该相变材料的应用效果进行了有限元的仿真计算, 结果表明：在初始温度为298 K的真空绝热环境中,热流密度为0.198 4 W/mm²,采用该镓基相变合金材料能够将镜面温度控制在313 K,抑制了镜面的热畸变。     

致冷镜相变材料的实验研究及应用分析

研发了一种用于相变致冷的高热导率、固液转换时体积变化率小以及膨胀系数与Si基底接近的镓基相变合金材料;在实验室里模拟实际工况,对镓基相变合金材料试件进行了实验测试,确定某一组分编号可基本满足实际使用需求的镓基相变合金材料。按照实际应用条件对在强激光条件下填充在硅镜内部的该相变材料的应用效果进行了有限元的仿真计算, 结果表明：在初始温度为298 K的真空绝热环境中,热流密度为0.198 4 W/mm2,采用该镓基相变合金材料能够将镜面温度控制在313 K,抑制了镜面的热畸变。     

磁致冷磁冰箱及其它

 魏斯(Weiss)早在1918年发现铁磁体绝热磁化时会伴随着可逆的温度改变,他把这种现象称为磁热卡罗利效应(Ma-gneto Colo-ric Effect).磁致冷就是利用这个效应来获得低温的.近来由于环境保护和其它的考虑,研究室温至50K温区应用磁致冷技术受到了重视.     

大气气溶胶对远红外窗口辐射致冷的影响

本文针对CO₂减排,讨论了辐射致冷理论的相关问题。由于高层大气或外宇宙空间温度极低,可以此作为冷源,利用8～13μm的大气远红外窗口进行辐射散热,以降低能源消耗和CO₂的排放,削弱温室效应。在量化分析过程中,大气中气体辐射特性与气溶胶粒子辐射特性对其散热效果起到决定性作用。本文对0.2～20μm波段的辐射通过大气层时,由于气溶胶粒子散射和吸收造成的衰减进行了米氏散射模型计算,验证了8～13μm大气远红外窗口在辐射致冷中的关键作用,并针对辐射致冷理论应用于CO₂减排进行了相关理论性分析。     

相变致冷镜的有限元结构优化

 镜体的结构决定了相变致冷镜抑制腔镜在高能激光辐照下的热变形的效果。比较不同结构形式的相变致冷镜镜面热变形的有限元软件计算结果，并通过一阶非线性优化方法，得到较优的放射状结构：硅基基体外径80mm，厚度12.5mm，光斑直径40mm,吸收功率密度为79.58kW/m²，当其最优沟槽深度为99mm，宽度为0.4mm时，光照10s时镜面热变形达到最小值0.37μm。     

Joule-Thomson Coefficient for Strongly Interacting Unitary Fermi Gas

The Joule-Thomson effect reflects the interaction among constituent particles of macroscopic system. For classical ideal gas, the corresponding .Joule-Thomson coefficient is vanishing while it is non-zero for ideal quantum gas due to the quantum degeneracy. In recent years, much attention is paid to the unitary Fermi gas with infinite two-body scattering length. According to universal analysis, the thermodynamical law of unitary Fermi gas is similar to that of non-interacting ideal gas, which can be explored by the virial theorem P = 2E/3V. Based on previous works, we further study the unitary Fermi gas properties. The effective chemical potential is introduced to characterize the nonlinear levels crossing effects in a strongly interacting medium. The changing behavior of the rescaled Joule-Thomson coefficient according to temperature manifests a quite different behavior from that for ideal Fermi gas.     

超流氦的Joule-Thomson系数研究

超流氦的焦耳-汤姆逊系数在一定条件具有负值,且数值较大。由此产生的负焦耳-汤姆逊效应将会使其输送系统出现显著的温升,这一现象对于输送系统能否成功完成输送任务至关重要。如何确定He的Joule-Thomson系数,是判断He负焦耳-汤姆逊效应程度的前提和基础。文章通过直接状态方程法和热动力学公式法对He的Joule-Thomson系数进行了分析和计算,并在计算结果的基础上,拟合得到了便于工程应用的经验方程。     

Joule-Thomson expansion of charged dilatonic black holes

Based on the Einstein-Maxwell theory, the Joule-Thomson (J-T) expansion of charged dilatonic black holes (the solutions are neither flat nor AdS) in \begin{document}$ (n+1) $\end{document}-dimensional spacetime is studied herein. To this end, we analyze the effects of the dimension n and dilaton field α on J-T expansion. An explicit expression for the J-T coefficient is derived, and consequently, a negative heat capacity is found to lead to a cooling process. In contrast to its effect on the dimension, the inversion curve decreases with charge Q at low pressures, whereas the opposite effect is observed at high pressures. We can observe that with an increase in the dimension n or parameter α, both the pressure cut-off point and the minimum inversion temperature \begin{document}$T_{\rm min}$\end{document} change. Moreover, we analyze the ratio \begin{document}$T_{\rm min}/T_{\rm c}$\end{document} numerically and discover that the ratio is independent of charge; however, it depends on the dilaton field and dimension: for \begin{document}$ n=3 $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \alpha=0 $\end{document}, the ratio is 1/2. The dilaton field is found to enhance the ratio. In addition, we identify the cooling-heating regions by investigating the inversion and isenthalpic curves, and the behavior of the minimum inversion mass \begin{document}$M_{\rm min}$\end{document} indicates that this cooling-heating transition may not occur under certain special conditions.     

双外场对费米气体Joule-Thomson效应的调控

研究匀强电场和谐振场构成的双外场对带电费米粒子系统化学势和Joule-Thomson系数的调控作用．在满足Thomas-Fermi近似的条件下,给出有限温度范围内匀强电场和谐振场中带电费米粒子系统的化学势和内能随温度变化的显式函数关系,分析双外场对带电费米粒子系统焦耳-汤姆逊系数的调控作用.研究结果表明：随着温度的升高,带电费米粒子系统的焦汤系数值逐渐由负变正,且临界温度Tc随外电场增强而降低;在适当温度下,外势场的存在会使带电费米粒子系统产生焦耳-汤姆逊正效应.     

Joule-Thomson expansion of the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole

We study the Joule-Thomson expansion of the regular black hole in an anti-de Sitter background,and obtain the inversion temperature for the Bardeen-AdS black hole in the extended phase space.We investigate the isenthalpic and inversion curves for the Bardeen-AdS black hole in the T-P plane and find that the intersection points between them are exactly the inversion points discriminating the heating from the cooling process.The inversion curve for the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole is not closed and there is only a lower inversion curve,in contrast to the Van der Waals fluid.Most importantly,we find that the ratio between the minimum inversion temperature and the critical temperature for the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole is 0.536622,which is larger than any known ratio for the singular black hole.The large ratio for the Bardeen-AdS black hole may be due to the repulsive de Sitter core near the origin of the regular black hole.     

双外场对费米气体Joule-Thomson效应的调控简

研究匀强电场和谐振场构成的双外场对带电费米粒子系统化学势和Joule-Thomson系数的调控作用.在满足Thomas-Fermi近似的条件下,给出有限温度范围内匀强电场和谐振场中带电费米粒子系统的化学势和内能随温度变化的显式函数关系,分析双外场对带电费米粒子系统焦耳-汤姆逊系数的调控作用.研究结果表明,随着温度的升高,带电费米粒子系统的焦汤系数值逐渐由负变正,且临界温度Tc随外电场增强而降低.在适当温度下,外势场的存在会使带电费米粒子系统产生焦耳-汤姆逊正效应.     

Effect of Spatial Dimension and External Potential on Joule-Thomson Coefficients of Ideal Bose Gases

Based on the form of the n-dimensional generic power-law potential, the state equation and the heat capacity, the analytical expressions of the Joule-Thomson coefficient （3TC） for an ideal Bose gas are derived in n-dimensional potential. The effect of the spatial dimension and the external potential on the JTC are discussed, respectively. These results show that： （i） For the free ideal Bose gas, when n/s ≤ 2 （n is the spatial dimension, s is the momentum index in the relation between the energy and the momentum）, and T → Tc （Tc is the critical temperature）, the JTC can obviously improve by means of changing the throttle valve＇s shape and decreasing the spatial dimension of gases. （ii） For the inhomogeneous external potential, the discriminant △= [1 - y∏^ni=1（kT/εi）^1/tiГ（1/ti＋1）] （k is the Boltzmann Constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature, ε is the external field＇s energy）, is obtained. The potential makes the JTC increase when △ 〉 0, on the contrary, it makes the JTC decrease when A 〈△. （iii） In the homogenous strong external potential, the JTC gets the maximum on the condition of kTεi〈〈1.     

Joule–Thomson expansion of higher dimensional nonlinearly AdS black hole with power Maxwell invariant source

In this paper, the Joule–Thomson expansion of the higher dimensional nonlinearly anti-de Sitter(Ad S) black hole with power Maxwell invariant source is investigated. The results show the Joule–Thomson coefficient has a zero point and a divergent point, which coincide with the inversion temperature Tiand the zero point of the Hawking temperature, respectively. The inversion temperature increases monotonously with inversion pressure. For the high-pressure region, the inversion temperature decreases with the dimensionality D and the nonlinearity parameter s, whereas it increases with the charge Q. However, Tifor the low-pressure region increase with D and s, while it decreases with Q. The ratio ηBHbetween the minimum inversion temperature and the critical temperature does not depend on Q, it recovers the higher dimensional Reissner–N?rdstrom Ad S black hole case when s = 1. However, for s 1, it becomes smaller and smaller as D increases and approaches a constant when D →∞. Finally, we found that an increase of mass M and s, or reducing the charge Q and D can enhance the isenthalpic curve, and the effect of s on the isenthalpic curve is much greater than other parameters.     

关于焦耳实验与焦耳-汤姆孙实验结果的讨论

指出一些献中，对焦一汤实验比焦耳实验容易得到与理想气体有差别的结果所作的解释是不正确的，并对此作了分析和讨论．     

Cooling and heating of ultracold neutrons during storage

The rare processes of weak heating and cooling of ultracold neutrons reflected from the surface of fluorosubstituted oil are studied. The probability of these processes is estimated at 10^?6 per single reflection at energy transfer commensurate with the primary neutron energy. Weak heating and cooling are shown to be a manifestation of a more general phenomenon—quasielastic neutron reflection whose probability is dependent on temperature.