人血红细胞傅里叶变换红外和近红外拉曼光谱

通过人血红细胞傅里叶变换近红外拉曼光谱和红外光谱研究,基本上确定了人血红细胞中特征官能团的归属, 发现不同拉曼频移的拉曼信号强度随激发光功率呈非线性变化规律。近红外激光拉曼光谱结合红外光谱信息,可作为研究人血红细胞结构的有效测试手段。     

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS): A Promising Tool for Biological Research

Abstract

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is an important biophysical technique. FCS is currently being used in many areas of biology to solve several scientific problems. Its properties such as detection at the single molecular level, higher sensitivity, and use of lower sample volume make FCS a promising molecular diagnostic tool. The promising applications of FCS extend from DNA kinetics/dynamics studies to the comprehensive understanding of receptor–ligand interactions. In this article, we review various promising biological applications of FCS.     

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of Gold Nanoparticles

Diffusion dynamics of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The fluorescence was studied by exciting the particles by green laser (532 nm), which is far from longitudinal plasmon band of nanorods. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer were used to characterize the gold nanoparticles. Despite their low quantum yields, GNPs possess the native fluorescence. The excellent antiphotobleaching behavior of gold nanorods leads to prospects of using FCS for its detailed studies. Using FCS, dynamic information can be extracted from the fluorescence fluctuations in the system by autocorrelation function. Maximum entropy method (MEMFCS) was used to identify the number of distinct components present in the system. The particle sizes obtained from FCS were found to be higher (by few orders of magnitude) compared to TEM analysis. This might be due to the possible contributions from cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) capping in the system.     

人血液荧光的光谱特性及其物质来源

取健康人的静脉血,首次实验测量了人血液的三维荧光光谱,并通过分析荧光激发-发射矩阵研究了血液自体荧光的物质来源。 结果表明：人血液的荧光激发-发射对主要有260-630, 280-340, 340-460, 450-520 nm,它们所对应的内源性荧光物质分别来源于血液中的内源性卟啉,色氨酸,还原烟碱腺嘌呤二核苷酸(磷酸盐)和黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸。 这些物质的荧光激发效率随着激发光波长的变化而表现出显著差异。     

Statistical Analysis of Diffusion Coefficient Determination by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has become an important and widely used technique for many applications in physics, chemistry, and biology. The parameter most frequently addressed by FCS is the diffusion of molecules in solution. Due to the highly non-linear connection between the diffusion coefficient and a measured autocorrelation function, it is extremely difficult to analyse the accuracy of the diffusion-coefficient determination in a FCS experiment. Here, we present a simplified analysis based on some general maximum-likelihood considerations, and numerical result are given for the dependence of the accuracy of the diffusion-coefficient determination on sample concentration, brightness, and measurement time. Optimal concentration values for performing FCS are found.     

New Perspectives of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

The principle of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is outlined. The technique has been applied to a mutant of the well-known green fluorescent protein. A comparative study has been made with time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. The latter experiment shows that the fluorophore is rigidly bound inside the protein matrix follows the rotation of the whole protein and does not show any fast restricted motion. It is evident from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy that some excited-state reaction plays a role, since the autocorrelation traces show a significant effect on the incident laser power. Other potential applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy are presented as taken from very recent publications.     

Photobleaching, Mobility, and Compartmentalisation: Inferences in Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

In living cells the transport and diffusion of molecules is constrained by compartments of various sizes. This paper is an attempt to show that the size of these compartments can in principle be estimated experimentally from Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) combined with the measurement of the photobleaching rate. In this work, confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments have been carried out on giant unilamellar vesicles, a system that mimics cellular compartmentalisation. We have developed numerical and analytical models to describe the fluorescence decay due to photobleaching in this geometry, which has enabled us to point out two regimes depending on the value of the parameter P(B) = sigma(B)P/D (where sigma(B) is the photobleaching cross section of the dye, D its diffusion constant, and P the laser power (in photon/s)). In particular, when P(B) < 1 (i.e. in the fast diffusion regime), the photobleaching rate is independent of the diffusion constant and scales like sigma(B)P/R2, in agreement with the experimental results. On the other hand, the standard diffusion models used to analyse the FCS data do not take into account the effects of the fluorescence decay on the autocorrelation curve. We show here how to correct the raw data for these drawbacks.     

Comparison Between Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy as Illustrated with a Fluorescent Dextran Conjugate

The motional properties of rhodamine green alone and conjugated to 10-kDa dextran have been studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA). With FCS the translational diffusion times of the fluorescent particles can be determined, which are directly proportional to the shear viscosity as shown in aqueous solutions of different sucrose concentrations. With TRFA the rotational correlation times of the fluorescent particles can be determined. TRFA experiments in the case of fluorescent dextran reveal a distinct restricted internal motion of the fluorescent probe independent of the slower overall rotation of the polysaccharide. The fast depolarization is most likely due to internal motion and not to energy transfer between different rhodamine green molecules in the same dextran, since a higher viscosity of the solvent increases the correlation time for internal motion proportionally. FCS and TRFA yield complementary information in the sense that the correlation time for overall dextran rotation can be accurately determined from the translational diffusion coefficient.     

The Application of Two-dimensional Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy on the Interaction Between Bovine Serum Albumin and Paeonolum in the Presence of Fe(III)

The effect of Fe³⁺ on the interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and paeonolum (PAL), which was extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Paeonia suffruticosa Andr, was investigated by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was applied to the analysis of fluorescence spectra. The results of spectroscopic measurements suggested that PAL had a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA through static quenching procedure in the presence of Fe(III). Thermodynamic parameter enthalpy changes (ΔH) and entropy changes (ΔS) were calculated. The binding parameters including binding constant (K), and the distance (r) between PAL and BSA were evaluated on the basis of the theory of Föster energy transfer. Owing to the spectral resolution enhancement in 2D correlation spectroscopy, the structure change of PAL–Fe³⁺ can be observed.     

二维相关光谱分析在无创血糖检测特异性研究中的应用

主要利用二维相关光谱分析方法考察了血液中主要成分、测量过程中的系统漂移等因素对近红外光谱中的葡萄糖分子特异性的影响。首先测量了葡萄糖水溶液的近红外透射光谱,以葡萄糖浓度为外扰,计算二维相关同步谱及异步谱,通过对比分析确定了葡萄糖在合频和倍频区域的特征吸收峰位置。当葡萄糖水溶液中加入少量白蛋白后,其二维相关谱中葡萄糖的一级倍频吸收峰(1 590 nm)和二级倍频吸收峰(1 195 nm)出现了不同源的现象,表明白蛋白可能破坏了葡萄糖的特异性;进一步开展了人体口服葡萄糖耐量实验,测量了手掌部位的漫反射光谱,其二维相关谱中葡萄糖的同源性吸收也遭到破坏。另外,由于葡萄糖浓度变化引起的光谱变异信息较小,很容易被系统漂移掩盖,一般需要进行背景修正。在葡萄糖水溶液的透射实验和人体漫反射实验中,分别引入纯水样本和5%标准漫反射板作为参考,以时间为扰动的二维相关光谱分析的结果表明,经过参考样本的背景校正后,系统漂移在二维同步切线谱中引起的谱峰偏移变小,葡萄糖的特征吸收被增强。因此,在近红外光谱无创血糖检测中,应尽量避开与葡萄糖特征吸收不同源的波段,并有必要采取一定的参考测量方法以提高检测的特异性。     

利用二维同步荧光相关光谱研究温度对胶原溶液中分子聚集行为的影响

采用恒波长同步荧光法和二维相关分析技术研究了不同浓度Ⅰ型胶原溶液中胶原分子聚集行为随温度升高(10~70 ℃)的变化规律。选取0.2,0.4,1.6 mg·mL-1的胶原溶液,在初始温度下各浓度溶液中胶原分子分别处于单分子状态、较低程度和较高程度的聚集态。研究表明：波长差为9 nm的同步荧光光谱中,激发波长282和292 nm处荧光峰分别归属于未参与形成氢键的Tyr(酪氨酸)残基和参与形成氢键的Tyr残基。对升温过程同步荧光数据进行二维相关分析,得两荧光值对温度的响应顺序,进而推测得到：当温度低于30 ℃时,0.2 mg·mL-1溶液中出现了胶原分子间形成Tyr残基参与的氢键的趋势。0.4和1.6 mg·mL-1的溶液中原有聚集体可能发生进一步聚集,形成疏水微区。当逐步接近胶原变性温度(36~38 ℃)时,推测0.4和1.6 mg·mL-1胶原溶液中的疏水微区和聚集体有被破坏的趋势,而0.2 mg·mL-1胶原溶液保持分子间形成氢键的趋势。超过胶原变性温度时,各浓度溶液中胶原分子三股螺旋结构发生松散。当超过45 ℃时,胶原分子三股螺旋结构松散的趋势更为明显。     

基于扩散相关光谱的血流检测方法研究

组织血流信息在临床诊断和治疗中具有重要的作用,无创血流检测是医患双方的期望。研究采用了近红外扩散相关光谱方法对生物组织血流进行无创检测,理论分析了散射光斑强度的变化和被测组织中血细胞运动状态的函数关系,建立了检测组织血流的理论模型及检测系统。该系统通过求解组织表面散射光斑电场强度的时间自相关函数来推断组织中血细胞的运动状态,进行组织血流的定量分析。采用健康人体前臂袖带加压实验模型对该系统进行了验证,实验结果验证了该系统进行组织无创血流检测的可行性,同时也表明该系统可以提供从浅层到深层的组织血流变化信息。     

Multi-Photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: a Quantification of Tryptophan Methylester Solutions by Visible Emission

A multi-photon excitation fluorescence correlation system has been developed. The emission from tryptophan methylester solution was observed by this system and analyzed by the intensity correlation function of the visible emission, which originates from the two-photon excitation of photo products generated through a five-photon process. The intensity and the product concentration were proportional to the concentration of tryptophan methylester at a lower concentration range and thus the generation process is a single molecular reaction. The correlation analysis determined the concentration of tryptophan methylester down to 5 μM. The photo product generation from tryptophan solution was enhanced by a potassium iodide addition. These results suggest a new quantification method of tryptophan derivatives.     

基于二维相关荧光谱土壤中PAHs检测方法研究

传统荧光光谱技术已被用于土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的检测,但由于土壤体系的复杂性、PAHs污染物的多样化和微量化,传统的荧光光谱技术无法有效提取土壤中PAHs的特征信息。为了解决上述问题,提出并建立一种基于二维相关荧光谱土壤中多环芳烃的检测方法。以土壤中典型的多环芳烃蒽和菲为研究对象,配置38个蒽菲混合标准土壤样品(蒽和菲的浓度范围均为0.000 5～0.01 g·g-1),在激发波长265～340 nm,发射波长350～500 nm范围内采集了所有样品的三维荧光谱。以激发波长为外扰,对外扰变化的动态一维荧光谱进行相关计算,得到每一样品的同步二维相关荧光谱。研究了浓度均为0.005 g·g-1蒽菲混合土壤样品的三维荧光谱和同步二维相关荧光谱特性,在同步谱主对角线398,419,444和484 nm处存在自相关峰,其中,398和484 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的菲,419和444 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的蒽;在主对角线外侧,蒽和菲两组荧光峰之间存在负的交叉峰,进一步验证了其来源不同;同时,在(408,434) nm和(434,467) nm处出现交叉峰,其中408和434 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的菲,467 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的蒽。指出与三维荧光谱表征的信息相比,二维相关荧光谱不仅能提取更多的特征信息(408和467 nm的特征峰在三维荧光谱中未被表征),而且还能提供荧光峰之间的相互关系,对其来源进行有效解析。在上述研究二维相关荧光谱特性的基础上,基于同步相关谱矩阵(38×151×151)建立了定量分析土壤中蒽和菲污染物浓度的多维偏最小二乘(N-PLS)模型,对蒽的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.986和0.985,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为4.33×10-4和5.55×10-4 g·g-1;对菲的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.981和0.984,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为5.20×10-4和4.80×10-4 g·g-1。为了比较,基于三维荧光光谱矩阵(38×16×151)建立了定量了分析土壤中蒽和菲的N-PLS模型,对蒽的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.981和0.972,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为5.09×10-4和6.74×10-4 g·g-1;对菲的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.957和0.956,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为7.36×10-4和7.77×10-4 g·g-1。指出,对于土壤中的蒽和菲检测,基于二维相关荧光谱的N-PLS模型的相关系数r,RMSEC和RMSEP都要优于基于三维荧光谱的N-PLS模型。研究结果表明：所提出和建立的方法-二维相关荧光谱直接检测土壤中PAHs污染物不仅可行,而且能提供更好的分析结果。该研究为激光诱导荧光结合相关谱技术现场直接检测土壤中多环芳烃污染物提供了理论和实验基础,具有较好的应用前景。     

荧光相关光谱测定溶液中胭脂红的含量

使用FLS920P型荧光光谱仪测量了20个合成色素胭脂红溶液样本的荧光发射谱,实验表明：胭脂红的最佳激发波长为300 nm,在此波长激发光下,荧光峰值波长为440 nm。同时测量相同条件下超纯水的光谱数据作为参考光谱,进行与胭脂红溶液光谱数据的相关计算,构建以浓度为外扰的荧光相关光谱。采用sym8小波函数4尺度降噪,将降噪后的同步相关光谱数据、自相关光谱数据应用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)算法进行预测,建立溶液中胭脂红含量的定量模型,结果表明：采用同步相关光谱建模的预测相关系数为99.863%,预测均方根误差为0.414 μg·mL-1;而采用自相关光谱建模的预测相关系数为99.940%,预测均方根误差为0.303 μg·mL-1。对比可知,自相关光谱数据有效地避免了信息冗余,预测结果更为可靠。该方法无需样本处理,操作简单,为食品安全检测提供了一种新的思路。     

三种多环芳烃混合溶液二维荧光相关谱解析

多环芳烃为优先控制污染物,但是由于其含量很低,多组分多环芳烃荧光峰相互重叠,所以常规荧光光谱法无法对其荧光峰进行有效解析。采用二维荧光相关分析方法对三种多环芳烃,蒽、菲和芘的混合溶液进行荧光峰解析。根据研究目标,按照三种多环芳烃浓度比的不同配制了三种混合物体系,共27个样本,每种体系的三种溶液浓度彼此间按规律递增和递减。在此基础上,以浓度为外扰,构建了各体系的同步和异步二维荧光相关谱。同步谱中,在425,402,381,373,365,393及347 nm处产生自相关峰。以未被覆盖的菲在347 nm处荧光峰为线索,通过其与各波长处荧光交叉峰的正负,判断出了402,381,425和452 nm处荧光峰源于混合溶液中的蒽; 373与393 nm处荧光峰源于混合溶液中的芘; 365,356及347 nm处荧光峰源于混合溶液中的菲。通过异步谱解析出菲的385 nm处荧光峰,证明了异步谱比同步谱具有更好的光谱分辨率。研究结果表明,采用二维荧光相关方法对光谱严重重叠的多组分多环芳烃的解析是可行的,并具有一定的优势,可推广到对环境中其他污染物质的检测。     

荧光关联谱的数据处理改进方法

荧光关联谱方法凭借其独特的对溶质浓度及扩散系数的测量能力,在对复杂系统的分子物理化学性质测量方面,不断扩大和深化其应用领域。但是从经典上,传统的荧光关联谱数据处理方法容易在拟合自相关曲线的参数时引入一定的误差,而且图表上的直观信息不多。针对以上问题,在文章中作者尝试用带有微分的数据处理办法,来更直观地估测参数并判断荧光多组分问题。经典自相关曲线处理后的微分曲线,有特异的波谷位置、深度和半深宽度,由此可判断特征扩散时间和多荧光成分的组分数目。此改进方法为利用荧光涨落谱方法测量生物组织体内的复杂环境提供帮助。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病人与大鼠红细胞拉曼光谱学比较

使用激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪测量正常大鼠红细胞、正常人红细胞、糖尿病STZ造模大鼠红细胞、糖尿病四氧嘧啶造模大鼠红细胞和人Ⅱ型糖尿病红细胞的拉曼光谱,应用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结合支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)分类器对数据进行判别分析,然后采用类间距离判断两种造模方法与人Ⅱ型糖尿病的接近程度。结果发现糖尿病红细胞与正常红细胞的拉曼光谱存在明显差异,糖尿病在酰胺 ⅥCO变形振动谱带处峰高显著,并在酰胺ⅤN—H变形振动谱带处谱线出现偏移,属于磷脂的脂酰基C—C骨架1 130 cm-1谱线增强,1 088 cm-1谱线强度减弱,说明糖尿病红细胞膜的通透性增强。PCA结合SVM可以很好地区分以上5类红细胞的拉曼光谱,分类器测试结果表明分类准确度达100%。通过分别计算两种造模方法与人Ⅱ型糖尿病的类间距离,发现STZ造模法更接近人Ⅱ型糖尿病。由此得出结论：拉曼光谱法可以用于糖尿病诊断,大鼠糖尿病STZ造模法更接近人类Ⅱ型糖尿病。     

活细胞核浆粘滞系数的荧光相关谱研究

细胞核浆粘滞系数直接反映一定生理状态下核内微环境的特性,是判断病变细胞和研究核内分子功能机制的重要依据。为了实时、灵敏和无损地测定单个活细胞的核浆粘滞系数,提出了一种基于荧光相关谱(fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, FCS)技术的新型检测方法。研究中利用FCS技术测定绿荧光蛋白分子(EGFP)在细胞核内的扩散系数,并且根据Stokes-Einstein关系式计算出核浆粘滞系数,同时实现了对特定生理条件下核浆粘滞系数的跟踪测量。结果表明：在pH 7.4以及37 ℃的条件下,人肺腺癌细胞(ASTC-a-1)和人宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)的核浆粘滞系数分别是(2.55±0.61)cP和(2.04±0.49)cP, 与传统方法的测量结果一致,并且发现核浆粘滞系数大于细胞质的粘滞系数。以上研究表明FCS技术可精确无损地检测单个活细胞内达飞升量级的微观环境,是探索细胞内生物分子动态行为的有力工具。     

Measurement of Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Ultraviolet-Absorbing Substance Extracted from Red Alga: Porphyra yezoensis and its Photothermal Spectroscopy

Optical properties of an ultraviolet-absorbing substance (UVAS) extracted from the marine red alga, Porphyra yezoensis, have been investigated. The substance is excited by UV light, and the emitted fluorescence is detected using an intelligent fluorescence detector. The fluorescence of UVAS is weaker by four orders of magnitude than the fluorescence intensity emitted by anthracene in the same optical system. The absorbed energy is apparently not transferred to the photosynthesis process and is believed to be consumed as heat. Using photothermal spectroscopy, a signal is observed indicating that the absorbed photon energy has transferred to the heat. The waveform of the photothermal signal of UVAS is similar to that of quinoxaline, whose fluorescence quantum yield is known to be zero. It is determined that the fluorescence quantum yield and the energy of the triplet state of UVAS are 1.7 ± 0.7 ± 10⁻⁴ and 21000 ± 1000 cm ⁻¹, respectively. The conclusion is that the excited molecules of UVAS decay by passing through the triplet state and dissipate all absorbed energy as heat.