Detonation interaction with a diffuse interface and subsequent chemical reaction

We have investigated the interaction of a detonation with an interface separating a combustible from an oxidizing mixture. The ethylene-oxygen combustible mixture had a fuel-rich composition to promote secondary combustion with the oxidizer in the turbulent mixing zone that resulted from the interaction. Diffuse interfaces were created by the formation of a gravity current using a sliding valve that initially separated the test gas and combustible mixture. Opening the valve allowed a gravity current to develop before the detonation was initiated. By varying the delay between opening the valve and initiating the detonation it was possible to achieve a wide range of interface conditions. The interface orientation and thickness with respect to the detonation wave have a profound effect on the outcome of the interaction. Diffuse interfaces result in curved detonation waves with a transmitted shock and following turbulent mixing zone. The impulse was measured to quantify the degree of secondary combustion, which accounted for 1–5% of the total impulse. A model was developed that estimated the volume expansion of a fluid element due to combustion in the turbulent mixing zone and predicted the resulting impulse increment.      

Use of multiscale particle simulations in the design of nuclear plant decommissioning

The application of a digital modelling method that can faithfully take account of three-dimensional shape and inherent physical and chemical properties of each particulate component provides an essential tool in decommissioning design. This is useful in handling of high, medium and low level radioactive waste. The processes involve making decisions on where to cut existing plant components and then how to pack these components into boxes, which are then cemented and kept for long term storage as the level of radioactive declines with time. We illustrate the utility of the method and its ability to take data at plant scale (m-scale) and then deduce behaviours at sub millimetre scale in the packed containers. A variety of modelling approaches are used as a part of this approach including cutting algorithms, geometric and dynamic (distinct element) force models, and lattice Boltzmann methods. These methods are applicable to other complex particulate systems including simulation of waste, building recycling, heap leaching and related minerals processes. The paper introduces the basic concepts of this multi-scale and multi-model approach.     

具有体积分数梯度的连通装置甲烷-空气爆炸特性数值模拟

为了研究具有体积分数梯度的连通装置内甲烷-空气爆炸特性,以60 L圆柱体容器和20 L圆柱体容器通过3 m长,截面为0.035 m×0.035 m的方形管道而连接形成的容器管道连通装置作为研究对象,利用Fluidyn软件对均一体积分数的连通装置以及具有体积分数梯度的连通装置中甲烷-空气爆炸的特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明:连通装置中甲烷的均一体积分数为6.517%～8.067%时,并由大容器中心点火工况时,最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率、最高温度和最大速度,以及这些爆炸参数达到最大值时的时刻值随体积分数的变化约呈线性关系;连通装置大容器甲烷体积分数6.0%体积分数梯度为2.0%～8.0%且大容器中心点火时,最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率、最高温度和最大速度随体积分数梯度总体上呈现先增大后减小趋势;大容器中心点火时,最大爆炸压力位于小容器,最大压力上升速率位于管道1或管道2,最大速度位于管道3,速度值可达400～600m/s。本研究可为连通装置内可燃气体爆炸事故防控提供理论指导。     

预混燃气高压不稳定燃烧实验研究

以冲压加速器为工程背景,着重研究预混燃气高压不稳定燃烧问题。采用实验方法,分析预混燃气装填压力、配比等因素对不稳定燃烧的影响;采用频谱分析方法,分析诸因素对压力振动特性的影响。实验给出的预混燃气的装填压力及配比的范围,可直接应用于冲击加速器射击实验,这对于减少冲压加速器高压异常事故具有重要的实际意义。     

Unsteady convection in a cavity due to pyrolysis

Unsteady convection in a square enclosure produced by pyrolysis of combustible wall is numerically studied. Gas phase processes including mass, momentum and heat transfers are coupled with solid phase processes, heat conduction and thermal degradation (pyrolysis) through conditions at the solid interface. For the gas phase, the unsteady two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are written in stream-function vorticity formulation under the Boussinesq approximation. Solid phase processes are described by a conduction equation. This study examines the results obtained in the case of a right combustible wall, and compares them with the case of a floor combustible wall.     

用环形激波聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆的数值模拟

利用基元反应模型和有限体积法对环形激波在可燃气体中聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明，标准状态下的氢气-空气混合气体在马赫数为3.1以上的环形激波聚焦产生的高温高压区作用下会诱发可燃气体的直接起爆形成爆轰波，爆轰波与激波和接触间断相互作用产生了复杂的波系结构；爆轰波爆点位置在对称轴上并不是固定的点，而是随着初始激波马赫数的变化而发生移动；可燃气体初始温度和压力对起爆临界马赫数都有影响，但是初始温度的影响大得多。     

Oscillation of the Elements of Combustible Forest Materials and Its Effect on Ignition and Combustion

Oscillations of the elements of combustible forest materials in a laminar air flow were studied experimentally using optoelectronic equipment. The values of the Young's modulus and rigidity are found to agree well with the available data. It is shown that interaction of the elements of combustible forest materials with air flows leads to asymmetric separation of the flow, which makes needles and twigs oscillate at frequencies comparable to the frequencies of their natural oscillations. An analysis of the experimental data gives limiting values for the equilibrium wind speed in a forest canopy for which forest fires can arise or extinguish.     

管道内流动气体爆炸问题的实验研究

利用ＤＢＺ １ 型爆炸实验装置,通过测定３ｍ 爆炸噪声级,对管道内流动气体爆炸的若干问题进行了研究。这些问题主要包括:爆炸随可燃气体浓度变化的特征、流动阻碍作用和流量对爆炸性能的影响等。对有关结果进行了理论分析和讨论。     

Turbulence,vortex and external explosion induced by venting

The process of explosion venting to air in a cylindrical vent vessel connected to a duct, filling with a stoichiometric methane-oxygen gas mixture, was simulated numerically by using a colocated grid SIMPLE scheme based on k-epsilon turbulent model and Eddydissipation combustion model. The characteristics of the combustible cloud, flame and pressure distribution in the external flow field during venting were analyzed in terms of the predicted results. The results show that the external explosion is generated due to violent turbulent combustion in the high pressure region within the external combustible cloud ignited by a jet flame. And the turbulence and vortex in the external flow field were also discussed in detail. After the jet flame penetrating into the external combustible cloud, the turbulent intensity is greater in the regions with greater average kinetic energy gradient, rather than in the flame front ; and the vortex in the external flow field is generated primarily due to the baroclinic effect, which is greater in the regions where the pressure and density gradients are nearly perpendicular.     

Behavior of the vorticity vector in supersonic axisymmetric swirl flows behind a detonation wave

The behavior of the vorticity vector on a discontinuity surface arising in a supersonic nonuniform combustible gas flow with the formation of a shock or detonation wave is studied. In the general case, it is a vortex flow with prescribed distributions of parameters. It is demonstrated that the ratio of the tangential component of vorticity to density remains continuous in passing through the discontinuity surface, while the quantities proper become discontinuous. Results calculated for flow vorticity behind a steady-state detonation wave in an axisymmetric supersonic flow of a combustible mixture of gases are presented. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 15–21, November–December, 2007     

A computational method for the hydrodynamics of fractured-porous media

A numerical method based on the boundary-fitted finite difference method (BFDM) is presented in this paper. The boundaries are external (the boundary of the physical domain) and internal (which corresponds to the fracture network). The difference between this approach and the usual one lies in the inclusion of discrete fractures in the volume that represents the porous medium. The numerical model has been used in the prediction of the flow pattern in several internationally recognized verification cases and applied to the solution of hypothetical problems of interest to us in the field of nuclear waste repository modelling. The results obtained show that the numerical approach considered gives accurate and reliable predictions of the hydrodynamics of fractured-porous media, thus justifying its use for the above-mentioned studies.     

气相爆轰胞格结构和马赫反射数值模拟

采用简化二阶段化学反应模型和改进的高精度时空守恒方法 (CE/SE)对二维可燃气体DDT过程和爆轰波在楔面上的马赫反射进行了数值模拟 ,计算和实验结果的比较令人满意。     

高龄混凝土表面碳化与应力腐蚀关系的研究

对多栋在役80年的混凝土建筑进行调查,检测了不同受力状态下的高龄混凝土构件的表面回弹值,并设计了一组混凝土构件老化室内模拟实验,用以分析高龄混凝土结构表面碳化发展机理。研究结果表明:普通混凝土的表面碳化速度与结构应力状态密切关联,处于拉应力状态的区域,其碳化深度明显大于压应力或无应力区域,表面碳化成为微观裂纹形成的基础,而微观裂纹的扩展将导致钢筋的锈蚀,最终导致结构承载力下降。只有处于低应力状态的混凝土才有可能达到理想的在役年限。该结论对于正确评估混凝土结构的寿命提供了实验依据。     

The detonation burning of a fuel mixture resulting from a double explosion

A study is made of the propagation of a multifront detonation burning in a fuel mixture consisting of a gaseous fuel and an oxidant with additions of combustible solid or liquid particles arising as a result of a double point explosion. In such combustible media it is possible for there to be propagation of several detonation or burning fronts following one after the other. The easily igniting gaseous fuel burns in the first detonation wave, which propagates in the gaseous mixture with particles which are heated by the products of the explosion, ignite and burn in the second detonation wave or in the flame front. Self-similar regimes of propagation of such waves in an idealized formulation were studied in [1].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 126–131, March–April, 1985.     

Study of biomass gasification in an industrial-scale dual circulating fluidized bed (DCFB) using the Eulerian-Lagrangian method

Dual circulating fluidized bed (DCFB) has emerged as an efficient reactor for biomass gasification due to its unique feature of high gas-solid contact efficiency and separated reactions in two reactors, yet the understanding of complex in-furnace phenomena is still lacking. In this study, biomass gasification in an industrial-scale DCFB system was numerically studied using a multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method featuring thermochemical sub-models (e.g., heat transfer, heterogeneous reactions, and homogeneous reactions) under the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework. After model validation, the hydrodynamics and thermochemical characteristics (i.e., pressure, temperature, and species) in the DCFB are comprehensively investigated. The results show that size-/density-induced segregation makes solid fuels concentrate on the bed surface. Interphase momentum exchange leads to the continuous decrease of the gas pressure axially. In the gasifier and combustor, the lower heating value (LHV) of the gas products is 5.56 MJ/Nm³ and 0.2 MJ/Nm³ and the combustible gas concentration (CGC) is 65.5% and 1.86%, respectively. The temperature in the combustor is about 100 K higher than that in the gasifier. A higher solid concentration results in a smaller value of particle heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The HTCs range from 50 to 150 W/(m² K) for a solid concentration larger than 0.3 in the combustor while the HTCs range from 100 to 200 W/(m² K) in the gasifier. The Reynolds number of biomass particles is two orders of magnitude larger than that of the sand particle. The numerical results shed light on the reactor design and process optimization of biomass gasification in DCFBs.     

Combustion of Low-Calorific Waste Biomass Syngas

The industrial combustion chamber designed for burning low-calorific syngas from gasification of waste biomass is presented. For two different gases derived from gasification of waste wood chips and turkey feathers the non-premixed turbulent combustion in the chamber is simulated. It follows from our computations that for stable process the initial temperature of these fuels must be at least 800 K, with comparable influx of air and fuel. The numerical simulations reveal existence of the characteristic frequency of the process which is later observed in high-speed camera recordings from the industrial gasification plant where the combustion chamber operates. The analysis of NO formation and emission shows a difference between wood-derived syngas combustion, where thermal path is prominent, and feathers-derived fuel. In the latter case thermal, prompt and N₂O paths of nitric oxides formation are marginal and the dominant source of NO is fuel-bound nitrogen.     

Fundamentals of rotating detonations

A rotating detonation propagating at nearly Chapman–Jouguet velocity is numerically stabilized on a two-dimensional simple chemistry flow model. Under purely axial injection of a combustible mixture from the head end of a toroidal section of coaxial cylinders, the rotating detonation is proven to give no average angular momentum at any cross section, giving an axial flow. The detonation wavelet connected with an oblique shock wave ensuing to the downstream has a feature of unconfined detonation, causing a deficit in its propagation velocity. Due to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability existing on the interface of an injected combustible, unburnt gas pockets are formed to enter the junction between the detonation and oblique shock waves, generating strong explosions propagating to both directions. Calculated specific impulse is as high as 4,700 s.      

多障碍物通道中激波诱导气相爆轰的数值研究

应用数值模拟方法,研究了直通道中激波经过多块矩形障碍物时诱导 H2/O2混合气体起爆的物理机制. 研究表明：在前导激波强度不足以诱导波后气 体直接起爆的条件下,经过激波压缩的可燃气体也可能在远离激波的障碍物之间的凹槽部位 起爆;障碍物表面产生的压缩波、膨胀波和气流滑移面对可燃气体的起爆、爆轰波的形成和 传播过程有重要的影响;添加不同稀释比的氮气可以影响爆轰波后流场的温度分布;增加障 碍物的间距可以改变可燃气起爆位置.     

Cavity detachment on a hydrofoil with the inclusion of surface tension effects

The non-linear problem of cavity flow past a hydrofoil is considered with taking into account fluid viscosity in the cavity closure region and surface tension, which affect the cavity detachment. The theoretical model is based on the concept of viscous–inviscid interaction between the outer inviscid cavity flow and the inner turbulent separated flow downstream of the cavity. The outer inviscid flow is solved by constructing the complex flow potential, and the wake model is based on the method of integral relationships for separated turbulent flows. The obtained numerical results are compared with experimental data.     

SEWAGE SLUDGE COMBUSTION IN A SPOUTED BED CASCADE SYSTEM

In modern society, sewage is disposed of in a two-step process: it is first made into granules and the sewage sludge granules are then burned in an appropriate com-bustor. The present paper describes a spouted bed cas-cade system for sewage sludge combustion developed at the Technical University of Berlin at the turn of the present century. Combustion results in the recovery of the com-bustible matters of the sewage in the form of thermal en-ergy. Fig. 1 illustrates the three main stages invo…