超大动态范围日盲紫外辐照度光源

为实现对动态范围达120dB的日盲紫外增强型电荷耦合器件(SBUV-ICCD)的辐照度定标,设计并实现了超大动态范围日盲紫外辐照度光源。首先估算出SBUV-ICCD的辐照度定标所需的动态范围,其次采用氘灯、积分球、高精度光阑及平直光轨等,基于辐照度距离平方反比定律实现了光谱结构不变,而辐照度在极大动态范围内连续变化的光源,并对其进行了动态范围及稳定性测试。结果表明,该光源实际覆盖辐照度0.278～2.8×10-7μW.cm-2,稳定性为0.93%/3h,能够满足SBUV-ICCD定标的需要,且可复用于紫外探测器面均匀性测试、成像系统辐亮度定标等。     

星载太阳紫外光谱监视器的地面辐射定标

星载太阳紫外光谱监视器是一种小型化、高精度紫外-真空紫外光谱辐射计,它有两种工作模式,即探测太阳紫外光谱辐照度的太阳模式和探测大气的太阳后向散射紫外光谱辐亮度的大气模式。对应这两种工作模式分别建立了紫外-真空紫外光谱辐照度和紫外光谱辐亮度定标装置。光谱辐照度标准灯直接辐照仪器的漫反射板进行仪器的光谱辐照度响应度定标,光谱辐照度标准灯辐照标准漫反射板形成朗伯面光源进行仪器的光谱辐亮度响应度定标。误差分析表明:160~250 nm光谱辐照度绝对定标误差为6.5%,250~400 nm为4.3%;250~400 nm光谱辐亮度绝对定标误差为5.9%。星载太阳紫外光谱监视器获得的地外太阳紫外光谱辐照度与大气的太阳后向散射光谱辐亮度数据,同国际上的观测结果相比一致性达±10%。     

Spectroscopic studies of sodium nitrate plasma produced by nanosecond laser ablation

We present the optical emission characteristics of the sodium plasma produced at the surface of sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) also known as Chile saltpeter. We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG (Quantel Brilliant) pulsed laser having a pulse duration of 5?ns and 10?Hz repetition rate which is capable of delivering 400?mJ at 1064?nm and 200?mJ at 532?nm. The target material was placed in front of laser beam in air (atmospheric pressure). The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral sodium have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying the distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of the plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. Besides, we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser irradiance as well as its variation with the distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increase as the laser irradiance is increased.     

Irradiance dependence of photofield emission from tungsten

Measurements of the irradiance dependence of photofield emission from tungsten have been extended to 1.0 GW m⁻². The photoyield (the photocurrent per unit irradiance) from the (111) crystal plane is found to be almost independent of irradiance. The (211) and (310) crystal planes are found to exhibit small nonlinearities which are attributed to changes in the work function of the emitting surface caused by laser heating. Even at the highest irradiance, no measurable current of photoelectrons arising from multiphoton excitation is observed.     

Calorimetric study of laser-irradiated thin foil targets

Hydrodynmaic efficiency of laser-irradiated thin aluminum and gold-coated aluminum targets was experimentally determined using a specially designed cone calorimeter. Velocity of the accelerated target and ablation pressure were also estimated from the experimental data. The laser irradiance range used in the experiments was between 10¹² and 10¹³ watts/cm². Experiments indicate that the fall in the hydrodynamic efficiency due to gold coating on aluminum target is about 12% at an irradiance of 8 × 10¹² W/cm².     

气动热环境下共形整流罩热辐射特性研究

高温整流罩产生强烈的红外辐射,在探测器接收面上形成背景噪声,严重影响成像质量。为了评估气动热环境下高速飞行器共形整流罩热辐射对探测器性能的影响,建立了气动热环境下整流罩热流固耦合计算模型、整流罩热辐射发射以及传输模型,计算了整流罩非均匀温度场、形变场、应力以及应变场,仿真得到了共形整流罩热辐射对高速飞行器光学系统成像质量的影响。研究结果表明:随着时间的不断增长,探测器接收面的最大辐照度也逐渐增大。在第10 s时,0°攻角下共形整流罩热干扰辐照度最小值为0.094 W/m2,最大值为0.108 W/m2。和相同工况下的共形整流罩相比,球形整流罩10 s时的最大辐照度分别是椭球面和抛物面形整流罩最大辐照度的近12倍和7倍,即共形整流罩产生的干扰对探测系统的影响较小,不会对探测器的探测性能产生致命性的影响。     

Photo- and thermochemical initiation of PETN under laser excitation

A method for separate control of the efficiencies of the photochemical and thermochemical mechanisms of initiation of energetic materials by laser excitation for a combined action of these mechanisms is proposed. The method is based on the difference in the timescales of the relevant photo- and thermochemical initiation processes, a factor that leads to a different dependence of the efficiencies of these mechanisms on the initiating pulse duration and initiation irradiance. An experimental validation of the method for the initiation of PETN with 1064- and 1070-nm light at irradiances of ～10⁹ and ～10⁴ W/cm², respectively, is performed. The results show that, for the initiation of pure PETN at an irradiance of 10⁹ W/cm², the photochemical mechanism dominates, ensuring an initiation threshold of ～4 J/cm². In the case of samples with light-absorbing inclusions (carbon) and the same irradiance ～10⁴ W/cm², only the thermochemical mechanism is operative, with an initiation threshold of ～15 J/cm². In the absence of light-absorbing inclusions, the sample does not explode even at a fluence of ～75 J/cm²; i.e., in this case, the initiation threshold is clearly higher than this value.     

溯源于低温绝对辐射计的太阳光谱辐照度仪定标方法研究

为了提高太阳直射光谱辐照度的观测精度,对使用棱镜分光的太阳光谱辐照度仪,在可见-近红外波段开展了基于标准探测器的辐射定标方法研究。建立了可调谐激光器-积分球的辐照度定标装置,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准辐照度探测器作为传递基准,通过替代法得到照度仪在可见-近红外10个波段的绝对光谱辐照度响应度,分析得到的合成定标不确定度优于0.95%。与溯源于中国计量院金点黑体的标准灯定标法进行了比对实验,两者的偏差在4.67%的范围内,证明了此辐射标准传递方法的合理性。     

Characterization of Laser-Induced Plasma in Nitrogen

We perform optical and spectroscopic studies of laser-induced plasmas (LIPs) in nitrogen under different experimental conditions. Our aim to determine the characteristics of LIPs associated with laser-ignition applications. The plasma is generated in nitrogen with the help of a 10 Hz and ~ 7 ns Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm. We investigate the effects of nitrogen pressure and laser irradiance on the electron temperature and laser-energy-absorption rate by LIPs. The electron temperatures are found almost unchanged from 2.85 to 2.98 eV. The laser-energy-absorption rate by the LIP increases with increase in the laser-pulse energy and nitrogen pressure. Consequently, the laser irradiance and increasing nitrogen pressure improve the plasma-particle density and plasma energy and thus improve the laser-ignition probability.     

125-TW Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass laser system

We have demonstrated a Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass laser system that produces up to 51 J of energy in 395-fs pulses (125TW). Focusing at f/3 to a 2.5-times diffraction-limited spot results in a peak irradiance greater than 10(20) W/cm(2) . Our 40-cm-diameter gold diffraction gratings have a damage threshold of 0.42 J/cm(2) for 320-fs pulses.     

基于TIR结构的矩形区域照明LED透镜的设计

研究一种可以在高横纵比的线形区域形成特定照度分布的LED透镜设计方法,即分部设计法。全反射部分根据边缘射线原理和斯涅耳定律设计,采用数值积分迭代法计算,Matlab编程得到全反射部分的轮廓线;透射部分用试错法设计,用SolidWorks将全反射部分和透射部分整合出了一款新的拱形透镜。设计的透镜尺寸为25 mm×18 mm×10 mm。模拟与实践结果表明:透镜匹配扩展光源后,光学效率高于85%,半光强角可达9°×135°,可以在横纵比大于15的线形区域实现均匀照明。     

氙灯光源太阳模拟器辐照衰减器设计方法

针对应用于太阳模拟器辐照衰减器设计上的不足,提出一种新的衰减器设计方法,旨在提高其辐照均匀性。基于光学扩展量计算衰减器上的网孔面积,对会聚光路的辐射通量进行调制;利用聚光镜环带法,理论上分析衰减器上的辐射分布;利用网孔非均匀分布的结构对会聚光路的辐射分布进行调制,给出具体设计参数;对比分析了网孔均匀分布和非均匀分布对辐射调制效果和辐照均匀性的影响。实验表明:安装网孔非均匀分布的衰减器,调节氙灯功率,能够连续输出0.1~1.0个太阳常数的辐照度;基于网孔非均匀分布的衰减器对辐射分布调制后,光斑内辐照不均匀度降低率最高为48.7%,低辐照不均匀度下可以实现辐照度的大范围调整,对提高太阳模拟器的使用性能具有一定的借鉴意义。     

光谱辐射照度量值复现中计算大口径固定点黑体拐点温度的新方法

我国光谱辐射照度基准量值复现的理论基础是普朗克定律,它揭示了波长、温度和光谱辐射照度之间存在着精确的定量关系。采用比较法、通过卤钨灯来进行光谱辐射照度量值的保存与传递。其中,黑体的温度测量在量值复现中是最主要的不确定来源。以往都是采用变温黑体作为量值复现的辐射源,其温度通过高温计溯源至温标固定点黑体。为满足我国对地观测、气象遥感、应对气候变化、海洋水色等领域对光谱辐射照度高精度的测量需求,中国计量科学研究院NIM建立了一套14 mm大口径钨碳-碳WC-C高温固定点黑体系统,作为基准辐射源直接复现光谱辐射照度量值,进一步缩短了量值溯源链,减少了温度测量误差。实验中高温计用来测量黑体的相对温度,采用固定点熔化温坪曲线的拐点POI值校准后得到温度绝对值。因此拐点POI的合理评估计算就十分重要。与小口径WC-C固定点黑体不同,大口径固定点的熔化温坪曲线的持续时间更长,但温度起伏也更大,因此广泛用于小口径固定点的传统拐点POI算法不再适用。提出了一种可筛选多次拟合法,用于计算大口径固定点黑体的拐点温度。采用3 mm小口径WC-C和Re-C固定点对新方法的有效性进行验证,结果表明新方法与三种传统方法的平均值的最大偏差为-0.007和-0.001 K,在500 nm引入的光谱辐射照度测量误差分别为0.002 2%和0.000 3%。进一步采用14 mm大口径WC-C大口径固定点对新方法的稳健性进行验证。分析比较了筛选条件、数据平滑处理、拟合范围对拐点POI计算结果的影响,新方法和三种传统POI计算方法的最大影响量分别为0.001和0.633 K,在500 nm引入的光谱辐射照度不确定度分别为0.000 3%和0.20%。所提出的新方法能够有效减小外界因素引入的温度误差,进一步提升光谱辐射照度量值的复现准确度,更适用于大口径高温固定点黑体拐点温度的计算。     

Effects of stratocumulus,cumulus, and cirrus clouds on the UV-B diffuse to global ratio: Experimental and modeling results

Broadband measurements of global and diffuse UV-B irradiance (280–315 nm) together with modeled and measured diffuse to global ratios (DGR) have been used to characterize the influence of different types of clouds on irradiance at the surface. Measurements were carried out during 2000–2001 in Córdoba City, Argentina. The Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible (TUV) model was used to analyze the behavior of the modeled DGRs for different cloud optical depths and at different altitudes and solar zenith angles (SZA). Different cloud altitudes were also tested, although only the results for a cloud placed at 1.5–2.5 km of altitude are shown. A total of 16 day with stratocumulus, 12 with cumulus, and 16 with cirrus have been studied and compared among them and also against 21 clear sky days. Different behaviors were clearly detected and also differentiated through the analysis of the averages and the standard deviations of the DGRs: 1.02±0.06 for stratocumulus, 0.74±0.18 for cumulus, 0.63±0.12 for cirrus, and 0.60±0.13 for the clear sky days, respectively. Stratocumulus clouds showed a low variability in the DGR values, which were concentrated close to one at all SZAs. DGR values for cumulus clouds presented a large variability at all SZAs, mostly associated with the different optical depths. Finally, the closeness between the DGR values for cirrus clouds and the DGR values for clear days showed that these clouds generally do not strongly affect the UV-B irradiance at the surface at any SZA. In the opposite side, stratocumulus clouds were identified as those with the largest effects, at all SZAs, on the UV-B irradiance at the surface.     

Time-resolved plasma diagnostics and mass removal during single-pulse laser ablation

Laser ablation processes occurring over several orders of magnitude in time were investigated by using time-resolved spectroscopy, shadowgraphs and interferograms. A picosecond ablation plasma was measured with an electron density on the order of 10²⁰ cm^-3 originating from the breakdown of air. The longitudinal expansion of this plasma was suppressed due to the development of a strong space-charge field. At post-pulse times, the lateral (radial) expansion of the plasma was found to follow the relation, r~t^1/2, consistent with the expansion from an instantaneous line source of energy. The electron number density and temperature were deduced by measuring spectroscopic emission-line broadening during the early phase (30-300 ns) of a mass (atomic/ionic) plasma. These properties were measured as a function of the delay time and irradiance. Possible mechanisms such as inverse bremsstrahlung and self-regulation were used to describe the data before an explosion threshold of 20 GW/cm². The laser self-focusing and critical temperature are discussed to explain dramatic changes in these properties after the irradiance threshold. On the microsecond time scale, the surface explodes and large (>7m) particles are ejected. Mass removed from single-crystal silicon by high power (10⁹-10¹¹ W/cm²) single-pulse laser ablation is studied by measuring the crater morphology. Time-resolved shadowgraph images show that the rapid increase in the crater depth at the threshold corresponds to large-size droplets leaving the surface. This rapid growth of the crater volume is attributed to explosive boiling.     

Impact of aerosols on the forecast accuracy of solar irradiance calculated by a numerical weather prediction model

The impact of aerosols on the forecast accuracy of solar irradiance calculated by a fine-scale, one day-ahead, and operational numerical weather prediction model (NWP) is investigated in this study. In order to investigate the impact of aerosols only, the clear sky period is chosen, which is defined as when there are no clouds in the observation data and in the forecast data at the same time. The evaluation of the forecast accuracy of the solar irradiance is done at a single observation point that is sometimes affected by aerosol events. The analysis period is one year from April 2010 to March 2011. During the clear sky period, the root mean square errors (RMSE) of the global horizontal irradiance (GHI), direct normal irradiance (DNI), and diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) are 40.0?W?m^?2, 84.0?Wm^?2, and 47.9?W?m^?2, respectively. During one extreme event, the RMSEs of the GHI, DNI, and DHI are 70.1?W?m^?2, 211.6?W?m^?2, and 141.7?W?m^?2, respectively. It is revealed that the extreme events were caused by aerosols such as dust or haze. In order to investigate the impact of the aerosols, the sensitivity experiments of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) for the extreme events are executed. The best result is obtained by changing the AOD to 2.5 times the original AOD. This changed AOD is consistent with the satellite observation. Thus, it is our conclusion that an accurate aerosol forecast is important for the forecast accuracy of the solar irradiance.     

太阳紫外辐射光谱的光学多道探测与分析

报道了自行研制的紫外CCD光学多道分析器及其在太阳紫外辐射光谱探测中的实际应用。紫外多道分析器光谱探测范围200～1 100 nm, 光谱分辨率0.1 nm, 光谱探测灵敏度0.02 lx。进行了成都地区UVA和UVB波段太阳紫外辐射光谱的实时探测,与常规的太阳紫外辐射探测仪器测量结果进行了比对,得到很好的相关。对所探测的太阳紫外辐射光谱进行的初步分析表明：太阳紫外辐射在一天内早晚小、中午大,与太阳天顶角(SZA)变化呈相反相关。UVB和UVA波段内不同波段的辐射量不同,长波段的辐射量一般比短波段的辐射量大。云和气溶胶对紫外辐射有重要影响,云对不同波长的辐射衰减不同。     

太阳辐射的在轨监测和定标

采用宽视场设计,逐轨扫描太阳式测量方式的FY-3A太阳辐射监测仪,结合在轨一年半的太阳辐照度观测数据和地面实验与理论分析,研究了影响定标精度的因素,给出了修正方程和曲线,并通过与世界辐射基准(WRR)的地面外场定标实验,得到了FY-3A上的三台绝对辐射计的比例系数R1=1.008 3,R2=1.006 6和R3=1.006 5。日地距离的理论分析和实际太阳辐照度测量曲线均证明:地球近日点太阳辐照度值最大,远日点太阳辐照度值最小,且在±3.34%范围内随日期变化。利用天文公式,结合遥感源包中的准确测量时间,给出了日、地修正系数。另外,分析了冷空间背景辐射对定标精度的影响,给出了冷空间辐射值的计算公式,并结合宽视场设计和扫描式测量的特点,重点分析了采光结束时刻和刚捕获太阳光时刻入射角的差异给辐照度测量带来的影响,通过几何关系给出了入射角修正系数方程及修正曲线。最后,综合各定标修正系数,给出了在轨定标方程和定标曲线,并分析了定标精度。     

Evaluation of solar spectral irradiance distribution using an index from a limited range of the solar spectrum

The output energy of photovoltaic (PV) modules under outdoor conditions is greatly influenced by the spectral irradiance distribution of the solar spectrum. To analyze this effect on PV modules, the spectral irradiance distribution, which is one-dimensional data, has to be represented by a zero-dimensional index. The average photon energy (APE) is an index for spectral irradiance distributions, which represents the average energy per photon in a spectrum. We have previously analyzed the uniqueness of the shape of the solar spectrum in the wavelength range of 350–1050 nm, and one corresponding value of APE showed a specific shape of spectral irradiance distribution. In this study, new indexes were calculated for a limited wavelength range of 350–750 nm and multiple bands of 450–500 nm and 800–850 nm of the solar spectrum for easy measurement and calculation. The result shows the uniqueness of new indexes to the shape of measured solar spectrum and the standard deviations were found to be quite small. This indicates that the new indexes are reasonable for representing the spectral irradiance distribution and its effect on PV performance.